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89-680: In the 2011/2012 parliamentary elections, the Islamist Block won 7,534,266 votes out of 27,065,135 correct votes, or roughly 27.8% of all votes. The Alliance thus received 96 seats out of 332 in the Egyptian Parliament. The 96 seats were divided between members of the Alliance as follows: In addition, independent candidates of the Al-Nour Party won 28 seats out of the 168 seats allocated for independent candidates. Additionally, three members of

178-651: A Spitfire fighter squadron. Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959. From February 1959 to June 1961, Mubarak undertook further training in the Soviet Union , attending a Soviet pilot training school in Moscow and another at Kant Air Base near Bishkek in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic . Mubarak undertook training on

267-513: A "knowledgeable source" described the order of the Prosecutor General to freeze Mubarak's assets and the threats of a legal action as nothing but a signal for Mubarak to leave Egypt after a number of attempts were made to encourage him to leave willingly. In February 2011, Voice of America reported that Egypt's top prosecutor had ordered a travel ban and an asset freeze for Mubarak and his family as he considered further action. On 21 May 2014

356-646: A CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report. In February 2011, ABC News reported that experts believed the personal wealth of Mubarak and his family was between US$ 40 billion and US$ 70 billion from military contracts made during his time as an air force officer. The Guardian reported that Mubarak and his family might be worth up to US$ 70 billion garnered from corruption, bribes and legitimate business activities. The money

445-588: A Cairo administrative court found Mubarak guilty of damaging the national economy during the protests by shutting down the Internet and telephone services. He was fined LE200 million—about US$ 33.6 million —which the court ordered he must pay from his personal assets. This was the first court ruling against Mubarak, who would next have to answer to the murder charges. The trial of Hosni Mubarak, his sons Ala'a and Gamal, former interior minister Habib el-Adly and six former top police officials began on 3 August 2011 at

534-494: A Cairo court convicted Mubarak and his sons of embezzling the equivalent of US$ 17.6 million of state funds which were allocated for renovation and maintenance of presidential palaces but were instead diverted to upgrade private family homes. The court ordered the repayment of US$ 17.6 million , fined the trio US$ 2.9 million , and sentenced Mubarak to three years in prison and each of his sons to four years. The National Democratic Party of Egypt continued to state that Hosni Mubarak

623-667: A Palestinian settlement continued under Mubarak. He quietly improved relations with the former Soviet Union. In 1987, Mubarak won an election to a second six-year term. In his early years in power, Mubarak expanded the Egyptian State Security Investigations Service ( Mabahith Amn ad-Dawla ) and the Central Security Forces (anti-riot and containment forces). According to Tarek Osman , the experience of seeing his predecessor assassinated "right in front of him" and his lengthy military career—which

712-546: A coma. Most sources said he was no longer interested in performing any duties and wanted to "die in Sharm El-Sheikh". On 28 February 2011, the General Prosecutor of Egypt issued an order prohibiting Mubarak and his family from leaving Egypt. It was reported that Mubarak was in contact with his lawyer in case of possible criminal charges against him. As a result, Mubarak and his family were placed under house arrest at

801-615: A family plot outside Cairo. Hosni Mubarak was born on 4 May 1928 in Kafr El-Meselha, Monufia Governorate , Egypt. On 2 February 1949, he left the Military Academy and joined the Air Force Academy , gaining his commission as a pilot officer on 13 March 1950 and eventually receiving a bachelor's degree in aviation sciences. Mubarak served as an Egyptian Air Force officer in various formations and units; he spent two years in

890-536: A financial statement listing their assets and sources of income while performing government work. On 21   February 2011, the Egyptian Military Council, which was temporarily given the presidential authorities following the 25   January 2011 revolution , said it had no objection to a trial of Mubarak on charges of corruption. On 23   February 2011, the Egyptian newspaper Eldostor reported that

979-516: A friendship with the nation's powerful Crown Prince Fahd , whom Sadat had refused to meet or contact and who was now seen as a major player who could help mend the failing relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia . Mubarak also developed friendships with several other important Arab leaders, including Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud , Oman's Sultan Qaboos , Morocco's King Hassan II , and Sudan's President Jaafar Nimeiry . Sadat also sent Mubarak to numerous meetings with foreign leaders outside

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1068-526: A general decline in voter support for "political parties with religious backgrounds". [REDACTED] Politics portal Al‑Nour Party is an ultra-conservative Islamist party maintaining a strict version of Islam, known as the Salafi methodology. Salafis believe in practising Islam as it was practiced by the Islamic prophet Muhammad , his companions , and the later generations. Their main source of governance

1157-418: A hospital bed and held in a cage for the session. Upon hearing the charges against him, Mubarak pleaded not guilty. Judge Ahmed Refaat adjourned the court, ruling that Mubarak be transferred under continued arrest to the military hospital on the outskirts of Cairo. The second court session scheduled for 15 August. On 15 August, the resumed trial lasted three hours. At the end of the session, Rifaat announced that

1246-501: A major crisis in relations when the U.S Air Force forced an EgyptAir plane carrying the Achille Lauro hijackers to Tunisia to land in Italy ; otherwise the plane would have been shot down. Mubarak stated in a press conference on 12 October 1985: "I am very wounded. Now there is coolness and strain as a result of this incident." Egypt had been ostracized by the other Arab states for signing

1335-588: A national hero. The next year he was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in recognition of service during the October War of 1973 against Israel. Mubarak was credited in some publications for Egypt's initial strong performance in the war. The Egyptian analyst Mohamed Hassanein Heikal said the Air Force played a mostly psychological role in the war, providing an inspirational sight for the Egyptian ground troops who carried out

1424-504: A population of 75 million. Because of his positions against Islamic fundamentalism and his diplomacy towards Israel, Mubarak was the target of repeated assassination attempts. According to the BBC, Mubarak survived six attempts on his life. In June 1995, there was an alleged assassination attempt involving noxious gases and Egyptian Islamic Jihad while Mubarak was in Ethiopia for a conference of

1513-616: A presidential palace in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh. On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor originally appointed by Mubarak ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power amid growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the revolution. Gamal and Alaa were jailed in Tora Prison ; state television reported that Mubarak

1602-419: A religious basis." A lawsuit against the party was dismissed on 22 September 2014 because the court indicated it had no jurisdiction. The Alexandria Urgent Matters Court however ruled on 26 November 2014 that it lacked jurisdiction. A case on the dissolution of the party was adjourned until 17 January 2015 and further postponed until 21 February 2015. Another court case that was brought forth to dissolve

1691-461: A retrial. On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. Mubarak was detained in a military hospital while his sons were freed on 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court. Mubarak was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and was released on 24 March 2017. Mubarak died in 2020, aged 91. He was honoured with a state funeral and buried at

1780-477: A speech that he would not leave, and would die on Egyptian soil. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei paid no attention to Mubarak's remarks and labeled it as a trick designed to help Mubarak to stay in power. In a state televised broadcast on 1 February 2011, Mubarak announced that he would not seek re-election in September but would like to finish his current term and promised constitutional reform. This compromise

1869-465: A summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheik with King Abdullah II of Jordan , President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert . On 19 June 2008, the Egypt-brokered pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas went into effect. According to The New York Times , neither side fully respected the terms of the ceasefire. The agreement required Hamas to end rocket attacks on Israel and to enforce

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1958-512: A temporary criminal court at the Police Academy in north Cairo. They were charged with corruption and the premeditated killing of peaceful protesters during the mass movement to oust the Mubarak government, the latter of which carries the death penalty. The trial was broadcast on Egyptian television; Mubarak made an unexpected appearance—his first since his resignation. He was taken into the court on

2047-644: A tough time and that it was too early to judge him. On 24 May 2011, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protesters during the revolution and, if convicted, could face the death penalty. The decision to try Mubarak was made days before a scheduled protest in Tahrir Square. The full list of charges released by the public prosecutor was "intentional murder, attempted killing of some demonstrators ... misuse of influence, deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully making private financial gains and profits". On 28 May,

2136-487: Is committed to the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty as a binding international agreement and would be willing to hold negotiations with Israel . At the same time, al‑Nour said it seeks amendments to the agreement and opposes normalization with Israel. Specifically, an al‑Nour spokesman stated, "We call for full Sinai rights for Egypt and for our brothers in Palestine and occupied lands, and we see this as directly related to

2225-510: Is strictly based on the Quran and the Sunnah. The religious foundation and structure of al-Nour party is based almost entirely on the Salafi interpretation of Islam. Al-Nour believes the principles of Islamic Sharia should be the main source of legislation. However, the party promises that it will allow Christians to have their own separate laws for their internal matters. The party has stated it

2314-661: Is the most populous Arab country and Saudi Arabia the richest, the Saudi–Egyptian axis was a powerful force in the Arab world. At an Arab League summit later in 1982 in Fez, Saudi Arabia put forward an Egyptian peace plan where in exchange for Israel resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by allowing a Palestinian state , the entire Arab world would make peace with Israel. The Islamic Republic of Iran had, from 1979 onward, been making

2403-523: Is to establish a theocratic state on the lines of Wahhabism like in Saudi Arabia . Saudi Arabia was found to be the main financer of the party according to the public German television news service ARD . In the 2011–12 Egypt parliamentary elections , the Islamist Bloc led by al‑Nour party received 7,534,266 votes out of a total 27,065,135 correct votes (27.8%). The Islamist Bloc , of which al-Nour

2492-465: The 2012 presidential election , Hazem Salah Abu Ismail , who while not officially affiliated with the party was considered to be the candidate of the Salafi movement, was disqualified to run. Without any clear Salafi candidate, the al-Nour Party settled on moderate Islamist Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh on 28 April 2012. However, the party declared its support for Muslim Brotherhood candidate, Mohamed Morsi in

2581-782: The Cairo Anti-war Conference , which had criticised his lack of action against Israel. Protests against Mubarak and his regime erupted in Cairo and other Egyptian cities in January 2011. On 1 February, Mubarak announced he would not contest the presidential election due in September. He also promised constitutional reform. This did not satisfy most protesters, who expected Mubarak to depart immediately. The demonstrations continued and on 2 February, violent clashes occurred between pro-Mubarak and anti-Mubarak protesters. On 10 February, contrary to rumours, Mubarak said he would not resign until

2670-607: The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations. On 11 February 2011, then–Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that both he and Mubarak had resigned and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces . On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor ordered Mubarak and his two sons Alaa and Gamal to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. Mubarak

2759-751: The Ilyushin Il-28 and Tupolev Tu-16 jet bombers. In 1964 he gained a place at the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow. On his return to Egypt, he served as a wing commander, then as a base commander; he commanded the Cairo West Air Base in October 1966 then briefly commanded the Beni Suef Air Base. In November 1967, Mubarak became the Air Force Academy's commander when he was credited with doubling

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2848-616: The Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988, Egypt supported Iraq militarily and economically with one million Egyptians working in Iraq to take the place of Iraqi men serving on the front-line. In December 1983, Mubarak welcomed Yasser Arafat of the PLO to a summit in Cairo, marking a rapprochement with the PLO, and from that time, Egypt became the PLO's main ally. In 1985, the Achille Lauro hijacking caused

2937-636: The Organization of African Unity . He was also reportedly injured by a knife-wielding assailant in Port Said in September 1999. Egypt was a member of the allied coalition during the 1991 Gulf War ; Egyptian infantry were some of the first to land in Saudi Arabia to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Egypt's participation in the war solidified its central role in the Arab World and brought financial benefits for

3026-672: The Sinai Peninsula back into Egyptian control, Mubarak agreed with the views of various Arab leaders and opposed the Camp David Accords for failing to address other issues relating to the Arab–Israeli conflict . Sadat even transferred his decision-making authority to Mubarak temporarily at times he went on vacations. Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli . Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became

3115-629: The 1980s in Alexandria University after students refused to join the Muslim Brotherhood , leading to clashes that impelled the Salafis to institutionalize their activities within the city. The Salafis in the past had refused to take part in politics because they believed that the political system that existed at the time was un-Islamic, though they were concerned with politics from an Islamic point of view relating to daily Egyptian life. During

3204-485: The 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, violations of human rights by the security services in Egypt were described as "systematic" by Amnesty International. In 2007, Amnesty International reported that the Egyptian police routinely engaged in "beatings, electric shocks, prolonged suspension by the wrists and ankles in contorted positions, death threats and sexual abuse". The state remained large under Mubarak employing 8 million people out of

3293-591: The Arab League's headquarters back to Cairo . He was known for his supportive stance on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , in addition to his role in the Gulf War . Despite providing stability and reasons for economic growth, his rule was repressive. The state of emergency , which had not been lifted since the 1967 war , stifled political opposition , the security services became known for their brutality, and corruption became widespread. Mubarak stepped down during

3382-468: The Arab world. Mubarak's political significance as Vice President can be seen from a conversation held on 23 June 1975 between Foreign Minister Fahmy and US Ambassador Hermann Eilts . Fahmy told Eilts that "Mubarak is, for the time being at least, likely to be a regular participant in all sensitive meetings" and he advised the ambassador not to antagonize Mubarak because he was Sadat's personal choice. Though supportive of Sadat's earlier efforts made to bring

3471-699: The Building and Development Party have been elected as independents. Thus, the Islamist Bloc won a total of 127 seats out of 498 (25.5%) in the 2012 Egyptian Parliament, thus becoming the second largest political bloc in the parliament after the Democratic Alliance for Egypt . This article about a political party in Egypt is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Al-Nour Party The al‑Nour Party ( Arabic : حزب النور , romanized :  Ḥizb an-Nūr ), or " Party of The Light ",

3560-570: The Camp David Accords in 1979, but Egypt's weight within the Arab world had led to Egypt regaining its "central place in the Arab world" by 1989. In 1989, Egypt was re-admitted as a full member to the Arab League and the League's headquarters were moved to their original location in Cairo . Throughout the 1980s, Mubarak increased the production of affordable housing, clothing, furniture, and medicine. By

3649-578: The Egyptian Prosecutor General ordered the freezing of Mubarak's assets and those of his wife Suzanne, his sons Alaa and Gamal Mubarak, and his daughters-in-law Heidi Rasekh and Khadiga Gamal. The Prosecutor General also ordered the Egyptian foreign minister to communicate this to other countries where Mubarak and his family could have assets. This order came two days after Egyptian newspapers reported that Mubarak filed his financial statement. Egyptian regulations mandate government officials submit

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3738-420: The Egyptian government under Mubarak expanded bureaucratic regulations, registration requirements, and other controls that often feed corruption. Freedom House said, "corruption remained a significant problem under Mubarak, who promised to do much, but in fact never did anything significant to tackle it effectively". In 2010, Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with

3827-837: The Egyptian government, although Islamic law bans the paying of interest. The party argued that the loan is vital to Egypt's economy in the current period and that there is no other alternative, citing the Islamic saying "Necessities permit what is banned". However, the party had changed opinion in February 2013, saying the IMF loan agreement requires an approval from a body of senior scholars at Al-Azhar University . The party's members suggested other alternatives to foreign borrowing such as reforming subsidy system, dispensing with highly paid advisers and offering Sukuk (financial certificates) that Islamic financing experts claim will attract billions of pounds to

3916-469: The Egyptian government. Reports of sums of up to US$ 20 billion worth of debt forgiveness were published in the news media. According to The Economist : The programme worked like a charm: a textbook case, says the [International Monetary Fund]. In fact, luck was on Hosni Mubarak's side; when the US was hunting for a military alliance to force Iraq out of Kuwait, Egypt's president joined without hesitation. After

4005-472: The Mubarak administration's Ministry of the Interior rose dramatically. Political figures and young activists were imprisoned without trial. Illegal, undocumented, hidden detention facilities were established, and universities, mosques, and newspaper staff were rejected because of their political views. In 2005 Freedom House , a non-governmental organization that conducts research into democracy, reported that

4094-554: The National Democratic Party, said Gamal Mubarak intended to usurp the presidency, assisted by then Interior Minister, Habib El-Adly . During his presidency, Mubarak upheld the U.S.-brokered Camp David Accords treaty signed between Egypt and Israel in 1978. Mubarak on occasion also hosted meetings relating to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and made a number of attempts to serve as a broker between them. Mubarak

4183-548: The September election, though he would be delegating responsibilities to Vice President Omar Suleiman . The next day, Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned. The announcement sparked cheers, flag-waving, and celebrations from protesters in Egypt. Discussions about the nation's future direction began. It had been suggested that Egypt be put in the hands of a caretaker government . On 25 January 2011, protests against Mubarak and his government erupted in Cairo and around Egypt calling for Mubarak's resignation. Mubarak stated in

4272-498: The agreement." Regarding normalization, an al‑Nour statement read, "The party strongly objects normalization and dialogue attempts and establishing relations with an entity [Israel] which wants to wipe off our identity, occupies our lands, imposes a siege on our brothers and strongly supports our hangers." Al‑Nour Party had stated in September 2012 that it would not oppose a loan from the International Monetary Fund to

4361-588: The ceasefire throughout Gaza . In exchange, Hamas expected the blockade to end, commerce in Gaza to resume, and truck shipments to be restored to 2005 levels. Israel tied an easing of the blockade to a reduction in rocket fire and gradually re-opened supply lines and permitted around 90 daily truck shipments to enter Gaza. Hamas criticized Israel for its continued blockade while Israel accused Hamas of continued weapons smuggling via tunnels to Egypt and pointed to continued rocket attacks. In 2009, Mubarak's government banned

4450-671: The claim to be the leader of the Islamic world, and in particular Ayatollah Khomeini had called for the overthrow of the governments of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Arab states along the southern shores of the Persian Gulf, calling these states illegitimate. The claim of the Ayatollah Khomeini to be the rightful leader of the Islamic world and his attempts to export the Iranian revolution by working to overthrow governments that Khomeini deemed un-Islamic caused profound alarm and fear in

4539-599: The control of the President. On 28 July 2005, Mubarak announced his candidacy. The election was scheduled for 7 September 2005; according to civil organizations that observed the election it was marred by mass rigging activities. In a move widely seen as political persecution, Ayman Nour , a dissident and candidate for the El-Ghad Party ("Tomorrow party") was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years' hard labor on 24 December 2005. While in office, political corruption in

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4628-405: The country first." The statement, which said "The Supreme Council is currently studying the situation," did not state what the council would do next. Mubarak made no media appearances after his resignation. Except for his family and a close circle of aides, he reportedly refused to talk to anyone—even his supporters. His health was speculated to be rapidly deteriorating; some reports said he was in

4717-462: The country. Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak ( Arabic : محمد حسني مبارك ‎; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force . He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to

4806-484: The crossing of the Suez Canal, rather than for any military necessity. However Mubarak's influence was also disputed by Shahdan El-Shazli, the daughter of the former Egyptian military Chief of Staff Saad el-Shazly . She said Mubarak exaggerated his role in the 1973 war. In a 2011 interview with the independent Egyptian newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm , El-Shazli said Mubarak altered documents to take credit from her father for

4895-517: The formation of new parties, and legally recognized on 13 June. It was established by one of the largest Salafist groups in Egypt, the Salafist Call ( Al-Da'wa Al-Salafiyya ), also known as the Al-Dawaa movement. (The Salafi philosophical movement has been associated with literalist, strict and puritanical approaches to Islam.) The Salafi Call group started in the 1970s and was firmly established in

4984-409: The fourth president of Egypt. Until Libya's suspension from the Arab League at the beginning of the Libyan Civil War , Egypt was the only state in the history of the organization to have had its membership suspended, because of President Sadat's peace treaty with Israel. In June 1982, Mubarak met King Fahd of Saudi Arabia , which marked a beginning of an Egyptian-Saudi rapprochement. Since Egypt

5073-405: The future disengagement of forces agreement with Israel. In September 1975, Mubarak went on a mission to Riyadh and Damascus to persuade the Saudi Arabian and Syrian governments to accept the disengagement agreement signed with the Israeli government ("Sinai II"), but was refused a meeting by the Syrian president Hafez Al-Assad . During his meetings with the Saudi government, Mubarak developed

5162-454: The future. The Israeli historian Major Efraim Karsh wrote in 2006 that in Egypt "...numberless articles, scholarly writings, books, cartoons, public statements, and radio and television programs, Jews are painted in the blackest terms imaginable". Karsh accused Mubarak of being personally antisemitic, writing he "evidently shared the premises" of his propaganda. Egypt's heavy dependence on US aid and its hopes for US pressure on Israel for

5251-438: The governments that were targeted like Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In the face of the Iranian challenge, the other Arab states looked towards Egypt as an ally. For King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and the other leaders of the Arab Gulf states, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict faded into the background and the main concern was resisting Iranian pretensions to be the leader of the Islamic world, meaning that Egypt could not be ignored. During

5340-413: The initial success of the Egyptian forces in 1973. She also said photographs pertaining to the discussions in the military command room were altered and Saad El-Shazli was erased and replaced with Mubarak. She stated she intended to take legal action. In April 1975, President Anwar Sadat appointed Mubarak Vice President of Egypt. In this position, he took part in government consultations that dealt with

5429-435: The military's July 2013 coup which overthrew Morsi. By 2020, its support had badly eroded and in September of that year, Al-Nour failed to win any seats in the Egyptian Senate election . "For decades" before the 2011 Egyptian revolution , Salafists "stayed away" from politics and focused on "religion and inviting people for prayer". Al‑Nour was set up after the revolution, when the interim military government allowed

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5518-470: The number of Air Force pilots and navigators during the pre- October War years. Two years later, he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force. In 1972, Mubarak became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defense. On 6 October 1973, at the breakout of the Yom Kippur War , the Egyptian Air Force launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots hit 90% of their targets, making Mubarak

5607-424: The party was dismissed after the Alexandria Urgent Matters Court ruled on 26 November 2014 that it lacked jurisdiction. A lawsuit was rejected by the Parties Court and referred back to a lower court because the only entity qualified to argue for the dissolution of a party is the leader of the political parties commission. After the overthrow of Muslim Brotherhood president Mohammad Morsi , Salafi parties supported

5696-436: The political, and the Islamic movement must unite". According to analyst Muneer Adeeb, Islamists in Egypt had "their political heyday after the 2011 revolution because they were the most organized political force then." But issues important to Salafists—such as whether antiquities (pyramids, etc.) should be destroyed, the subordination of women and non-Muslims—were later to prove problematic in contemporary politics. Al‑Nour

5785-416: The presidency in the single-candidate 1981 referendum , and renewed his term through single-candidate referendums in 1987 , 1993 , and 1999 . Under United States pressure, Mubarak held the country's first multi-party election in 2005 , which he won. In 1989, he succeeded in reinstating Egypt's membership in the Arab League , which had been frozen since the Camp David Accords with Israel, and in returning

5874-434: The rank of air chief marshal in 1973. In 1975, he was appointed vice president by President Anwar Sadat and assumed the presidency after his assassination in 1981. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha , who ruled the country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848. Less than two weeks after the assassination of President Sadat, Mubarak quickly assumed

5963-434: The reasons given for the party's poor performance were the closure of mosques (a common gathering place and "the main sphere of activity for the Salafists") due to Covid, "hostile propaganda" from their cousin Islamists, the Muslim Brotherhood, angry over Salafist cooperation with Sisi, and very low voter turnout in the first election (14%) and runoff (10.25%). Political scientist Akram Badreddine of Cairo University notes also

6052-409: The regime of President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi who in turn courted them, despite the hard line he generally took against political Islam. But in the 2015 House of Deputies elections, Al-Nour won only 12 seats out of a total of 596, and in the September 2020 parliamentary elections, Al-Nour failed to win any seats in the Egyptian Senate, (they won 45 seats in the Senate elections of January 2012). Some of

6141-433: The relatives of those killed by Mubarak's forces were angered by the verdict. Thousands of demonstrators protested the verdict in Tahrir Square, Arbein Square and Al-Qaed Ibrahim Square. In January 2013, an appeals court overturned Mubarak's life sentence and ordered a retrial. He remained in custody and returned to court on 11 May 2013 for a retrial on charges of complicity in the murder of protesters. On 21 August 2013,

6230-474: The return of Mohamed Morsi to power. The party has advised the interim government on ministerial candidates. The al-Nour Party has supported the draft constitution that will be voted on in the 2014 constitutional referendum . The al-Nour Party is one of the eleven Islamic parties targeted by a lawsuit in November 2014, when an organization named Popular Front for opposing the Brotherhoodization of Egypt sought to dissolve all political parties established "on

6319-513: The revolution, they did not support the uprising because "the Americans would have ordered Mubarak to massacre them all", according to a party spokesman. After the revolution, the Salafis decided to take part in politics in order to protect the Islamic identity of Egypt, based on the fundamentals of Islam, the Quran and Sunnah . Leading Salafi preacher Yasser Borhamy switched to the political participation side after Mubarak's ouster, saying "Islam must become involved of all aspects of life, even

6408-647: The rival Watan Party . Although initially a political ally of the MB's Freedom and Justice Party , the al-Nour Party soon came to join the mainly secular opposition, and were an active force in the 2012–13 Egyptian protests that resulted in the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état and consequent ouster of President Morsi. Following what al-Nour described as a "massacre" on the dawn of 8 July, when pro-Morsi demonstrators were attacked and at least 54 were left dead, al-Nour in protest withdrew from talks to choose an interim prime minister. Nevertheless, al-Nour has not expressed support for

6497-439: The second and final election round between Morsi and Ahmed Shafeek, the last prime minister appointed by Mubarak. However, in September 2012, Ghaffour was suspended from the party, and elections for a new party leader were expected soon after. He was reinstated as the head of the party following a 10-hour meeting by the party in early October 2012. Ghaffour resigned as party chairman on 29 December 2012 and in January 2013 formed

6586-482: The third session would take place on 5 September and that the remainder of the proceedings would be off-limits to television cameras. The trial resumed in December 2011 and lasted until January 2012. The defense strategy was that Mubarak never actually resigned, was still president, and thus had immunity . On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was found guilty of not halting the killing of protesters by the Egyptian security forces; he

6675-502: The time he became president, Mubarak was one of a few Egyptian officials who refused to visit Israel and vowed to take a less enthusiastic approach to normalizing relations with the Israeli government . Under Mubarak, Israeli journalists often wrote about the "cold peace" with Egypt, observing Israeli–Egyptian relations were frosty at best. Mubarak was quick to deny that his policies would result in difficulties for Egyptian–Israeli dealings in

6764-532: The war, his reward was that America, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Europe forgave Egypt around $ 20 billion of debt. President Mubarak spoke out against the 2003 invasion of Iraq , arguing that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict should have been resolved first. He also said the war would cause "100 Bin Ladens ". However, as President he did not support an immediate US withdrawal from Iraq because he believed it would probably lead to chaos. President Mubarak

6853-545: Was a member, gained 127 of the 498 parliamentary seats contested, second-place after the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party . Al‑Nour Party itself won 111 of the Bloc's 127 seats. In December 2012/January 2013, a new Watan party led by Emad Abdel Ghaffour splintered off from Al-Nour. From January 2013 the party gradually distanced itself from President Mohamed Morsi 's Brotherhood government, and came to support

6942-528: Was concerned that Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson did not trust him on the issue and considered meeting him in New York. In October 2000, Mubarak hosted an emergency summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheikh to discuss the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In attendance were: U.S. President Bill Clinton , P.L.O. Chairman Yasser Arafat , Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak , King Abdullah of Jordan, NATO Sec. General Javier Solana , and U.N. Sec. General Kofi Annan . Mubarak

7031-519: Was in police custody in a hospital near his residence following a heart attack. Former Israeli Cabinet minister Benjamin Ben Eliezer told Israeli Radio that he had offered Mubarak refuge in the southern Israeli city of Eilat . On 11 May 2013, he told El-Watan in his first media appearance since his resignation said, "History will judge and I am still certain that the coming generations will view me fairly." He added that President Mohammed Morsi faced

7120-689: Was involved in the Arab League , supporting Arab efforts to achieve a lasting peace in the region. At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative , a Saudi-inspired plan to end the Arab–Israeli conflict . In 2006, Mubarak condemned the Israeli military attack in Lebanon , but also indirectly criticised Hezbollah for harming Arab interests. In June 2007, Mubarak held

7209-407: Was longer than those of Nasser or Sadat—may have instilled in him more focus and absorption with security than seemed the case with the latter heads of state. Mubarak sought advice and confidence not in leading ministers, senior advisers or leading intellectuals, but from his security chiefs—"interior ministers, army commanders, and the heads of the ultra-influential intelligence services." All through

7298-512: Was not acceptable for the protestors and violent demonstrations occurred in front of the Presidential Palace. On 11 February, then Vice President Omar Suleiman announced Mubarak had resigned and that power would be turned over to the Egyptian military . Two and a half hours after Mubarak's resignation, an Egyptian military member came on air and thanked Mubarak for "putting the interests of

7387-593: Was one of the political parties created in Egypt after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution . It has an ultra-conservative, Islamist ideology, which believes in implementing strict Sharia law. It has been described as the political arm of the Salafi Call Society , and "by far the most prominent" of the several new Salafi parties in Egypt, which it has surpassed by virtue of its "long organizational and administrative experience" and "charismatic leaders". Its political aim

7476-401: Was re-elected by majority votes in a referendum for successive terms on four occasions in 1987, 1993, and 1999. Each time, Mubarak secured his position by having himself nominated by Parliament then confirmed without opposition in a referendum. The September 2005 ballot was a multiple-candidate election rather than a referendum, but the electoral institutions and security apparatus remain under

7565-512: Was recognised as an official party after it had obtained its license in June 2011, led by Emad Abdel Ghaffour . The Salafi Al‑Nour reportedly did well in the parliamentary election (111 seats), in part because of loyalty it won from voters with the many Salafi-sponsored charitable activities: help for the sick and the poor; financial assistance to widows, divorcées, and young women in need of marriage trousseaus ; and abundant religious instruction. In

7654-620: Was said to be spread out in various bank accounts, including some in Switzerland and the UK, and invested in foreign property. The newspaper said some of the information about the family's wealth might be ten years old. According to Newsweek , these allegations are poorly substantiated and lack credibility. On 12 February 2011, the government of Switzerland announced it was freezing the Swiss bank accounts of Mubarak and his family. On 20   February 2011,

7743-408: Was sentenced to life imprisonment. The court found Mubarak not guilty of ordering the crackdown on Egyptian protesters. All other charges against Mubarak, including profiteering and economic fraud, were dismissed. Mubarak's sons, Habib el-Adly, and six senior police officials were all acquitted for their roles in the killing of demonstrators because of a lack of evidence. According to The Guardian ,

7832-547: Was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution. These trials began on 3 August 2011, making him the first Arab leader to be tried in his own country in an ordinary court of law. On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation (the nation's high court of appeal) overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered

7921-421: Was to be the party's only candidate in the 2011 Presidential Election. Mubarak said on 1 February 2011 that he had no intention of standing in the 2011 presidential election. When this declaration failed to ease the protests, Mubarak's vice president stated that Gamal Mubarak would not run for president. With the escalation of the demonstration and the fall of Mubarak, Hamdy El-Sayed , a former influential figure in

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