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57-965: In order to comply with the ISM Code, the Company operating the vessel has to be audited first (after they submit their Safety Management System Manual (SMS) and is approved by Flag Administration or Recognized Organization (RO). Once a Company is Audited, the Document of Compliance (DOC) will be issued (validity 5 years). Every Company is subject to auditing every year (three months before and after anniversary date and before DOC expiration date). Upon issuing DOC to Company (or Managing Company) each vessel can be audited to verify vessel compliance with ISM Code. Each vessel will be issued SMC (Safety Management Certificate) valid for 5 years and subject to verification of Compliance with ISM Code between second and third years of certificate validity. Safety Management System Manual consists of

114-409: A crew of 80 and carrying 459 passengers, 81 cars, three buses and 47 trucks. She passed the outer mole at 18:24 (GMT) and capsized about four minutes later. When the ferry reached 18.9 knots (35.0 km/h; 21.7 mph) 90 seconds after leaving the harbour, water began to enter the car deck in large quantities. The resulting free surface effect destroyed her stability . In a matter of seconds,

171-500: A further acquisition, when P&O decided to divest its ferry business and sold its operations between Dover and Boulogne and Southampton and Le Havre . These services were formerly known as Normandy Ferries. On 6 March 1987, the Townsend Thoresen branded roll on/roll off car ferry Herald of Free Enterprise capsized just outside Zeebrugge 's harbour about 25 minutes after departure. A subsequent inquiry determined that

228-591: A passenger RORO vessel. The capsizing of the ship is used as a standard example of the free surface effect in manuals of seamanship dealing with stability. Both of Herald of Free Enterprise ' s two sister ships have since been withdrawn from service. The former Spirit of Free Enterprise was extended to increase her cargo capacity during her time under the P&;O flag in a stretch and total rebuild operation and scrapped in 2012. Pride of Free Enterprise remained more or less as built, being scrapped in 2015. In

285-507: A promotion in The Sun newspaper offering cheap trips to the continent. Most of the victims were trapped inside the ship and succumbed to hypothermia because of the frigid water. The rescue efforts of the Belgian Navy and Royal Navy divers limited the death toll. Recoverable bodies were removed in the days following the accident. During the rescue the tide started to rise and the rescue team

342-555: A result of this acquisition it changed its name to European Ferries Ltd. In 1971 the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company Ltd (trading as Transport Ferry Service) was acquired from the National Freight Corporation . All three of the companies under European Ferries used the name Townsend Thoresen to market their ferry services. In 1973, European Ferries purchased Larne Harbour Ltd and a 50% stake in

399-528: A total of 252,802 containers were handled, making it the United Kingdom’s largest container port. In 1984, Felixstowe became the first UK seaport to introduce computerised Customs clearance. The management of the port was continued by P&O upon the acquisition of European Ferries in 1987. Felixstowe Dock and Railway Company was subsequently sold to Hutchison Whampoa , (which was renamed to CK Hutchison Holdings ). In 1973, European Ferries took over

456-454: A visor door, making it difficult to see the bow doors. Loading of vehicles onto E deck and D deck was through a weathertight door at the bow and an open portal at the stern. Vehicles could be loaded and unloaded onto E and G decks simultaneously, using double-deck linkspans at Dover and Calais. The ships were constructed by Schichau-Unterweser AG in Bremerhaven , Germany. Propulsive power

513-728: Is a chapter in SOLAS. If SOLAS does not apply then ISM is not mandatory. Compliance with ISM Code is sometimes required by vessel client regardless of Gross Tonnage ( GT). The ISM Code was created by the IMO and Ferriby Marine's Capt. Graham Botterill, Specialist Advisor to the House of Lords in the UK on ship safety, among others. On the evening of March 6, 1987, the cross-channel Ro-Ro ferry Herald of Free Enterprise , carrying more than 450 passengers, around 80 crew, more than 80 cars, and close to 50 freight vehicles, left

570-526: The Belgian Navy , which was undertaking an exercise in the area. Wolfgang Schröder  [ de ] , the German captain of a nearby ferry (M/V Gabriele Wehr ), was commended by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and received a medal from King Baudouin of Belgium for his heroic efforts in rescuing passengers. The disaster resulted in the deaths of 193 people. Many of those on board had taken advantage of

627-463: The Spirit -class vessels: it used a single deck, preventing the simultaneous loading of both E and G decks, and the ramp could not be raised high enough to reach E deck. To compensate for this, the vessel's bow ballast tanks were filled. The ship's natural trim was not restored after loading. Had Herald of Free Enterprise survived, she would have been modified to remove the need for this procedure. It

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684-563: The 280 aboard. Since the accident, several improvements to the design of this type of vessel have been made. These include indicators on the bridge that display the state of the bow doors, watertight ramps being fitted to the bow sections of the front of the ship, and "freeing flaps" to allow water to escape from a vehicle deck in the event of flooding. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea regulations were changed in 1990 to require 125 centimetres (49 in) of freeboard (in

741-563: The Belgian port of Zeebrugge for the English port of Dover. Soon after the Herald of Free Enterprise passed Zeebrugge's breakwater, water flooded into the ferry's lower car deck and destabilized it, causing it to sink in a matter of minutes. 193 lives were lost. The immediate cause of the accident was that the bow door remained wide open, allowing a great inrush of water as the vessel increased speed, while

798-774: The Falklands War, a number of lessons had been learnt by the British Government. In a bid to test their understanding of these lessons, the Ministry of Defence scheduled a military exercise named Exercise Purple Warrior in Scotland in November 1987. A number of vessels were chartered by the MoD, including European Ferries Viking Viscount . Prior to leaving for this charter the Viking Viscount

855-625: The MS Herald of Free Enterprise ) Townsend Thoresen European Ferries Group plc was a company that operated in passenger and freight ferries, harbour operation and property management in the United Kingdom and the United States . It was taken over by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company and renamed P&O European Ferries in 1987. The European Ferries Group

912-459: The UK, an ensemble group named Ferry Aid released a charity record of the song " Let It Be " by the Beatles . Nicholas Ridley , a government minister at the time, was criticised for alluding to the accident (while speaking on another subject) on 10 March 1987. He was quoted as saying that "although he is the pilot of the [parliamentary] Bill, he has not got his bow doors open". He apologised for

969-417: The body corporate was infected with the disease of sloppiness' (Sheen, 1987). The Herald of Free Enterprise was a modern ferry equipped with advanced technology and operated by a highly qualified crew. Only seven years prior to the accident, it was built in a German shipyard according to international maritime safety regulations. Why did it capsize? The general frustration in the shipping industry following

1026-439: The bow doors were closed. While the court determined the immediate cause of the capsizing was Stanley's failure to close the bow doors, it was very critical of Sabel for not being in a position to prevent the disaster, calling his actions "the most immediate" cause of the capsizing. The fact that Stanley was asleep at the time of departure led Sheen to examine the working practices of Townsend Thoresen, from which he concluded that

1083-481: The capsizing of the Herald of Free Enterprise is typical of the kind of accident that precipitated in a paradigm shift in maritime safety administration and the development of the ISM Code. MS Herald of Free Enterprise MS Herald of Free Enterprise was a roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian port of Zeebrugge on the night of 6 March 1987, killing 193 passengers and crew. The eight-deck car and passenger ferry

1140-401: The case of RORO vessels, defined as the height between the vehicle deck and the water line) for all new ROROs, instead of the previous 76 centimetres (30 in). Some vessels omit the bow door configuration altogether and vehicles enter and exit from rear doors only. New International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations are in place that prohibit an open (undivided) deck of this length on

1197-400: The company were charged with gross negligence manslaughter, and the operating company, P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd, was charged with corporate manslaughter , but the case collapsed after Mr Justice Turner directed the jury to acquit the company and the five most senior individual defendants. This was because the various acts of negligence could not be attributed to any individual who

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1254-421: The disaster and its aftermath. A second edition, updated to reflect the thirtieth anniversary, was released on 1 March 2018 ( ISBN   978-0750985819 ). St Mary's Church, Dover houses a permanent memorial to the disaster. In the village church of St Margaret, St Margaret's at Cliffe , there is a stained-glass window dedicated to Bob Crone, Bryan Eades and Graham Evans, three of the crewmen who died during

1311-754: The disaster, improvements have been made to the design of RORO vessels, with watertight ramps, indicators showing the position of the bow doors, and the banning of undivided decks. In the late 1970s, Townsend Thoresen commissioned the design and construction of three new identical ships for its Dover – Calais route for delivery from 1980. The ships were branded the Spirit -class, and were named: Spirit of Free Enterprise , Herald of Free Enterprise , and Pride of Free Enterprise . The name "Free Enterprise" dates from Townsend Car Ferries' pioneering private sector roll-on/roll-off ferries, introduced in 1962. Herald of Free Enterprise began active service on 29 May 1980. To remain competitive with other ferry operators on

1368-495: The disaster. Australian businessman Maurice de Rohan , who lost his daughter and son-in-law in the tragedy, founded Disaster Action , a charity which assists people affected by similar events. The following British awards for gallantry on the night of the capsizing were gazetted on 30 December 1987, alongside the 1988 New Year Honours : 51°22′28.5″N 3°11′26″E  /  51.374583°N 3.19056°E  / 51.374583; 3.19056  ( Capsize location of

1425-501: The doors were closed. Sabel said he thought he saw Stanley approaching. He was seriously injured in the disaster and the court concluded that his evidence was inaccurate. It is believed that, under pressure to get to his harbour station on the bridge, he had left G deck with the bow doors open in the expectation that Stanley would arrive shortly. The court also described the attitude of boatswain Terence Ayling, believed to have been

1482-463: The doors were dismissed; the former because of the attitude that ships' masters would come and "bang on the desk" if an issue was truly important, and the latter because it was thought frivolous to spend money on equipment to indicate if employees had failed to do their job correctly. The design of Herald of Free Enterprise was also found to be a contributory cause of the capsizing. Unlike other ships, which are subdivided into watertight compartments,

1539-420: The effect of increasing the vessel's draught . In deep water the effect is small but in shallow water it is greater, because as the water that passes underneath the vessel moves faster it causes the draught to increase. This reduced the clearance between the bow doors and water line to between 1.5 and 1.9 metres (4 ft 11 in and 6 ft 3 in). After extensive tests, the investigators found that when

1596-402: The fatigued assistant boatswain directly responsible for closing it lay asleep in his cabin. The public inquiry led by Justice Sheen revealed that the assistant boatswain's negligence was simply the last in a long string of actions that laid the groundwork for a major accident. The Sheen Report did not stop at identifying the shortcomings of the ship's master and his crew. The inquiry revealed that

1653-460: The following elements: Also, the ship must be maintained in conformity with the provisions of relevant rules and regulations and with any additional requirements which may be established by the company. Comments from the auditor and/or audit body and from the ship are incorporated into the SMS by headquarters. The requirements of the ISM Code may be applied to all commercial ships over 500 GT. The ISM Code

1710-717: The former naval dockyard at Harwich . This was followed in 1976 with the acquisition of The Felixstowe Dock and Railway Company . In 1979, European Ferries entered the property industry in a joint venture for property development in Denver , it expanded this in Atlanta and in 1980 began buying further land in Houston . It had acquired around 5,000 acres (20 km ) of land. In May 1984, European Ferries Ltd transferred its assets to European Ferries Group plc and in January 1985 European Ferries made

1767-558: The last person on G deck. Asked why he did not close the doors given there was no one else there to do it, he said it was not his duty. The court nevertheless praised his work in the rescue. Captain David Lewry assumed that the doors had been closed since he could not see them from the wheelhouse owing to the ship's design, and had no indicator lights in the wheelhouse. The ship left her berth in Zeebrugge inner harbour at 18:05 (GMT) with

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1824-533: The operations of Port of Felixstowe following the purchase of the Felixstowe Dock and Railway Company. Townsend Thoresen had begun a twice daily service from Felixstowe to Zeebrugge in 1974. By 1978, European Ferries had purpose built a passenger and freight terminal from which its subsidiary Townsend Thoresen could operate. Under the management of European Ferries, Felixstowe increased its container handling capacity to approximately 500,000 per annum and in 1980

1881-531: The operations of Port of Larne , Northern Ireland, UK, following the purchase of Larne Harbour Ltd. Under European Ferries management the Port prospered, making it the leading ro/ro port in Northern Ireland. European Ferries have improved the handling facilities for ro/ro operations with new double deck facilities in 1978. and a new passenger terminal in 1985. European Ferries Group had a number of subsidiaries in

1938-411: The poor workplace communication and stand-off relationship between ship operators and shore-based managers was the root cause of the capsizing, and identified a "disease of sloppiness" and negligence at every level of the corporation's hierarchy. Issues relating to the breaking of waves high on the bow doors while under way and requests to have an indicator installed on the bridge showing the position of

1995-622: The property management and development industry. These were managed by subsidiaries EF International Inc in the United States, Inmogold SA in Spain and Townsend Thoresen Developments Ltd and Townsend Thoresen Properties Ltd in the United Kingdom. In May 1985, European Ferries transferred the majority of its UK property interests to Stockley Plc in exchange for a 44% share and as a result of Stockley's acquisition of 26.5% Stock Conversion Plc this stake

2052-457: The remark. The disaster was the subject of an episode from Series 2 of Seconds From Disaster . The disaster was also featured in an episode of Deadly Engineering (Season 1, Episode 5) on the Science Channel . On 1 July 2014, The History Press released a book called Ninety Seconds at Zeebrugge: The Herald of Free Enterprise Story ( ISBN   9780752497839 ), telling the story of

2109-409: The route, Townsend Thoresen required ships designed to permit fast loading and unloading and quick acceleration. The ships comprised eight decks numbered A to H from top to bottom, which contained the following: Loading of vehicles onto G deck was through watertight doors at the bow and stern . The wheelhouse was positioned at the forward end, and the ship had clam shell doors rather than raising

2166-426: The ship began to list 30 degrees to port . The ship briefly righted herself before listing to port once more, this time capsizing . The entire event took place within 90 seconds. The water quickly reached the ship's electrical systems, destroying both main and emergency power and leaving the ship in darkness. The ship ended up on her side half-submerged in shallow water 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi; 0.6 mi) from

2223-447: The ship travelled at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h), the wave was enough to engulf the bow doors. This caused a "step change": if the ship had been sailing at less than 18 knots and not in shallow water, people on the car deck would probably have had time to notice the bow doors were open and close them. In October 1987, a coroner 's inquest jury into the capsizing returned 187 verdicts of unlawful killing . Seven people involved at

2280-417: The ship's bow doors had been left open allowing water to get onto the car deck. 193 people died as a result of the sinking. At the time of the sinking, the operating company, P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd were rebranding the Townsend Thoresen ferries. This was expedited rapidly due to the negative publicity that the disaster had caused to the Townsend Thoresen brand. In 1976, European Ferries took over

2337-534: The ship. The operation included parbuckling and was successfully concluded in late April 1987, allowing the remaining bodies trapped underwater to be removed. The ship was towed to Zeebrugge, and then across the Western Scheldt to the yard of De Schelde in Vlissingen (Flushing, Netherlands), where her fate was decided. It had originally been assumed that she could be repaired and continue sailing. However, no buyer

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2394-641: The ships encountered the Great Storm of 1987 off Cape Finisterre , where Herald of Free Enterprise was cast adrift after its tow rope parted, resuming on 19 October 1987. The hull began to disintegrate while off the coast of South Africa on 27 December 1987, and had to be towed into Port Elizabeth on 2 January 1988 to undergo temporary repairs to allow her to continue her voyage. She finally arrived in Taiwan on 22 March 1988. The Townsend Thoresen brand name had inevitably been seen on television and in newspapers around

2451-403: The shore management, Townsend Car Ferries Ltd., was just as blameworthy. Numerous memos written by Townsend ship's masters pointing out the need to implement safety-enhancing measures or address serious deficiencies on board their vessels went unheeded (Rasmussen and Svedung, 2000). The report summed up the management's cavalier attitude towards safety in the following statement: 'From top to bottom

2508-479: The shore. Only a fortuitous turn to starboard in her last moments, and then capsizing on a sandbar , prevented the ship from sinking entirely in much deeper water. Crew aboard a nearby dredger noticed Herald of Free Enterprise ' s lights disappear, and notified the port authorities. They also reported that the bow doors appeared to be wide open. The alarm was raised at 18:37 (GMT). Rescue helicopters were quickly dispatched, shortly followed by assistance from

2565-438: The vehicle deck of a RORO, it was likely that the vessel would capsize within 30 minutes, while other tests showed that the lack of watertight subdivision (which was common on other vessels) allowed the weight of water to flow freely and increase the likelihood of capsizing. Another factor that contributed to the capsizing was the " squat effect ". When a vessel is under way, the movement under it creates low pressure, which has

2622-460: The vehicle decks of RORO vessels are normally contiguous: any flooding on these decks would allow the water to flow the entire length of the ship. This issue had been identified as early as 1980, following the losses of Seaspeed Dora and Hero in June and November 1977 respectively. The need to adjust the ship's bow trim to use the port facilities at Zeebrugge and failure to readjust before departure

2679-531: The world. P&O, who had only just taken over TT before the disaster, quickly decided to re-brand the company as P&O European Ferries , repaint the fleet's red hulls in navy blue and remove the TT logo from the funnels. The capsizing of Herald of Free Enterprise caused the highest death count of any peacetime maritime disaster involving a British ship since the sinking of HMY Iolaire on 1 January 1919 near Stornoway , Isle of Lewis , when at least 205 perished of

2736-492: Was a so-called "controlling mind". It did, however, set a precedent that corporate manslaughter is an offence known to the law of England and Wales. The disaster was one of a number that influenced thinking leading to the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 . A salvage operation, conducted by Dutch company Smit-Tak Towage and Salvage (part of Smit International ), was embarked upon almost immediately to refloat

2793-517: Was another factor in the capsizing. In October 1983, Herald of Free Enterprise ' s sister ship Pride of Free Enterprise had sailed from Dover to Zeebrugge with the bow doors open, after her assistant boatswain fell asleep. It was therefore believed that leaving the bow doors open alone should not have caused the ship to capsize. Tests by the Danish Maritime Institute after the accident, however, found that once water began to enter

2850-506: Was by means of three 6,000 kW (8,000 bhp) 12-cylinder Sulzer medium-speed diesel engines driving variable-pitch propellers. The vehicle deck bow doors were constructed by Cargospeed , Glasgow , Scotland. On the day the ferry capsized, Herald of Free Enterprise was working the route between Dover and the Belgian port of Zeebrugge . This was not her normal route and the linkspan at Zeebrugge had not been designed specifically for

2907-405: Was forced to stop all efforts until morning. The last of the people left on board died of hypothermia. A public Court of Inquiry into the incident was held under British Mr Justice Sheen in 1987. It found the capsizing was caused by three main factors—Stanley's failure to close the bow doors, Sabel's failure to make sure the bow doors were closed, and Lewry leaving port without knowing whether

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2964-451: Was found to be negligence by the assistant boatswain , who was asleep in his cabin when he should have been closing the bow door. However, the official inquiry placed more blame on his supervisors and a general culture of poor communication in Townsend Thoresen. The vessel was salvaged, put up for sale, and sold to Naviera SA Kingstown on 30 September 1987, renamed Flushing Range . It was taken to Taiwan on 22 March 1988 to be scrapped. Since

3021-520: Was found; she was sold to Compania Naviera SA of Kingstown , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , for scrapping. She was renamed Flushing Range and the Townsend Thoresen branding painted over before her final sailing to a scrapyard at Kaohsiung , Taiwan . She began her final voyage on 5 October 1987, together with MV Gaelic , towed by the Dutch tug Markusturm . The voyage was interrupted for four days when

3078-578: Was incorporated in 1935 as Monument Securities Ltd, becoming a public limited company in 1949. In 1957, Monument Securities bought a 51% stake in Townsend Car Ferries Ltd and in 1959 acquired the rest in a full takeover. The same year Monument Securities changed its name to George Nott Industries Ltd. In 1968, George Nott Industries purchased the Otto Thoresen Shipping Company and its subsidiary Thoresen Car Ferries Ltd . As

3135-405: Was normal practice for the assistant boatswain to close the doors before moorings were dropped. The assistant boatswain, Mark Stanley, however, had returned to his cabin for a short break after cleaning the car deck upon arrival, and was still asleep when the harbour-stations call sounded and the ship dropped her moorings. The first officer, Leslie Sabel, was required to stay on deck to make sure

3192-404: Was owned by Townsend Thoresen , designed for rapid loading and unloading on the competitive cross-channel route between Dover and Calais . As was common at the time, it was built with no watertight compartments . The ship left harbour with her bow door open, and the sea immediately flooded the decks; within minutes, she was lying on her side in shallow water. The immediate cause of the capsizing

3249-697: Was reduced to 34.7%. European Ferries maintained a portfolio of around 15 to 20 properties in the UK and was also involved in a 1,100-acre (4.5 km ) leisure development in Southern Spain and other properties in Hamburg and Frankfurt In 1982, three vessels operated by European Ferries were requisitioned by the Ministry of Defence to assist with the Falklands Campaign . The three vessels were; Europic Ferry , Nordic Ferry and Baltic Ferry Following

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