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78-626: Iona Abbey is an abbey located on the island of Iona , just off the Isle of Mull on the West Coast of Scotland . It is one of the oldest Christian religious centres in Western Europe. The abbey was a focal point for the spread of Christianity throughout Scotland and marks the foundation of a monastic community by St. Columba , when Iona was part of the Kingdom of Dál Riata . Saint Aidan served as

156-566: A Viking raid, and the Abbey was burned. But only in 878 were the main relics, with Columba's reliquary shrine specified in the records, moved to Ireland, with Kells becoming the new main Columban house. Though not mentioned, this might well have been when the Book of Kells came to Kells. However, Iona Abbey was probably not deserted as its continued importance is shown by the death there in 980 of Amlaíb Cuarán ,

234-417: A building to receive visiting monks. These " hospitia " had a large common room or refectory surrounded by bed rooms. Each hospitium had its own brewhouse and bakehouse, and the building for more prestigious travellers had a kitchen and storeroom, with bedrooms for the guests' servants and stables for their horses. The monks of the Abbey lived in a house built against the north wall of the church. The whole of

312-459: A first abbey was established at Monte Cassino (529 AD). Between 520 and 700 AD, monasteries were built which were spacious and splendid. All the city states of Italy hosted a Benedictine convent as did the cities of England , France and Spain . By 1415 AD, the time of the Council of Constance , 15,070 Benedictine monasteries had been established. The early Benedictine monasteries, including

390-405: A large schoolroom divided in the middle by a screen or partition, and surrounded by fourteen little rooms, the "dwellings of the scholars". The abbot's home was near the school. To the north of the church and to the right of the main entrance to the Abbey, was a residence for distinguished guests. To the left of the main entrance was a building to house poor travellers and pilgrims . There was also

468-481: A lengthy period of training. In time, this form of common life superseded that of the older laurae. In the late 300s AD, Palladius visited the Egyptian monasteries. He described three hundred members of the coenobium of Panopolis . There were fifteen tailors, seven smiths, four carpenters, twelve camel-drivers and fifteen tanners. These people were divided into subgroups, each with its own " oeconomus ". A chief steward

546-678: A monk at Iona, before helping to reestablish Christianity in Northumberland, on the island of Lindisfarne . In the 12th century, the Macdonald lords of Clan Donald made Iona the ecclesiastical capital of the Royal Family of Macdonald, and subsequent Lords of the Isles into the early 16th century endowed and maintained the abbey, church and nunnery. Two of the Macdonalds (each named Angus) became Bishops of

624-619: A retired King of Dublin . St Columba established several monasteries in Britain and Ireland, although he was mainly based at Iona. Other monks from Iona moved to the Continent, and established monasteries in Belgium, France, and Switzerland . In 1114 Iona was seized by the King of Norway, who held it for fifty years before Somerled recaptured it, and invited renewed Irish involvement in 1164: this led to

702-439: A square building with an apse of the cruciform domical Byzantine type, approached by a domed narthex . In front of the church stands a marble fountain (F), covered by a dome supported on columns. Opening from the western side of the cloister, but actually standing in the outer court, is the refectory (G), a large cruciform (cross shaped) building, about 100 feet (30 m) square, decorated within with frescoes of saints. At

780-482: A three-sided apse. The church is remarkable for its extreme narrowness in proportion to its length. While the building is 257 ft (78 m) long, it is not more than 25 ft (7.6 m) wide. Premonstratensian canons did not care to have congregations nor possessions. Therefore, they built their churches in the shape of a long room. The Cistercians , a Benedictine reform group, were established at Cîteaux in 1098 AD by Robert of Molesme , Abbot of Molesme, for

858-422: A very different appearance when the brethren first chose them as their place of retreat. Wide swamps, deep morasses, tangled thickets, and wild, impassable forests were their prevailing features. Clara Vallis of St Bernard, now the "bright valley" was originally, the "Valley of Wormwood". It was an infamous den of robbers. Loch Sween Loch Sween ( Scottish Gaelic : Loch Suain or Loch Suibhne )

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936-449: Is a sea loch located near Lochgilphead , Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Castle Sween is located on the southern shore towards the seaward end of the loch. The village of Tayvallich , a favoured haven for water craft as it sits at the head of sheltered Loch a' Bhealaich, lies on the northern shore. The shape of the loch, which is oriented from south west to north east, is complex. The inner, eastern end has several inlets. Caol Scotnish

1014-401: Is a very narrow finger that reaches further north and east than the main body of water. Loch a' Bhealaich is to its south and west. There is the small, bridged embayment of Loch Craiglin on the south side of the inner loch and another larger inlet incorporating Bàgh na h-Araich Glaise that leads to the settlement of Achnamara . Linne Mhuirich is a long narrow inlet about halfway down the loch on

1092-450: Is believed to be this site, and a socket to hold a cross (which is believed to have been erected later) is visible there. The production of Christian manuscripts, books and annals was an important activity in the Iona monastery. The Chronicle of Ireland incorporated annals compiled on Iona up to about 740. The Book of Kells , an illuminated manuscript , is believed to have been produced by

1170-402: Is the larger by far, contains the granaries and storehouses (K), the kitchen (H) and other offices connected with the refectory (G). Immediately adjacent to the gateway is a two-storied guest-house, entered from a cloister (C). The inner court is surrounded by a cloister (EE) from which one enters the monks' cells (II). In the centre of this court stands the katholikon or conventual church,

1248-704: The Abbot of Cluny . All the Cluniac houses in England and Scotland were French colonies, governed by French priors who travelled to the Abbey of Cluny to consult or be consulted (unless the abbot of Cluny chose to come to Britain, which happened rarely). The priory at Paisley was an exception. In 1245 AD it was raised to the status of an abbey, answerable only to the Pope. The Augustinian (or "Austin") canons were an order of regular clergy within

1326-557: The Iona Community , an ecumenical Christian religious order, whose headquarters are in Glasgow. The Abbey remains a popular site of Christian pilgrimage today. In 563, Columba came to Iona from Ireland with twelve companions, and founded a monastery . It developed as an influential centre for the spread of Christianity among the Picts and Scots. At this time the name of the island and so

1404-526: The Mediterranean Basin and Europe . The earliest known Christian monasteries were groups of huts built near the residence of a famous ascetic or other holy person. Disciples wished to be close to their holy man or woman in order to study their doctrine or imitate their way of life. In the earliest times of Christian monasticism, ascetics would live in social isolation but near a village church. They would subsist whilst donating any excess produce to

1482-527: The Nile , in Upper Egypt , Saint Pachomius laid the foundations for the coenobitical life by arranging everything in an organized manner. He built several monasteries, each with about 1,600 separate cells laid out in lines. These cells formed an encampment where the monks slept and performed some of their manual tasks. There were nearby large halls such as the church, refectory, kitchen, infirmary, and guest house for

1560-408: The " necessarium " (latrines). On the south side of the cloister was the refectory. The kitchen, at the west end of the refectory was accessed via an anteroom and a long passage. Nearby were the bake house, brew house and the sleeping-rooms of the servants. The upper story of the refectory was called the "vestiarium" (a room where the ordinary clothes of the monks were stored). On the western side of

1638-690: The 20th century by the Iona Community . This ecumenical Christian community continues to use the site to this day. The simple square font was added in 1908 and dedicated to the memory of the Very Rev Theodore Marshall DD , Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in that year. In 2000 the Iona Cathedral Trust handed over the care of the Abbey, Nunnery, and associated sites to Historic Scotland . In June 2021,

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1716-496: The 7th century. The Iona monastery's position in what was then a well-used seaway would have facilitated trade, as would St Columba 's personal aristocratic background. Pigments from the south of France were used in Iona. The Iona Abbey was first attacked by Viking raiders in 795, with subsequent attacks taking place in 802, 806, and 825. During the 806 Viking attack, 68 monks were massacred in Martyrs' Bay , and this led to many of

1794-570: The Columban monks relocating to the new Columban Abbey of Kells in Ireland. The building at Kells took from 807 until the consecration of the church in 814. In 814, Cellach, Abbot of Iona, retired to Kells, but, contrary to what is sometimes claimed, it is clear from the Annals that Iona remained the main Columban house for several decades, despite the danger of Viking raids. In 825, St Blathmac and those monks who remained with him at Iona were martyred in

1872-597: The Forest of Coucy in the diocese of Laon , the order spread widely. Even in Norbert's lifetime, the order had built abbeys in Aleppo , Syria , and in the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Of the Abbey of Saint Samuel, Denys Pringle wrote, "The Premonstatensian abbey of Saint Samuel was a daughter house of Prémontré itself. Its abbot had the status of a suffragan of the patriarch of Jerusalem , with

1950-429: The Iona Cathedral Trust, which undertook extensive restoration of the Abbey church. In 1938, the inspiration of Reverend George MacLeod led a group that rebuilt the abbey and founded the Iona Community . The reconstruction was organised by the architect Ian Gordon Lindsay having generously been passed the project by his senior mentor and friend Reginald Fairlie . The surrounding buildings were also reconstructed during

2028-564: The Isles who considered it their spiritual seat and the church, their Cathedral of the Isles. Following the Scottish Reformation , Iona, along with numerous other abbeys throughout the British Isles, was dismantled, and abandoned, its monks and libraries dispersed. In 1899 the Duke of Argyll (the land of good deeds) transferred ownership of the ruined remains of the Abbey and Nunnery sites to

2106-450: The Isles with the bishop's seat at Iona. St. Oran's chapel was the burial place for the Lords as evidenced by their grave slabs. From 1207 to 1493, the early Clan Donald and its Lords of the Isles were entirely central to Iona abbey’s medieval existence, development and prestige. This enduring Macdonald phase equals the 300 year period of primary Columban monasticism. It is paramount in providing

2184-428: The abbey reopened following a £3.75M renovation, fund-raised by the Iona Community over three years, and including a renewable energy system and high-speed broadband. Many early Scottish kings (said to be 48 in total), as well as kings from Ireland, Norway and France, are said to be buried in the Abbey graveyard. However, modern scholars are sceptical of such claims, which were likely mythic associated with increasing

2262-546: The abbey was "Hy" or "Hii"; "Iona" only seems to date from the 14th century, as a mis-transcription of a Latinized "Ioua" for "Hy". The prime purpose of the monastery was to create 'a perfect monastery as an image of the heavenly city of Jerusalem' – Columba wanted to 'represent the pinnacle of Christian virtues, as an example for others to emulate' - rather than explicitly missionary activity. The monks worshipped and worked daily, following Celtic Christianity practices and disciplines. They also managed assets and were involved with

2340-516: The architect Robert Willis (architect) (1800–1875) the Abbey's lay out is that of a town of individual houses with streets running between them. The abbey was planned in compliance with the Benedictine rule that, if possible, a monastery should be self-contained. For instance, there was a mill, a bakehouse , stables , and cattle stalls. In all, there were thirty-three separate structures; mostly one level wooden buildings. The Abbey church occupied

2418-410: The centre of a quadrangular area, about 430 feet (130 m) square. On the eastern side of the north transept of the church was the " scriptorium " or writing-room, with a library above. The church and nearby buildings ranged about the cloister , a court about which there was a covered arcade which allowed sheltered movement between the buildings. The nave of the church was on the north boundary of

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2496-415: The choir was closed from the aisles. At other abbeys of the order, such as Bolton Abbey or Kirkham Priory , there were no aisles. The nave in the northern houses of the order often had only a north aisle (this is the case at Bolton, Brinkburn Priory and Lanercost Priory ). The arrangement of the monastic buildings followed the ordinary plan. The prior's lodge was usually attached to the southwest angle of

2574-407: The church, the refectory, the dormitory and so on. A detached building belonging to each contained a bathroom and a kitchen. One of the miniature complexes was called the "oblati". These were the buildings for the novices. The other complex was a hospital or infirmary for the care of sick monks. This infirmary complex included a physician's residence, a physic garden , a drug store, and a chamber for

2652-401: The cloister was another two-story building with a cellar on the ground floor and the larder and store-room on the upper floor. Between this building and the church was a parlour for receiving visitors. One door of the parlour led to the cloisters and the other led to the outer part of the Abbey. Against the outer wall of the church was a school and headmaster's house. The school consisted of

2730-405: The cloister. On the east side of the cloister, on the ground floor, was the " pisalis " or " calefactory ". This was a common room, warmed by flues beneath the floor. Above the common room was the dormitory . The dormitory opened onto the cloister and also onto the south transept of the church. This enabled the monks to attend nocturnal services. A passage at the other end of the dormitory lead to

2808-546: The completion of St Peter's Basilica at Rome. The church consisted of five naves, a narthex (ante-church) which was added in 1220 AD, and several towers. Together with the conventual buildings, it covered an area of twenty-five acres. In the Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution in 1790 AD, the Abbey church was bought by the town and almost entirely destroyed. As of 2025, however, fragments of

2886-588: The construction of the central part of the cathedral. Ranald , Somerled's son, now the Lord of the Isles , in 1203 invited the Benedictine order to establish a new monastery, and an Augustinian Nunnery, on the Columban Monastery's foundations. Building work began on the new abbey church, on the site of Columba's original church. The following year, in 1204, the site was raided by a force led by two Irish bishops. This

2964-405: The critically ill. There was also a room for bloodletting and purging. The physic garden occupied the north east corner of the Abbey. In the southernmost area of the abbey was the workshop containing utilities for shoemakers , saddlers (or shoemakers, sellarii), cutlers and grinders, trencher -makers, tanners , curriers, fullers, smiths and goldsmiths . The tradesmen's living quarters were at

3042-488: The design of the order's churches and buildings. The defining architectural characteristic of the Cistercian abbeys was extreme simplicity and plainness. Only a single, central tower was permitted, and that was usually very low. Unnecessary pinnacles and turrets were prohibited. The triforium was omitted. The windows were usually plain and undivided, and it was forbidden to decorate them with stained glass. All needless ornament

3120-576: The early nuns remain, including that of a remarkable prioress, Anna Maclean, who died in 1543. Clearly visible under her outer robe is the rochet , a pleated surplice denoting the Augustinian Order. The nunnery buildings were rebuilt in the fifteenth century and fell into disrepair after the Reformation. The abbey church was substantially expanded in the fifteenth century by the Macdonald Lords of

3198-592: The first at Monte Cassino, were constructed on the plan of the Roman villa . The layout of the Roman villa was quite consistent throughout the Roman Empire and where possible, the monks reused available villas in sound repair. This was done at Monte Cassino. However, over time, changes to the common villa lay out occurred. The monks required buildings which suited their religious and day-to-day activities. No overriding specification

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3276-547: The gate was the hospitium (guest hall). The buildings are completely ruined, but the walls of the nave and the cloisters are still visible on the grounds of the Yorkshire Museum . The Abbey was surrounded by fortified walls on three sides. The River Ouse bordered the fourth side. The stone walls remain as an excellent example of English abbey walls. The Abbey of Cluny was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910 AD at Cluny , Saône-et-Loire , France . The Abbey

3354-499: The hierarchy of the Catholic church . They held a position between monks and secular canons. They were known as "Black canons" because of the colour of their habits . In 1105 AD, the first house of the order was established at St Botolph's Priory , Colchester , Essex . The canons built very long naves to accommodate large congregations. The choirs were also long. Sometimes, as at Llanthony Priory and Christchurch, Dorset (Twynham),

3432-488: The home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors. The layout of the church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order. Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy, refuge to the persecuted, or education to the young. Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat . There are many famous abbeys across

3510-481: The island of Iona. St Martin's Cross (dated to the 8th century) still stands by the roadside. A replica of St John's Cross is found by the doorway of the Abbey. The restored original is located in the Infirmary Museum at the rear of the abbey. The contemporary Jedburgh -based sculptor Christopher Hall worked for many years on carvings on the cloisters of the abbey, which represent birds, flora and fauna native to

3588-441: The island. He also was commissioned to carve John Smith's gravestone. 56°20′03″N 06°23′37″W  /  56.33417°N 6.39361°W  / 56.33417; -6.39361 Abbey The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them. Religious life in an abbey may be monastic. An abbey may be

3666-413: The local and wider community. Like other Celtic Christian monasteries , Columba's monastery would have been made up of a number of wattle and timber, or wood and thatch, buildings. These would have included a central church or oratory, the common refectory or kitchen, the library or scriptorium, monk cells or dormitories, and a guest house for visitors including pilgrims. It is believed that around 800AD

3744-721: The monastery. Some were small monasteries accommodating five or ten monks. Others were no more than a single building serving as residence or a farm offices. The outlying farming establishments belonging to the monastic foundations were known as "villae" or "granges". They were usually staffed by lay-brothers , sometimes under the supervision of a monk. Many of today's cathedrals in England were originally Benedictine monasteries. These included Canterbury , Chester , Durham , Ely , Gloucester , Norwich , Peterborough , Rochester , Winchester , and Worcester . Shrewsbury Abbey in Shropshire

3822-429: The monk's common needs. An enclosure protecting all these buildings gave the settlement the appearance of a walled village. This layout, known as the laurae (lanes), became popular throughout Israel . As well as the "laurae", communities known as "caenobia" developed. These were monasteries where monks lived a common life together. The monks were not permitted to retire to the cells of a laurae before they had undergone

3900-490: The monks of Iona in the years leading up to 800. Stone crosses, both standing and lying, were used to mark graves in the Iona monastery. Large stone crosses were also erected, perhaps to broadcast key Christian messages, particularly in 800–1000. Their design reflected precious metal crosses. Some were carved from stone imported 50 miles by boat from Loch Sween . Remains of wood-turning and metal-working have been found at Iona, and of glass (windows and beads) that may date from

3978-425: The nave, on the south side of the cloister, was a refectory, with a lavatory at the door. On the eastern side, there was a dormitory, raised on a vaulted substructure and communicating with the south transept and a chapter house (meeting room). A small cloister lay to the south-east of the large cloister. Beyond that was an infirmary with a table hall and a refectory for those who were able to leave their chambers. At

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4056-462: The nave. The Austin canons' house at Thornton, Lincolnshire had a large and magnificent gatehouse . The upper floors of the gatehouse formed the guest-house. The chapter-house was octagonal in shape. The Premonstratensian regular canons, or "White canons", were of an order founded in 1119 AD by Norbert of Xanten . The order was a reformed branch of the Augustinian canons . From a marshy area in

4134-551: The north side. The bay of Ceann an t-Sàilein lies between the Island of Danna and the main loch at the western end. Danna is now joined to the mainland by a causeway but at one time small craft could have travelled from Loch Sween into Loch na Cille to the north. There are a variety of islands on the northern shore. Close to Danna are the islets of Eilean à Chapuill, Eilean nan Uan and Liath Eilean. The low-lying Ulva Islands and Taynish Island are farther east. Cala and Eilean Loain are on

4212-495: The original Abbey still stand and archaeological excavations have intermittently been conducted over the past century, yielding a massively important and rich source of information. The first English house of the Cluniac order was built at Lewes , Sussex . It was founded by William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey in about 1077 AD. All but one of the Cluniac houses in Britain were known as priories , symbolizing their subordination to

4290-437: The original wooden chapel was replaced by a stone chapel. Columba's monastery was surrounded by a ditch and earth bank, part of which is believed to have pre-existed Columba's arrival, and part of which can still be seen to the north west of the current abbey buildings. Adomnán describes a building on a small mound, Torr an Aba, in the monastery grounds where St Columba worked and wrote. Charred wood has been dated from what

4368-583: The poor. However, increasing religious fervor about the ascetic's ways and or persecution of them would drive them further away from their community and further into solitude. For instance, the cells and huts of anchorites (religious recluses) have been found in the deserts of Egypt . In 312 AD, Anthony the Great retired to the Thebaid region of Egypt to escape the persecution of the Emperor Maximian . Anthony

4446-472: The prestige of Iona. Numerous leading Hebrideans , such as various Lords of the Isles and other prominent members of West Highland clans , were buried on Iona, including a row of Maclean chieftains and several early MacLeod chiefs . The site was much loved by John Smith , 20th-century leader of the Labour Party , who was buried on Iona following his death in 1994. Several high crosses are found on

4524-495: The purpose of restoring, as far as possible, the literal observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict . La Ferté, Pontigny , Clairvaux , and Morimond were the first four abbeys to follow Cîteaux's example and others followed. The monks of Cîteaux created the well known vineyards of Clos-Vougeot and Romanée in Burgundy . The Cistercian principle of rigid self-abnegation carried over to

4602-431: The rear of the workshop. Here, there were also farm buildings, a large granary and threshing-floor, mills, and malthouse. At the south-east corner of the Abbey were hen and duck houses, a poultry-yard, and the dwelling of the keeper. Nearby was the kitchen garden which complemented the physic garden and a cemetery orchard . Every large monastery had priories . A priory was a smaller structure or entities which depended on

4680-569: The right to a cross, but not to a mitre nor a ring." It long maintained its rigid austerity, though in later years the abbey grew wealthier, and its members indulged in more frequent luxuries. Just after 1140 AD, the Premonstratensians were brought to England. Their first settlement was at Newhouse Abbey , Lincolnshire , near the Humber tidal estuary. There were as many as thirty-five Premonstratensian abbeys in England. The head abbey in England

4758-415: The sole witness to Iona’s extant architecture and is a principal witness to the surviving monuments. The Iona Abbey church was in all but name The Macdonald’s Cathedral of The Isles. Medieval Iona Abbey, as you see it today (restored in the 20th century) is largely the legacy of the 15th century Clan Donald Lords of the Isles and their Clan Donald Abbots and Bishops. Today, Iona Abbey is the spiritual home of

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4836-422: The southern and western areas of the Abbey were devoted to workshops, stables and farm-buildings including stables, ox-sheds, goatstables, piggeries, and sheep-folds, as well as the servants' and labourers' quarters. In the eastern part of the Abbey there was a group of buildings representing in layout, two complete miniature monasteries. That is, each had a covered cloister surrounded by the usual buildings such as

4914-479: The southern shore further east with tidal Eilean Mhartan and tiny Sgeir Dubh beyond them in the Araich Glaise inlet. The Fairy Islands, including Eilean a' Bhrein are in yet another inlet to the north and Eilean na Circe, which contains the ruins of a "fortified dwelling" is in the confines of Caol Scotnish. The inner loch contains maerl beds and burrowed mud , and supports a colony of volcano worm , whilst

4992-460: The surrounding buildings are positioned in an awkward fashion. The church follows the plan adopted by the Austin canons in their northern abbeys, and has only one aisle to the north of the nave, while the choir is long, narrow and without an aisle. Each transept has an aisle to the east, forming three chapels. The church at Bayham Old Abbey had no aisles in the nave or the choir. The latter terminated in

5070-513: The twelfth century, the Abbey of Cluny was the head of an order consisting of 314 monasteries. The church at the Abbey was commenced in 1089 AD by Hugh of Cluny , the sixth abbot. It was finished and consecrated by Pope Innocent II around 1132 AD. The church was regarded as one of the wonders of the Middle Ages . At 555 feet (169 m) in length, it was the largest church in Christendom until

5148-613: The upper end is a semicircular recess, similar to the triclinium of the Lateran Palace in Rome , in which is placed the seat of the hegumenos or abbot. This apartment is chiefly used as a meeting place, with the monks usually taking their meals in their separate cells. Monasticism in the West began with the activities of Benedict of Nursia (born 480 AD). Near Nursia , a town in Perugia , Italy ,

5226-588: The wall is between three and four acres (12,000 and 16,000 m ). The longer side is about 500 feet (150 m) in length. There is only one entrance, which is located on the north side (A), defended by three iron doors. Near the entrance is a large tower (M), a constant feature in the monasteries of the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean area). There is a small postern gate at L. The enceinte comprises two large open courts, surrounded with buildings connected with cloister galleries of wood or stone. The outer court, which

5304-448: The west entrance to the Abbey, there was a house and a small courtyard for the abbot. In 1055, St Mary's Abbey, York was built in England's north by the Order of Saint Benedict . It followed the common plan. The entrance to the abbey was through a strong gate on the northern side. Close to the entrance was a chapel. This was for visitors arriving at the Abbey to make their devotions . Near

5382-523: The workings of a coenobia in the vicinity of Antioch in Syria. The monks lived in separate huts ("kalbbia") which formed a religious hamlet on the mountainside. They were subject to an abbot, and observed a common rule. The layout of the monastic coenobium was influenced by a number of factors. These included a need for defence, economy of space, and convenience of access. The layout of buildings became compact and orderly. Larger buildings were erected and defence

5460-551: Was a response by Ireland's Columban clergy to the loss of its connections and influence at this significant site founded by St Columba. The Iona Nunnery , a foundation by Somerled's daughter, Bethóc of the Augustinian Order, (one of only three in Scotland - the other two were in Perth and Teampull na Trionaid in North Uist ), was established south of the abbey buildings. Graves of some of

5538-527: Was at Welbeck Abbey but the best preserved are Easby Abbey in Yorkshire , and Bayham Old Abbey in Kent . The layout of Easby Abbey is irregular due to its position on the edge of a steep river bank. The cloister is duly placed on the south side of the church, and the chief buildings occupy their usual positions around it. However, the cloister garth (quadrangle), as at Chichester , is not rectangular, and thus, all

5616-445: Was at the head of the monastery. The produce of the monastery was brought to Alexandria for sale. The moneys raised were used to purchase stores for the monastery or were given away as charity. Twice in the year, the superiors of several coenobia met at the chief monastery, under the presidency of an " archimandrite " (the "chief of the fold" from the word, "miandra" (a sheepfold)) in order to make their reports. Chrysostom recorded

5694-469: Was built in the Romanesque style. The Abbey was noted for its strict observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict . However, reforms resulted in many departures from this precedent. The Cluniac Reforms brought focus to the traditions of monastic life, encouraging art and the caring of the poor. The reforms quickly spread by the founding of new abbey complexes and by adoption of the reforms by existing abbeys. By

5772-427: Was demanded of the monks but the similarity of their needs resulted in uniformity of design of abbeys across Europe. Eventually, the buildings of a Benedictine abbey were built in a uniform lay out, modified where necessary, to accommodate local circumstances. The plan of the Abbey of Saint Gall (719 AD) in what is now Switzerland indicates the general arrangement of a Benedictine monastery of its day. According to

5850-518: Was founded as a Benedictine monastery by the Normans in 1083. Westminster Abbey was founded in the tenth century by Saint Dunstan who established a community of Benedictine monks. The only traces of St Dunstan's monastery remaining are round arches and massive supporting columns of the undercroft and the Pyx Chamber. The cloister and buildings lie directly to the south of the church. Parallel to

5928-450: Was proscribed. The crosses were made of wood and the candlesticks of iron. The same principle governed the choice of site for Cistercian abbeys in that a most dismal site might be improved by the building of an abbey. The Cistercian monasteries were founded in deep, well-watered valleys, always standing at a stream's edge. The building might extend over the water as is the case at Fountains Abbey . These valleys, now rich and productive, had

6006-530: Was provided by strong outside walls. Within the walls, the buildings were arranged around one or more open courts surrounded by cloisters . The usual arrangement for monasteries of the Eastern world is exemplified in the plan of the convent of the Great Lavra at Mount Athos . With reference to the diagram, right, the convent of the Great Lavra is enclosed within a strong and lofty blank stone wall. The area within

6084-462: Was the best known of the anchorites of his time due to his degree of austerity, sanctity and his powers of exorcism . The deeper he withdrew into the wilderness, the more numerous his disciples became. They refused to be separated from him and built their cells close to him. This became a first true monastic community. According to August Neander , Anthony inadvertently became the founder of a new mode of living in common, Coenobitism . At Tabennae on

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