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21-544: Its name might derive from Greek staphile ("bunch of grapes") or Parachi estuf ("cow-parsnip"). Istalif was always renowned as one of the most beautiful places in Afghanistan – the Emperor Babur fell in love with it in the 16th century and used to hold parties in his rose garden and summer house there. Alexander Burnes , a British political agent to Dost Mohammed in the 19th century, had come here to relax amid

42-684: A pervasive external influence on the closest neighbouring Eastern Iranian, as it is evident in the development in the retroflex consonants (in Pashto, Wakhi, Sanglechi, Khotanese, etc.) and aspirates (in Khotanese, Parachi and Ormuri). A more localized sound change is the backing of the former retroflex fricative ṣ̌ [ʂ] , to x̌ [x] or to x [χ] , found in the Shughni–Yazgulyam branch and certain dialects of Pashto. E.g. "meat": ɡu ṣ̌ t in Wakhi and γwa ṣ̌

63-627: Is an Iranian language. Parachi is spoken by some 600 individuals of the Parachi ethnic group in eastern Afghanistan , mainly in the upper part of Nijrab District , northeast of Kabul , out of a total ethnic Parachi population of some 5,000. It is closely related to the Ormuri language of Kaniguram in South Waziristan , Pakistan . Parachi is usually classified as a member of the Southeastern group of

84-431: Is not diminished, but rather augmented by the rude appearance of the houses of the town. The scenery of the country around is extensive and grand, in happy unison with the keeping of the whole picture. The people of the country have a proverb, that he who has not seen Istalif has nothing seen." Masson indicated that almost every household had an orchard, and most of the population worked in manufacturing as weavers. During

105-866: Is often classified as early Eastern Iranian. As opposed to the Middle-era Western Iranian dialects , the Middle-era Eastern Iranian dialects preserve word-final syllables. The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto , with at least 80 million speakers between the Oxus River in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan . The second-largest living Eastern Iranian language is Ossetic , with roughly 600,000 speakers across Ossetia (split between Georgia and Russia ). All other languages of

126-521: Is sometimes classified as Eastern Iranian, but is not assigned to a branch in 21st-century classifications. The Eastern Iranian area has been affected by widespread sound changes , e.g. t͡ʃ > ts. Common to most Eastern Iranian languages is a particularly widespread lenition of the voiced stops *b, *d, *g. Between vowels, these have been lenited also in most Western Iranian languages, but in Eastern Iranian, spirantization also generally occurs in

147-590: The Eastern Iranian languages , although this is an areal group rather than a genetical one. This Indo-European languages -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Eastern Iranian languages The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages , having emerged during the Middle Iranian era (4th century BC to 9th century AD). The Avestan language

168-524: The Northern Alliance 's leader, Ahmad Shah Massoud . The village began rebuilding itself after 2002. Istalif is the center of ceramics in Afghanistan and especially well-known for its unique turquoise color. The glaze to create the color comes from the ishkar plant, a desert plant found in northern Afghanistan. In Istalif, pottery can pass on several generations in the same family. The Japanese historian and scholar, Mitsukuni Yoshida, visited Istalif in

189-780: The Yaghnobi language of northwestern Tajikistan (descended from Sogdian ); and the Ossetic language of the Caucasus (descended from Scytho-Sarmatian and is hence classified as Eastern Iranian despite its location). These are remnants of a vast ethno-linguistic continuum that stretched over most of Central Asia , parts of the Caucasus, Eastern Europe , and Western Asia in the 1st millennium BC — an area otherwise known as Scythia . The large Eastern Iranian continuum in Eastern Europe would continue up to

210-662: The voiced labiodental fricative /v/ . The dental member has proved the most unstable: while a voiced dental fricative /ð/ is preserved in some Pamir languages, it has in e.g. Pashto and Munji lenited further to /l/ . On the other hand, in Yaghnobi and Ossetian, the development appears to have been reversed, leading to the reappearance of a voiced stop /d/ . (Both languages have also shifted earlier *θ > /t/ .) The consonant clusters *ft and *xt have also been widely lenited, though again excluding Ormuri-Parachi, and possibly Yaghnobi. The neighboring Indo-Aryan languages have exerted

231-476: The 1960s as part of his journey to visit pottery-making villages in Greater Persia . He identified that Istalif, at the time, had a population of 300 people and 25 kilns. Pottery-making season began in early April, when the people began to gather clay from the mountains and transported it down to the hamlets with donkeys. Pottery making season lasted between May to October. Parachi Parachi ( Parāčī )

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252-733: The 4th century AD, with the successors of the Scythians, namely the Sarmatians . Western Iranian is thought to have separated from Proto-Iranian in the course of the later 2nd millennium BC not long after Avestan , possibly occurring in the Yaz culture . Eastern Iranian followed suit, and developed in place of Proto-Iranian, spoken within the Andronovo horizon . Due to the Greek presence in Central Asia, some of

273-696: The Arab conquests and during Islamic-Arab rule. The replacement of the Pahlavi script with the Arabic script in order to write the Persian language was done by the Tahirids in 9th century Khorasan. The Persian Dari language spread, leading to the extinction of Eastern Iranic languages including Bactrian and Khorezmian . Only a few speakers of the Sogdian descended Yaghnobi remain among

294-521: The Eastern Iranian subgroup have fewer than 200,000 speakers combined. Most living Eastern Iranian languages are spoken in a contiguous area: southern and eastern Afghanistan and the adjacent parts of western Pakistan; the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region in eastern Tajikistan ; and the westernmost parts of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in western China . There are also two living members in widely separated areas:

315-611: The easternmost of these languages were recorded in their Middle Iranian stage (hence the "Eastern" classification), while almost no records of the Scytho-Sarmatian continuum stretching from Kazakhstan west across the Pontic steppe to Ukraine have survived. Some authors find that the Eastern Iranian people had an influence on Russian folk culture. Middle Persian/Dari spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Khorasan after

336-601: The final phase of the First Anglo-Afghan War , as General Pollock 's Army of Retribution marched into Kabul, many families fled to Istalif. On September 29, 1842, British troops were dispatched, which surrounded the town, attacked, and then systemically pillaged it. The British and Indian soldiers set fire to the cotton cloth of their victims and burnt them alive. They raped and massacred women and children as well. Five hundred women and children were captured. British troops, under Major General McCaskill, were ordered to burn

357-737: The largely Persian-speaking Tajik population of Central Asia. This appears to be due to the large numbers of Persian-speakers in Arab-Islamic armies that invaded Central Asia and later Muslim governments in the region such as the Samanids . Persian was rooted into Central Asia by the Samanids. Eastern Iranian remains in large part a dialect continuum subject to common innovation. Traditional branches, such as "Northeastern", as well as Eastern Iranian itself, are better considered language areas rather than genetic groups. The languages are as follows: Avestan

378-492: The plane and walnut trees. He described that the mountains streams are full of fishes and the orchards and vineyards are richest. Charles Masson , a British spy and explorer, traveled to Istalif before the Anglo-Afghan War and described it in his narratives: "Istalif is one of the most picturesque spots which can be conceived; all that a combination of natural beauties can achieve we behold here in perfection: their effect

399-593: The town. Istalif became a focal point of tension following Habibullāh Kalakāni overthrowing Amanullah Khan , the King of Afghanistan. Most of the people of Istalif supported Habibullah, who hailed from a neighboring town in the Shomali Plain . Civil war followed Habibullah's uprising and fighting ensued in Istalif in 1929. Eventually, Mohammad Nadir Shah , a General under Amanullah Khan, became king. In retribution and because he

420-471: The word-initial position. This phenomenon is however not apparent in Avestan, and remains absent from Ormuri-Parachi. A series of spirant consonants can be assumed to have been the first stage: *b > *β, *d > *ð, *g > *ɣ. The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ has mostly been preserved. The labial member has been well-preserved too, but in most languages has shifted from a voiced bilabial fricative /β/ to

441-499: Was beholden to the Pashtun tribes who supported him, Mohammad Nadir Shah gave them permission to raid and loot Istalif, along with the rest of the Shomali Plain . Until 1998, Istalif was a breadbasket for the region and surrounded by lush orchards growing grapes, roses and wheat. That year, the Taliban cut down trees, burnt homes, and killed livestock to punish the villagers for supporting

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