The Irish Texts Society ( Irish : Cumann na Scríbheann nGaedhilge ) was founded in 1898 to promote the study of Irish literature . It is a text publication society , issuing annotated editions of texts in Irish with English translations and related commentaries .
87-505: The organisation was created in London, on 26 April 1898. Douglas Hyde was its first president, Frederick York Powell was its first chairman and Norma Borthwick and Eleanor Hull were the secretaries. As of 2009, the ITS had published sixty-three items in its main series and twenty items in its subsidiary series. Other publications have included Patrick S. Dinneen 's Irish-English Dictionary and
174-616: A Bachelorʼs degree in Liberal Arts. Kichwa is the variety of the Quechua language spoken in Ecuador and is one of the most widely spoken indigenous languages in South America. Despite this fact, Kichwa is a threatened language, mainly because of the expansion of Spanish in South America. One community of original Kichwa speakers, Lagunas, was one of the first indigenous communities to switch to
261-549: A career as an Anglican clergyman , Hyde instead became an academic. He entered Trinity College Dublin , where he became fluent in French, Latin , German, Greek , and Hebrew , graduating in 1884 as a moderator in modern literature. A medallist of the College Historical Society , he was elected its president in 1931. His passion for the language revival of Irish, which was already in severe decline, led him to help found
348-448: A complete language revival: that of the Hebrew language . Languages targeted for language revitalization include those whose use and prominence is severely limited . Sometimes various tactics of language revitalization can even be used to try to revive extinct languages . Though the goals of language revitalization vary greatly from case to case, they typically involve attempting to expand
435-428: A division can exist between educated revitalizers, interested in historicity, and remaining speakers interested in locally authentic idiom (as has sometimes occurred with Irish ). Some have argued that structural compromise may, in fact, enhance the prospects of survival, as may have been the case with English in the post- Norman period . Other linguists have argued that when language revitalization borrows heavily from
522-661: A dozen languages from "elsewhere in Canada and around the globe", along with 17 dictionary apps. Similar to other indigenous languages, Tlingit is critically endangered. Fewer than 100 fluent Elders existed as of 2017. From 2013 to 2014, the language activist, author, and teacher, Sʔímlaʔxw Michele K. Johnson from the Syilx Nation, attempted to teach two hopeful learners of Tlingit in the Yukon. Her methods included textbook creation, sequenced immersion curriculum, and film assessment. The aim
609-530: A first language in Gaeltacht areas). Ó Béarra stated: "[to] follow the syntax and idiomatic conventions of English, [would be] producing what amounts to little more than English in Irish drag." With regard to the then-moribund Manx language , the scholar T. F. O'Rahilly stated, "When a language surrenders itself to foreign idiom, and when all its speakers become bilingual, the penalty is death." Neil McRae has stated that
696-738: A first language. Of course this came at the expense of local Italian languages, most of which are now endangered . Success was enjoyed in similar circumstances by High German , standard Czech , Castilian Spanish and other languages. The Coptic language began its decline when Arabic became the predominant language in Egypt. Pope Shenouda III established the Coptic Language Institute in December 1976 in Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Cairo for
783-614: A general election on the advice of a Taoiseach who had ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann". Hyde had that option but, after considering it with his senior advisor Michael McDunphy, he granted the dissolution. Hyde twice used his prerogative under Article 26 of the Constitution, having consulted the Council of State , to refer a Bill or part of a Bill to the Supreme Court, for
870-508: A language spoken by the people of the same name in Massachusetts, underwent a language revival project led by Jessie Little Doe Baird , a trained linguist. Members of the tribe use the extensive written records that exist in their language, including a translation of the Bible and legal documents, in order to learn and teach Wampanoag. The project has seen children speaking the language fluently for
957-751: A little" Ainu. As of 2001, Ainu was not taught in any elementary or secondary schools in Japan, but was offered at numerous language centres and universities in Hokkaido, as well as at Tokyo's Chiba University . In China, the Manchu language is one of the most endangered languages, with speakers only in three small areas of Manchuria remaining. Some enthusiasts are trying to revive the language of their ancestors using available dictionaries and textbooks, and even occasional visits to Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in Xinjiang , where
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#17328525595121044-432: A plan for language revitalization. One of these is provided by celebrated linguist Joshua Fishman . Fishman's model for reviving threatened (or sleeping) languages, or for making them sustainable, consists of an eight-stage process. Efforts should be concentrated on the earlier stages of restoration until they have been consolidated before proceeding to the later stages. The eight stages are: This model of language revival
1131-736: A range of different techniques or methods that speakers can use to try to revitalize a language, including techniques to revive extinct languages and maintain weak ones. The techniques he lists are often limited to the current vitality of the language. He claims that the immersion method cannot be used to revitalize an extinct or moribund language. In contrast, the master-apprentice method of one-on-one transmission on language proficiency can be used with moribund languages. Several other methods of revitalization, including those that rely on technology such as recordings or media, can be used for languages in any state of viability. David Crystal , in his book Language Death , proposes that language revitalization
1218-411: A six-point scale is as follows: Another scale for identifying degrees of language endangerment is used in a 2003 paper ("Language Vitality and Endangerment") commissioned by UNESCO from an international group of linguists. The linguists, among other goals and priorities, create a scale with six degrees for language vitality and endangerment. They also propose nine factors or criteria (six of which use
1305-709: A solemn Votive Mass in the Pro-Cathedral, and there were services in the principal Presbyterian and Methodist churches, as well as in the synagogue. Dr. Hyde was installed formally in Dublin Castle, where the seals of office were handed over by the Chief Justice. Some 200 persons were present, including the heads of the Judiciary and the chief dignitaries of the Churches. After the ceremony, President Hyde drove in procession through
1392-621: A strong renewal. This happened, for example, in the revival of Classical Latin in the Renaissance , and the revival of Sanskrit in the early centuries AD. An analogous phenomenon in contemporary Arabic -speaking areas is the expanded use of the literary language ( Modern Standard Arabic , a form of the Classical Arabic of the 6th century AD). This is taught to all educated speakers and is used in radio broadcasts, formal discussions, etc. In addition, literary languages have sometimes risen to
1479-406: A voluntary language. As a result of its loss as an official language and years of marginalization at the official level during and after American colonization, the use of Spanish amongst the overall populace decreased dramatically and became moribund, with the remaining native speakers left being mostly elderly people. The language has seen a gradual revival, however, due to official promotion under
1566-522: A vote on the Transport Bill. De Valera asked Hyde for a dissolution of the Dáil. If a dissolution is granted, a general election is proclaimed to fill the seats thereby vacated. This means that for four to six weeks until the new Dáil assembled, there is no Dáil. Fearing this gap might facilitate an invasion during World War II , during which no parliament could be called upon to act, the Oireachtas enacted
1653-501: A wish to be aligned with the prestige of the language, rather than being genuinely indicative of the presence of thousands of L1 Sanskrit speakers in India. There has also been a rise of so-called "Sanskrit villages", but experts have cast doubt on the extent to which Sanskrit is really spoken in such villages. The Soyot language of the small-numbered Soyots in Buryatia , Russia , one of
1740-451: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Douglas Hyde Douglas Ross Hyde MRIA ( Irish : Dubhghlas de hÍde ; 17 January 1860 – 12 July 1949), known as An Craoibhín Aoibhinn ( lit. transl. the pleasant little branch ), was an Irish academic, linguist, scholar of the Irish language, politician, and diplomat who served as the first President of Ireland from June 1938 to June 1945. He
1827-399: Is also closely tied to the linguistic field of language documentation . In this field, linguists try to create a complete record of a language's grammar, vocabulary, and linguistic features. This practice can often lead to more concern for the revitalization of a specific language on study. Furthermore, the task of documentation is often taken on with the goal of revitalization in mind. Uses
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#17328525595121914-419: Is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one. Those involved can include linguists, cultural or community groups, or governments. Some argue for a distinction between language revival (the resurrection of an extinct language with no existing native speakers) and language revitalization (the rescue of a "dying" language). There has only been one successful instance of
2001-515: Is essentially Spanish monolingualism. The feelings of the Lagunas people present a dichotomy with language use, as most of the Lagunas members speak Spanish exclusively and only know a few words in Kichwa. The prospects for Kichwa language revitalization are not promising, as parents depend on schooling for this purpose, which is not nearly as effective as continual language exposure in the home. Schooling in
2088-412: Is estimated that more than 2000 languages have already become extinct. The UN estimates that more than half of the languages spoken today have fewer than 10,000 speakers and that a quarter have fewer than 1,000 speakers; and that, unless there are some efforts to maintain them, over the next hundred years most of these will become extinct. These figures are often cited as reasons why language revitalization
2175-405: Is intended to direct efforts to where they are most effective and to avoid wasting energy trying to achieve the later stages of recovery when the earlier stages have not been achieved. For instance, it is probably wasteful to campaign for the use of a language on television or in government services if hardly any families are in the habit of using the language. Additionally, Tasaku Tsunoda describes
2262-493: Is largely based on an independent community-based school system, known generally as Gaelscoileanna . These schools teach entirely through Irish and their number is growing, with over thirty such schools in Dublin alone. They are an important element in the creation of a network of urban Irish speakers (known as Gaeilgeoirí), who tend to be young, well-educated and middle-class. It is now likely that this group has acquired critical mass,
2349-462: Is more likely to be successful if its speakers: In her book, Endangered Languages: An Introduction, Sarah Thomason notes the success of revival efforts for modern Hebrew and the relative success of revitalizing Maori in New Zealand (see Specific Examples below). One notable factor these two examples share is that the children were raised in fully immersive environments. In the case of Hebrew, it
2436-403: Is necessary to preserve linguistic diversity. Culture and identity are also frequently cited reasons for language revitalization, when a language is perceived as a unique "cultural treasure." A community often sees language as a unique part of their culture, connecting them with their ancestors or with the land, making up an essential part of their history and self-image. Language revitalization
2523-585: Is one of a few recordings of a dialect of which Hyde was one of the last speakers. Upon inauguration, he moved into the long-vacant Viceregal Lodge in Phoenix Park , since known as Áras an Uachtaráin . Hyde's selection and inauguration received worldwide media attention and was covered by newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, and even Egypt. Hitler "ordered" the Berlin newspapers "to splash" on
2610-586: The 1925 Seanad election , Hyde placed 28th of the 78 candidates, with 19 seats available. The Catholic Truth Society opposed him for his Protestantism and publicised his supposed support for divorce. Historians have suggested that the CTS campaign was ineffective, and that Irish-language advocates performed poorly, with all those endorsed by the Gaelic League losing. He returned to academia as Professor of Irish at University College Dublin , where one of his students
2697-696: The Gaelic League , or in Irish, Conradh na Gaeilge , in 1893. Hyde married German-born but British-raised Lucy Kurtz in 1893. The couple had two daughters, Nuala and Úna. Hyde joined the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language around 1880, and between 1879 and 1884, he published more than a hundred pieces of Irish verse under the pen name An Craoibhín Aoibhinn ( lit. transl. the pleasant little branch ). Initially derided,
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2784-582: The Historical Dictionary of Irish Placenames . The society holds an annual seminar at University College Cork , with the 21st event taking place in November 2019. This Irish history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organisation in Ireland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a literary society or organization
2871-568: The Roman Catholic Church in Ireland prohibited its members from attending services in non-Catholic churches. As a result, all but one member of the Catholic cabinet, Noël Browne , remained outside the cathedral grounds while the funeral service took place. They then joined the cortège when his coffin left the cathedral. Éamon de Valera, by now Leader of the Opposition , also did not attend. He
2958-542: The Siberian Turkic languages , has been reconstructed and a Soyot- Buryat - Russian dictionary was published in 2002. The language is currently taught in some elementary schools. The Ainu language of the indigenous Ainu people of northern Japan is currently moribund, but efforts are underway to revive it. A 2006 survey of the Hokkaido Ainu indicated that only 4.6% of Ainu surveyed were able to converse in or "speak
3045-610: The 1911 census form in Irish. Uncomfortable with the growing politicisation of the movement, Hyde resigned the presidency in 1915. He was succeeded by the League's co-founder Eoin MacNeill . Hyde had no association with Sinn Féin and the independence movement. He was elected to Seanad Éireann , the upper house of the Irish Free State 's Oireachtas (parliament), at a by-election on 4 February 1925, replacing Sir Hutcheson Poë . In
3132-876: The Dail and Senate with their ladies, members of the Judiciary and the chiefs of the Civil Service, Dr. Paschal Robinson , the Papal Nuncio at the head of the Diplomatic Corps, several Roman Catholic Bishops, the Primate of All Ireland , the Archbishop of Dublin, the Bishop of Killaloe , the heads of the Presbyterian and Methodist congregations, the Provost and Vice Provost of Trinity College, and
3219-582: The General Elections (Emergency Powers) Act 1943 , legislation under the emergency provisions of Article 28.3.3°), which allowed an election to be called separate from a dissolution, with the Dáil only being dissolved just before new Dáil would assemble. This ensured the gap between Dála (plural of Dáil) would be too short to cause a vacuum in major decision-making. Under the Act, the President could "refuse to proclaim
3306-804: The Irish language movement gained a mass following. Hyde helped establish the Gaelic Journal in 1892; in November, he wrote a manifesto called The necessity for de-anglicising the Irish nation , arguing that Ireland should follow its own traditions in language, literature, and dress. In 1893, he helped found Conradh na Gaeilge (the Gaelic League) to encourage the preservation of Irish culture, music, dance and language. A new generation of Irish republicans (including Pádraig Pearse , Éamon de Valera , Michael Collins and Ernest Blythe ), became politicised through their involvement in Conradh na Gaeilge. Hyde filled out
3393-408: The Irish language—the first language he began to study in any detail, as his own undertaking—flagged for a while. However, he visited Dublin several times and realised that there were groups of people, just like him, interested in Irish, a language looked down on at the time by many and seen as backward and old-fashioned. Rejecting family pressure that, like past generations of Hydes, he would follow
3480-926: The Irish presidential installation ceremony. However, the British government ignored the event. The Northern Ireland Finance Minister, J. M. Andrews , described Hyde's inauguration as a "slight on the King" and "a deplorable tragedy". Despite being placed in a position to shape the office of the presidency via precedent, Hyde by and large opted for a quiet, conservative interpretation of the office. His age and health obligated him to schedule periods of rest throughout his days, and his lack of political experience caused him to defer to his advisers on questions of policy and discretionary powers, especially to his Secretary, Michael McDunphy. On 13 November 1938, just months after Hyde's inauguration, Hyde attended an international soccer match between Ireland and Poland at Dalymount Park in Dublin. This
3567-434: The Lagunas community, although having a conscious focus on teaching Kichwa, consists of mainly passive interaction, reading, and writing in Kichwa. In addition to grassroots efforts, national language revitalization organizations, like CONAIE , focus attention on non-Spanish speaking indigenous children, who represent a large minority in the country. Another national initiative, Bilingual Intercultural Education Project (PEBI),
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3654-678: The President of the National University. It was the most colourful event that has been held in Dublin since the inauguration of the new order in Ireland, and the gathering, representing as it did every shade of political, religious, and social opinion in Eire [Ireland], might be regarded as a microcosm of the new Ireland. Hyde set a precedent by reciting the Presidential Declaration of Office in Irish. His recitation, in Roscommon Irish,
3741-627: The School Attendance Bill 1942 – was repugnant to the Constitution. Because of Article 34.3.3° of the Constitution, the constitutional validity of the Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act, 1940 cannot be challenged in any court, since the Bill which became that Act was found by the Supreme Court not to be repugnant in the context of an Article 26 reference. One of Hyde's last presidential acts
3828-457: The Spanish language. According to King, this was because of the increase of trade and business with the large Spanish-speaking town nearby. The Lagunas people assert that it was not for cultural assimilation purposes, as they value their cultural identity highly. However, once this contact was made, language for the Lagunas people shifted through generations, to Kichwa and Spanish bilingualism and now
3915-553: The administration of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . Most notably, Resolution No. 2006-028 reinstated Spanish as a mandatory subject in secondary schools and universities. Results were immediate as the job demand for Spanish speakers had increased since 2008. As of 2010, the Instituto Cervantes in Manila reported the number of Spanish-speakers in the country with native or non-native knowledge at approximately 3 million,
4002-508: The authority under the Constitution of Ireland to refuse to grant a dissolution of the Dáil where the Taoiseach has ceased to retain the support of a majority of the Dáil. The president is also the guardian of the constitution and may refer legislation to the Supreme Court before signing it into law. Hyde was confronted with a crisis in 1944 when de Valera's government unexpectedly collapsed in
4089-623: The beflagged streets. The procession halted for two minutes outside the General Post Office to pay homage to the memory of the men who fell in the Easter Week rebellion of 1916. Large crowds lined the streets from the Castle to the Vice-Regal Lodge and the President was welcomed with bursts of cheering. He wore morning dress, but Mr. de Valera and Mr. Sean T. O'Kelly , who followed Dr. Hyde in
4176-479: The case of Hebrew , resulting in Modern Hebrew - now the national language of Israel . In this case, there was a unique set of historical and cultural characteristics that facilitated the revival. (See Revival of the Hebrew language .) Hebrew, once largely a liturgical language , was re-established as a means of everyday communication by Jews, some of who had lived in what is now the State of Israel, starting in
4263-609: The central governments of the different states imposed their vernacular language as the standard throughout education and official use (this was the case in the United Kingdom , France , Spain , Italy and Greece , and to some extent, in Germany and Austria-Hungary ). In the last few [when?] decades, local nationalism and human rights movements have made a more multicultural policy standard in European states; sharp condemnation of
4350-415: The court's decision on whether the Bill or part referred is repugnant to the Constitution (so that the Bill in question cannot be signed into law). On the first occasion, the court held that the Bill referred – Offences Against the State (Amendment) Bill 1940 – was not repugnant to the Constitution. In response to the second reference, the Court decided that the particular provision referred to – section 4 of
4437-422: The creation of the Saroyan Committee or the Armenian Language Preservation Committee, launched in 2013. Other attempts at language revitalization can be seen within the University of California in Irvine . In Thailand, there exists a Chong language revitalization project, headed by Suwilai Premsrirat. In Europe , in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the use of both local and learned languages declined as
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#17328525595124524-409: The death or emigration of many Irish speakers during the Irish famine of the 1840s, and continued emigration since. Efforts to revitalise Irish were being made, however, from the mid-1800s, and were associated with a desire for Irish political independence. Contemporary Irish language revitalization has chiefly involved teaching Irish as a compulsory language in mainstream English-speaking schools. But
4611-479: The dialect remain in diasporic communities away from their homeland in Anatolia, following the Armenian genocide . In spite of this, there have been various efforts to revitalize the language, especially within the Los Angeles community where the majority of Western Armenians reside. Within her dissertation, Shushan Karapetian discusses at length the decline of the Armenian language in the United States, and new means for keeping and reviving Western Armenian, such as
4698-562: The earlier practices of suppressing regional languages was expressed in the use of such terms as " linguicide ". In Francoist Spain , Basque language use was discouraged by the government's repressive policies . In the Basque Country, "Francoist repression was not only political, but also linguistic and cultural." Franco's regime suppressed Basque from official discourse, education, and publishing, making it illegal to register newborn babies under Basque names, and even requiring tombstone engravings in Basque to be removed. In some provinces
4785-525: The early Jewish immigrants to Ottoman Palestine and received the official status in the 1922 constitution of the British Mandate for Palestine and subsequently of the State of Israel . There have been recent attempts at reviving Sanskrit in India. However, despite these attempts, there are no first language speakers of Sanskrit in India. In each of India's recent decennial censuses, several thousand citizens have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue. However, these reports are thought to signify
4872-412: The eve of Italian unification , the language only counted about 500,000 speakers (many non-native), out of a total population of c. 22,000,000 . The subsequent success of the language has been through conscious development, where speakers of any of the numerous Italian languages were taught standard Italian as a second language and subsequently imparted it to their children, who learned it as
4959-453: The failure to teach it in an effective and engaging way means (as linguist Andrew Carnie notes) that students do not acquire the fluency needed for the lasting viability of the language, and this leads to boredom and resentment. Carnie also noted a lack of media in Irish (2006), though this is no longer the case. The decline of the Gaeltachtaí and the failure of state-directed revitalisation have been countered by an urban revival movement. This
5046-421: The family moved to neighbouring Frenchpark , in County Roscommon. He was home-schooled by his father and his aunt due to a childhood illness. While a young man, he became fascinated with hearing the old people in the locality speak the Irish language . He was influenced in particular by the gamekeeper Séamus Hart and his friend's wife, Mrs. Connolly. Aged 14, Hyde was devastated when Hart died, and his interest in
5133-409: The field of historical linguistics by, for instance, weakening the family tree model , which implies that a language has only one parent." There are disagreements in the field of language revitalization as to the degree that revival should concentrate on maintaining the traditional language, versus allowing simplification or widespread borrowing from the majority language . Zuckermann acknowledges
5220-401: The figure albeit including those who speak the Spanish-based creole Chavacano . Complementing government efforts is a notable surge of exposure through the mainstream media and, more recently, music-streaming services. The Western Armenian language, has been classified as a definitely endangered language in the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010), as most speakers of
5307-420: The first President of Ireland, to which office he was elected unopposed. He was selected for a number of reasons: Hyde was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland, on 26 June 1938. The Irish Times reported it as follows: In the morning [Dr Hyde] attended a service in St. Patrick's Cathedral presided over by the Archbishop of Dublin , Dr. Gregg . Mr. de Valera and his Ministerial colleagues attended
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#17328525595125394-638: The first time in over 100 years. In addition, there are currently attempts at reviving the Chochenyo language of California, which had become extinct. Efforts are being made by the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community and others to keep Chinook Jargon , also known as Chinuk Wawa , alive. This is helped by the corpus of songs and stories collected from Victoria Howard and published by Melville Jacobs . The open-source platform FirstVoices hosts community-managed websites for 85 language revitalization projects, covering multiple varieties of 33 Indigenous languages in British Columbia as well as over
5481-481: The former residence of the Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant, on the grounds of Áras an Uachtaráin, which he renamed Little Ratra , where he lived out the remaining four years of his life. He died at 10 pm on 12 July 1949, aged 89. As a former President of Ireland, Hyde was accorded a state funeral . As he was a member of the Church of Ireland , his funeral service took place in Dublin's Church of Ireland St. Patrick's Cathedral . However, contemporary rules of
5568-435: The globe. According to Zuckermann, "revival linguistics combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning. After all, language reclamation is the most extreme case of second-language learning. Revival linguistics complements the established area of documentary linguistics , which records endangered languages before they fall asleep." Zuckermann proposes that "revival linguistics changes
5655-425: The home, and maintaining national and regional attention. The revival of the Hebrew language is the only successful example of a revived dead language. The Hebrew language survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy and rabbinic literature . With the rise of Zionism in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, becoming primarily a spoken lingua franca among
5742-423: The level of becoming first languages of very large language communities. An example is standard Italian , which originated as a literary language based on the language of 13th-century Florence , especially as used by such important Florentine writers as Dante , Petrarch and Boccaccio . This language existed for several centuries primarily as a literary vehicle, with few native speakers; even as late as 1861, on
5829-445: The majority language, the result is a new language, perhaps a creole or pidgin . For example, the existence of "Neo-Hawaiian" as a separate language from "Traditional Hawaiian" has been proposed, due to the heavy influence of English on every aspect of the revived Hawaiian language. This has also been proposed for Irish, with a sharp division between "Urban Irish" (spoken by second-language speakers) and traditional Irish (as spoken as
5916-402: The next motor-car, wore black clothes with felt hats. In the evening there was a ceremony in Dublin Castle which was without precedent in Irish history. Mr. and Mrs. de Valera received about 1,500 guests at a reception in honour of the President. The reception was held in St. Patrick's Hall, where the banners of the Knights of St. Patrick are still hung. The attendance included all the members of
6003-414: The nineteenth century. It is the world's most famous and successful example of language revitalization. In a related development, literary languages without native speakers enjoyed great prestige and practical utility as lingua francas , often counting millions of fluent speakers at a time. In many such cases, a decline in the use of the literary language, sometimes precipitous, was later accompanied by
6090-432: The number of speakers and use of a language, or trying to maintain the current level of use to protect the language from extinction or language death . Reasons for revitalization vary: they can include physical danger affecting those whose language is dying, economic danger such as the exploitation of indigenous natural resources, political danger such as genocide, or cultural danger/assimilation. In recent times alone, it
6177-416: The old. One of the best known European attempts at language revitalization concerns the Irish language . While English is dominant through most of Ireland, Irish, a Celtic language , is still spoken in certain areas called Gaeltachta í , but there it is in serious decline. The challenges faced by the language over the last few centuries have included exclusion from important domains, social denigration,
6264-732: The presence of "local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies" but suggests that "there are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and first nations' leaders to work more efficiently. For example, it is easier to resurrect basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than sounds and word order. Revivalists should be realistic and abandon discouraging, counter-productive slogans such as "Give us authenticity or give us death!" Nancy Dorian has pointed out that conservative attitudes toward loanwords and grammatical changes often hamper efforts to revitalize endangered languages (as with Tiwi in Australia), and that
6351-492: The public use of Basque was suppressed, with people fined for speaking it. Public use of Basque was frowned upon by supporters of the regime, often regarded as a sign of anti-Francoism or separatism . in the late 1960s. Since 1968, Basque has been immersed in a revitalisation process, facing formidable obstacles. However, significant progress has been made in numerous areas. Six main factors have been identified to explain its relative success: While those six factors influenced
6438-472: The purpose of reviving the Coptic language. In recent years, a growing number of Native American tribes have been trying to revitalize their languages. For example, there are apps (including phrases, word lists and dictionaries) in many Native languages including Cree , Cherokee , Chickasaw , Lakota , Ojibwe , Oneida , Massachusett , Navajo , Halq'emeylem , Gwych'in , and Lushootseed . Wampanoag ,
6525-458: The related Xibe language is still spoken natively. In the Philippines, a local variety of Spanish that was primarily based on Mexican Spanish was the lingua franca of the country since Spanish colonization in 1565 and was an official language alongside Filipino (standardized Tagalog ) and English until 1987, following the ratification of a new constitution, where it was re-designated as
6612-459: The revitalisation process, the extensive development and use of language technologies is also considered a significant additional factor. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. A sociolinguistic survey shows that there has been a steady increase in Basque speakers since the 1990s, and the percentage of young speakers exceeds that of
6699-461: The six-degree scale) to "characterize a language’s overall sociolinguistic situation". The nine factors with their respective scales are: One of the most important preliminary steps in language revitalization/recovering involves establishing the degree to which a particular language has been “dislocated.” This helps involved parties find the best way to assist or revive the language. There are many different theories or models that attempt to lay out
6786-406: The uses of Scottish Gaelic are becoming increasingly tokenistic, and native Gaelic idiom is being lost in favor of artificial terms created by second-language speakers. The total revival of a dead language (in the sense of having no native speakers ) to become the shared means of communication of a self-sustaining community of several million first language speakers has happened only once, in
6873-600: Was Church of Ireland rector of Kilmactranny, County Sligo , from 1852 to 1867, and it was here that Hyde spent his early years. Arthur Hyde and Elizabeth Oldfield married in County Roscommon , in 1852, and had three other children: Arthur Hyde (1853–79 in County Leitrim ), John Oldfield Hyde (1854–96 in County Dublin ), and Hugh Hyde (1856). In 1867, his father was appointed prebendary and rector of Tibohine, and
6960-521: Was a leading figure in the Gaelic revival , and the first President of the Gaelic League , one of the most influential cultural organisations in Ireland at the time. Hyde was born at Longford House in Castlerea , County Roscommon , while his mother, Elizabeth Hyde (née Oldfield; 1834–1886), was on a short visit. His father, Arthur Hyde, whose family was originally from Castlehyde near Fermoy , County Cork ,
7047-474: Was a visit to the German Ambassador Eduard Hempel , on 3 May 1945, to offer his formal condolences on the death of Adolf Hitler . The visit remained a secret until 2005. Hyde left office on 25 June 1945, opting not to nominate himself for a second term. Owing to his ill-health he did not return to his Roscommon home, Ratra , empty since the death of his wife early in his term. He moved into
7134-465: Was future Attorney General of Ireland , Chief Justice of Ireland and President of Ireland , Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh . In April 1938, by now retired from academia, Hyde was plucked from retirement by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera and again appointed to Seanad Éireann . Again his tenure proved short, even shorter than before; however, this time it was because Hyde was chosen, after inter-party negotiations—following an initial suggestion by Fine Gael —to be
7221-419: Was ineffective in language revitalization because instruction was given in Kichwa and Spanish was taught as a second language to children who were almost exclusively Spanish monolinguals. Although some techniques seem ineffective, Kendall A. King provides several suggestions: Specific suggestions include imparting an elevated perception of the language in schools, focusing on grassroots efforts both in school and
7308-721: Was on early collective-communities called kibbutzim . For the Maori language In New Zealand, this was done through a language nest . Ghil'ad Zuckermann proposes "Revival Linguistics" as a new linguistic discipline and paradigm. Zuckermann's term 'Revival Linguistics' is modelled upon 'Contact Linguistics'. Revival linguistics inter alia explores the universal constraints and mechanisms involved in language reclamation, renewal and revitalization. It draws perspicacious comparative insights from one revival attempt to another, thus acting as an epistemological bridge between parallel discourses in various local attempts to revive sleeping tongues all over
7395-613: Was represented instead by a senior Fianna Fáil figure who was a member of the Church of Ireland, Erskine H. Childers , a future President of Ireland himself. Hyde was buried in Frenchpark, County Roscommon at Portahard Church, (where he had spent most of his childhood life) beside his wife Lucy, his daughter Nuala, his sister Annette, his mother Elizabeth, and his father Arthur. Language revival Language revitalization , also referred to as language revival or reversing language shift ,
7482-547: Was seen as breaching the GAA 's ban on 'foreign games' and he was subsequently removed as patron of the GAA, an honour he had held since 1902. After a massive stroke in April 1940, plans were made for his lying-in-state and a state funeral. However, Hyde survived, albeit paralysed and having to use a wheelchair. Although the role of the President of Ireland is largely ceremonial, the president has
7569-630: Was to assist in the creation of adult speakers that are of parent-age, so that they too can begin teaching the language. In 2020, X̱ʼunei Lance Twitchell led a Tlingit online class with Outer Coast College . Dozens of students participated. He is an associate professor of Alaska Native Languages in the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Alaska Southeast which offers a minor in Tlingit language and an emphasis on Alaska Native Languages and Studies within
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