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112-512: International education refers to a dynamic concept that involves a journey or movement of people, minds, or ideas across political and cultural frontiers. It is facilitated by the globalization phenomenon, which increasingly erases the constraints of geography on economic, social, and cultural arrangements. The concept involves a broad range of learning, for example, formal education and informal learning (e.g. training, exchange programs , and cross-cultural communication ). It could also involve

224-578: A common space, creating educational 'hubs', 'cities,' or 'parks'), with Saudi Arabia and Malaysia following closely behind. These academic reforms are mostly market-driven; approximately two-thirds of the new universities in the Arab Middle East are private and nearly half are branches of Western institutions, mostly from the United States, and others from Australia and the United Kingdom. Many of

336-409: A computer without regard to location. This included accounting, software development, and engineering design. Student exchange programs became popular after World War II , and are intended to increase the participants' understanding and tolerance of other cultures, as well as improving their language skills and broadening their social horizons. Between 1963 and 2006 the number of students studying in

448-402: A continuum with the local, national and regional. At one end of the continuum lie social and economic relations and networks which are organized on a local and/or national basis; at the other end lie social and economic relations and networks which crystallize on the wider scale of regional and global interactions. Globalization can refer to those spatial-temporal processes of change which underpin

560-577: A degree awarded by the foreign education provider. The largest 'exporter' countries on the C-BERT listing, as of March 2023, are the United States (84 campuses), the United Kingdom (46), Russia (39), France (38) and Australia (20), while the largest 'importer' countries are China (47 campuses), United Arab Emirates (30), Singapore (16), Malaysia (15) and Qatar (11). The list contains a total of 333 active campuses. Lane and Kinser identified five models of ownership for international branch campuses in 2012, based on

672-415: A discipline may be attributed to the international and intercontinental initiatives of the past, which aimed to achieve education, learning, and intellectual exchange. This is demonstrated in the formalized academic relations between countries in the form of bilateral and scientific agreements. Here, international education is considered a mechanism of international cooperation and, in some cases, it stems from

784-412: A focus on moral development, by influencing the creation of "positive attitudes towards peace, international understanding and responsible world citizenship". From a pragmatic approach, international education can relate to economic and cultural globalization. For instance, there are increasing demands for education qualifications to be transferable between schools and education systems. Furthermore, there

896-468: A foreign country increased 9 times. Since the 1980s, modern globalization has spread rapidly through the expansion of capitalism and neoliberal ideologies. The implementation of neoliberal policies has allowed for the privatization of public industry, deregulation of laws or policies that interfered with the free flow of the market, as well as cut-backs to governmental social services. These neoliberal policies were introduced to many developing countries in

1008-566: A global milieu and attract future leaders from abroad to study, learn and exchange experiences in the U.S. This shows how International education is not just about physically crossing borders, but is also about thinking globally in local situations. Schools throughout the US celebrate this week through on-campus and off-campus events. International education has a somewhat unusual position in higher education. While recognized as an important sphere of activity, it tends to be handled by administrative offices at

1120-759: A means for advancing Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's goal of positioning India as a Vishwa Guru (world teacher). Deakin University GIFT City Campus is the first international branch campus established in India. Development of international branch campuses in Malaysia reflects the country's pursuit of becoming a global knowledge hub. Two major IBC initiatives in Malaysia include EduCity in Iskandar and Kuala Lumpur Education City (KLEC). Built in an economic free-zone, EduCity

1232-673: A positive or a negative phenomenon. Economic globalization comprises: globalization of production; which refers to the obtainment of goods and services from a particular source from locations around the globe to benefit from difference in cost and quality. Likewise, it also comprises globalization of markets; which is defined as the union of different and separate markets into a massive global marketplace. Economic globalization also includes competition, technology, and corporations and industries. Current globalization trends can be largely accounted for by developed economies integrating with less developed economies by means of foreign direct investment ,

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1344-712: A reorientation of academic outlook such as the pursuit of "worldmindedness" as a goal so that a school or its academic focus is considered international . For example, the National Association of State Universities prescribes the adoption of "proper education" that reflects the full range of international, social, political, cultural, and economic dialogue. International educators are responsible for "designing, managing, and facilitating programs and activities that help participants to appropriately, effectively, and ethically engage in interactions with culturally diverse people and ideas." The emergence of international education as

1456-584: A report from the U.N. Secretary-General on "Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals" in 2018, official development assistance (ODA) for scholarships amounted to $ 1.2 billion in 2016. The largest contributors were Australia, France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Northern Ireland, and European Union. Education is a core aspect of the SDGs, and considered essential to their success. Hence, an international strategy has been established through

1568-662: A series of agreements to remove trade restrictions. GATT's successor was the World Trade Organization (WTO), which provided a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements and a dispute resolution process. Exports nearly doubled from 8.5% of total gross world product in 1970 to 16.2% in 2001. The approach of using global agreements to advance trade stumbled with the failure of the Doha Development Round of trade negotiation. Many countries then shifted to bilateral or smaller multilateral agreements, such as

1680-534: A significant portion of those nation's overall research productivity. However, in an analysis of research-producing universities in Abu Dhabi, their research suggested that IBCs may not necessarily have greater impact than other forms of educational investment when it comes to overall research productivity. The Cross-Border Education Research Team (C-BERT) was founded in 2010 by Professors Jason Lane and Kevin Kinser, then at

1792-413: A state is not dependent on another, then there is no way for either state to be mutually affected by the other. This is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade; without either, globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on their own production and resources to work. This is one of the arguments surrounding the idea of early globalization. It

1904-423: A stateless corporation. A free-trade area is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement (FTA). Such agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers – import quotas and tariffs  – and to increase trade of goods and services with each other. International branch campus While

2016-465: A study abroad program that can help prepare students when looking for international occupations. Another example can be that international development is a focal point that is taught in colleges and universities under the umbrella of international education. Although successful programs such as Engineers Without Borders enable students in one country to obtain an international education while working on open source appropriate technology projects abroad,

2128-536: A survey of 180 IBCs that elicited 50 responses: In 2007, Line Verbik of the Observatory on Borderless Higher Education investigated the 80 then-existing IBCs, identifying funding models for 68 of these and finding that these fell into three categories: Though a variety of studies concerning the student experience and satisfaction in IBCs have found that most students react to their branch campuses similarly to their peers at

2240-520: A third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet. Growth of globalization has never been smooth. One influential event was the late 2000s recession , which was associated with lower growth (in areas such as cross-border phone calls and Skype usage) or even temporarily negative growth (in areas such as trade) of global interconnectedness. The China–United States trade war , starting in 2018, negatively affected trade between

2352-485: A transformation in the organization of human affairs by linking together and expanding human activity across regions and continents. Without reference to such expansive spatial connections, there can be no clear or coherent formulation of this term. ... A satisfactory definition of globalization must capture each of these elements: extensity (stretching), intensity, velocity and impact. Held and his co-writers' definition of globalization in that same book as "transformation in

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2464-482: Is a "spread of global quality standards through quality assurances procedures such as accreditation". Overall, international education can be viewed as the following: Direct examples of international education include facilitating students' entry into universities outside of their home countries. Also, temporarily studying abroad is another illustration of international education, as is the internationally influenced research and design of curriculum used by schools around

2576-405: Is agency-extended globalization, the circulation of agents of different institutions, organizations, and polities , including imperial agents. Object-extended globalization, a third form, is the movement of commodities and other objects of exchange. He calls the transmission of ideas, images, knowledge, and information across world-space disembodied globalization, maintaining that it is currently

2688-461: Is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on others as they are today. Also posited is a "multi-polar" nature to archaic globalization, which involved the active participation of non-Europeans. Because it predated the Great Divergence in the nineteenth century, where Western Europe pulled ahead of

2800-505: Is considered ancient, having been used in classical Greece , while the actual term was first used by William Russell in 1826. International education diverged from it as it assumed the form of more organized programs that bring together learners and teachers from different countries to learn from each other. International education can be seen as developing 'international-mindedness', or enhancing international attitude and awareness. From an ideological perspective, international education has

2912-451: Is culturally attuned. Globalization 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville  ·  Marx ·  Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto ·  Tönnies · Veblen ·  Simmel · Durkheim ·  Addams ·  Mead · Weber ·  Du Bois ·  Mannheim · Elias Globalization ( North American spelling ; also Oxford spelling [UK]) or globalisation (non-Oxford British spelling ; see spelling differences )

3024-450: Is filled with a range of norms , claims, beliefs, and narratives about the phenomenon itself. James and Steger stated that the concept of globalization "emerged from the intersection of four interrelated sets of ' communities of practice ' ( Wenger , 1998): academics, journalists, publishers/editors, and librarians." They note the term was used "in education to describe the global life of the mind"; in international relations to describe

3136-497: Is generally taken to include: One of the eight millennium development goals ratified in the United Nations in the year 2000, focuses on achieving universal primary education. International education is also a major part of international development. Professionals and students wishing to be a part of international education development are able to learn through organizations and university and college programs. Organizations around

3248-478: Is left behind. In this regard, not only state actors, but also major private "non-state" actors and multinational companies are involved and active in global education. Education is stated under Goal 4 of the SDGs: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all." Furthermore, SDGs promote international education through some of the following targets: According to

3360-693: Is now considered the oldest established branch campus still in operation, meeting the modern definition of an IBC from 1961. In 1969 the British Institute in Paris , established in 1895 and the Franco-British Guild, became part of the University of London and is considered the oldest established branch campus of a non-US institution still in operation. ESCP Business School established campuses in Germany and

3472-794: Is sponsored by the government-backed investment organization, Iskandar Investment Bhd (IIB), whose strategic goals include recruiting regional students, producing a skilled workforce that supports foreign companies in the free-zones of Iskandar. KLEC, which is located in the Klang Valley of Kuala Lumpur, is overseen by the private investment firm KLEC Ventures, which seeks to attract commercial investment to Malaysia and touts its environmentally friendly and energy efficient nature. These institutions exemplify Malaysia's recent shift from sending students abroad to receiving students from abroad. Many of these foreign educational institutions in Malaysia are branch campuses. A branch can be seen as an 'offshore campus' of

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3584-407: Is the establishment of medical and nursing training at Peking Union Medical College Hospital by Johns Hopkins University in the US in the 1910s. In a broader sense, higher education institutions have long held global orientations, in that they served international students, employed professors from different countries, and functioned chiefly in the common language of Latin. Close resemblances of

3696-399: Is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. The term globalization first appeared in the early 20th century (supplanting an earlier French term mondialisation ), developed its current meaning sometime in the second half of the 20th century, and came into popular use in the 1990s to describe the unprecedented international connectivity of

3808-409: Is used to refer to the fear of globalization, though it can also mean the fear of balloons . There are both distal and proximate causes which can be traced in the historical factors affecting globalization. Large-scale globalization began in the 19th century. Archaic globalization conventionally refers to a phase in the history of globalization including globalizing events and developments from

3920-647: The CITY College, University of York Europe Campus . International branch campuses began to proliferate in the mid-1990s and further into the twenty-first century. The 1990s saw a wave of diversifying institutions expanding abroad, primarily from Australia, Mexico, Chile, Ireland, Canada, Italy, the UK, and Sweden; to target areas in Africa, Southeast and East Asia, the Middle East and South America. There were approximately 50 IBCs at

4032-734: The East . Without the spread of traditional ideas from the East, Western globalization would not have emerged the way it did. The interactions of states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to Asia, North Africa , the Middle East , and certain parts of Europe. With early globalization, it was difficult for states to interact with others that were not close. Eventually, technological advances allowed states to learn of others' existence and thus another phase of globalization can occur. The third has to do with inter-dependency, stability, and regularity. If

4144-512: The Great Recession . New opposing views from some economists have argued such trends are a result of price drops and in actuality, trade volume is increasing, especially with agricultural products, natural resources and refined petroleum. Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross- border movement of goods, services, technology, and capital. Whereas

4256-604: The Indus Valley civilization in the third millennium BCE . This archaic globalization existed during the Hellenistic Age , when commercialized urban centers enveloped the axis of Greek culture that reached from India to Spain, including Alexandria and the other Alexandrine cities. Early on, the geographic position of Greece and the necessity of importing wheat forced the Greeks to engage in maritime trade. Trade in ancient Greece

4368-940: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions , capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people, and the dissemination of knowledge. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, sociocultural resources, and the natural environment. Academic literature commonly divides globalization into three major areas: economic globalization , cultural globalization , and political globalization . Proponents of globalization point to economic growth and broader societal development as benefits, while opponents claim globalizing processes are detrimental to social well-being due to ethnocentrism , environmental consequences, and other potential drawbacks. Between 1990 and 2010, globalisation progressed rapidly, driven by

4480-492: The International Organization for Standardization , which is composed of representatives from various national standards organizations . A multinational corporation , or worldwide enterprise, is an organization that owns or controls the production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation, a transnational corporation, or

4592-493: The State University of New York at Albany , to track and study the development of international branch campuses. C-BERT maintains a publicly accessible list of IBCs operating around the world, using the definition: An entity that is owned, at least in part, by a foreign higher education provider; operated in the name of the foreign education provider; and provides an entire academic program, substantially on site, leading to

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4704-694: The Thirty Years' War , and demand for commodities, most particularly slaves . The triangular trade made it possible for Europe to take advantage of resources within the Western Hemisphere . The transfer of animal stocks, plant crops, and epidemic diseases associated with Alfred W. Crosby 's concept of the Columbian exchange also played a central role in this process. European, Middle Eastern, Indian, Southeast Asian , and Chinese merchants were all involved in early modern trade and communications, particularly in

4816-459: The University of Aberdeen and an early writer in the field, described globalization as "the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole." In Global Transformations , David Held and his co-writers state: Although in its simplistic sense globalization refers to the widening, deepening and speeding up of global interconnection, such a definition begs further elaboration. ... Globalization can be on

4928-534: The developing countries and least developed countries (LDCs). As economic integration intensified workers moved to areas with higher wages and most of the developing world oriented toward the international market economy. The collapse of the Soviet Union not only ended the Cold War's division of the world – it also left the United States its sole policeman and an unfettered advocate of free market. It also resulted in

5040-402: The global economy , counterarguments offer the perspective that trade had already been present in higher education for some time, evidenced in the increasing numbers of students seeking education overseas. In fact, this trade was seen in many ways as a tool for international relations and soft power . One development which was of particular significance to the globalization of education was

5152-411: The history of globalization , and of modern globalization. Economically, globalization involves goods, services , data, technology, and the economic resources of capital . The expansion of global markets liberalizes the economic activities of the exchange of goods and funds. Removal of cross-border trade barriers has made the formation of global markets more feasible. Advances in transportation, like

5264-486: The internationalization of higher education is considered a contemporary phenomenon, it has a variety of historical roots. During the colonial era, the practice of setting up "branch" institutions in foreign countries or sponsoring schools in the colonies was commonplace, serving the most basic purposes characteristic of the period . This practice included institutions established by the British and French in Africa and Asia, by

5376-488: The post–Cold War world . Its origins can be traced back to 18th and 19th centuries due to advances in transportation and communications technology . This increase in global interactions has caused a growth in international trade and the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that is associated with social and cultural aspects. However, disputes and international diplomacy are also large parts of

5488-513: The steam locomotive , steamship , jet engine , and container ships , and developments in telecommunication infrastructure such as the telegraph , the Internet , mobile phones , and smartphones , have been major factors in globalization and have generated further interdependence of economic and cultural activities around the globe. Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times , others trace its history to long before

5600-537: The 17th century, world trade developed further when chartered companies like the British East India Company (founded in 1600) and the Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602, often described as the first multinational corporation in which stock was offered) were established. An alternative view from historians Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, postulated that: globalization began with

5712-422: The 1980s and 1990s. The revolutions of 1989 and subsequent liberalization in many parts of the world resulted in a significant expansion of global interconnectedness. The migration and movement of people can also be highlighted as a prominent feature of the globalization process. In the period between 1965 and 1990, the proportion of the labor force migrating approximately doubled. Most migration occurred between

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5824-489: The 19th century, steamships reduced the cost of international transportation significantly and railroads made inland transportation cheaper. The transportation revolution occurred some time between 1820 and 1850. More nations embraced international trade . Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism such as in Africa and Asia . The invention of shipping containers in 1956 helped advance

5936-403: The 2011 United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement . Since the 1970s, aviation has become increasingly affordable to middle classes in developed countries . Open skies policies and low-cost carriers have helped to bring competition to the market . In the 1990s, the growth of low-cost communication networks cut the cost of communicating between countries. More work can be performed using

6048-575: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine included a blockade of Ukrainian ports and international sanctions on Russia , resulting in some de-coupling of the Russian economy with global trade, especially with the European Union and other Western countries. Modern consensus for the last 15 years regards globalization as having run its course and gone into decline. A common argument for this is that trade has dropped since its peak in 2008, and never recovered since

6160-604: The Dakar Framework for Action; The World Education Forum (Dakar 2000) agreed to reach 6 goals by 2015: At the end of 2015, the United Nations led another initiative to continue on the work of development goals. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contains 17 global goals, which are more extensive than the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Compared to the 2015 MDGs, the SDGs tries to ensure that no one

6272-1032: The Dutch in Indonesia , by the Roman Catholic organizations (particularly the Jesuits ) in Latin America and the Philippines , and, in the nineteenth century, by American Protestant missionaries. These established colleges grounded in the US model in countries such as Egypt, Turkey and Lebanon, practices from which the American University of Beirut was founded. Codrington College in Barbados and Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone , both established on English lines by Anglican missionaries, were affiliated to Durham University in

6384-1007: The Education City, in addition to one Qatari university. The eight institutions in Education City include: The UAE has set aggressive goals to make it a destination for higher education destination. Free zones have been established in individual Emirates in which organizations operating from within are exempt from federal regulation. These zones were originally intended for foreign investment from corporations and have expanded to house education hubs—or education cities. IBCs in free zones are generally financially independent and expected to cover their own costs. Fifty of these IBCs are located across four different free zones in Dubai, each operating as its own complex. Established by real estate master developer TECOM Investments in 2003 to complement other business parks, Dubai Knowledge Village (DKV) contains 15 IBCs and 150 training institutions and learning centers. DKV

6496-557: The European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World , and some even to the third millennium BCE. Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s, and in the late 19th century and early 20th century drove a rapid expansion in the connectivity of the world's economies and cultures. The term global city was subsequently popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her work The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (1991). In 2000,

6608-762: The Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action. This strategy emphasizes  mobilizing national, regional, and global efforts and collaborations that aim at: The UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) (2005–2014) highlighted the central role of education in the pursuit of sustainable development internationally. See also Comparative education ; and Liberalism , Realism , Power Transition Theory , International Development , as focus areas that provide insight into international phenomena relevant to "International Education." There are different lenses international education can be viewed as. For example, thinking of international education in terms of

6720-603: The Indian Ocean region. According to economic historians Kevin H. O'Rourke , Leandro Prados de la Escosura, and Guillaume Daudin, several factors promoted globalization in the period 1815–1870: During the 19th century, globalization approached its form as a direct result of the Industrial Revolution . Industrialization allowed standardized production of household items using economies of scale while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities. In

6832-558: The Silk Routes. In addition to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network. The movement of people, such as refugees, artists, craftsmen, missionaries , robbers, and envoys, resulted in the exchange of religions, art, languages, and new technologies. From around 3000 BCE to 1000 CE, connectivity within Afro-Eurasia

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6944-674: The UK from 1875 to 1965 and from 1876 to 1967 respectively, allowing students there to study for degrees on the same basis as students in England. While students across the British Empire had been able to study for external degrees of the University of London prior to this, four students at Codrington were, in 1877, the first overseas students to gain English degrees after following a residential course. Another early example of international affiliation

7056-600: The UK in 1973. The first concentration of branch campuses in a single country was established in Japan during the 1980s for various diplomatic reasons. Wanting to improve the relationship between Japan and the United States, the Japanese government recruited several US universities to establish branch campuses on its soil, of which nearly 30 did in cooperation with Japanese institutions or private companies. Only one of these campuses ( Temple University, Japan Campus ) remains as of 2024 ;

7168-534: The United States, regulates these institutions. Foreign education providers are expected to obey and maintain the policies and regulations of their home campus. Most IBCs focus initially on providing education; however, some IBCs have evidenced interest and commitment to engaging in research. Hans Pohl and Jason E. Lane developed a methodology using SciVal data to determine the research productivity of faculty/researchers at IBCs. Their research demonstrated that IBCs in countries such as Qatar, UAE, and Malaysia contribute

7280-613: The World Bank and the IMF to become global financial market regulators that would promote neoliberalism and the creation of free markets for multinational corporations on a global scale. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the connectedness of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly. This slowed down from the 1910s onward due to the World Wars and the Cold War , but picked up again in

7392-441: The campus are aligned by the government to reflect the nation's industry needs; in other cases, such as typically in the Arab Middle East, IBCs help expedite the process of transitioning from an oil economy to a knowledge economy . Just over a quarter of the IBCs in operation as of March 2023 are from American institutions, with the United Kingdom, Russia and France also accounting for over 10 per cent each. For many institutions,

7504-526: The contemporary branch campus model emerged in the early twentieth century. At this time, these campuses functioned primarily to serve US military and civilian personnel in the U.S.-owned Canal Zone. Florida State University , among other institutions, began providing this type of cross-border program as early 1933. In the 1950s, Johns Hopkins University opened a branch campus in Italy, the Bologna Center , which

7616-422: The cost of this approach can be prohibitive for large scale replication. Recent, work has shown that using a virtual educational exchange, can have many of the positive benefits associated with international education and cross cultural experiences, without the prohibitive costs of overseas programs. International Education Week is an initiative of the U.S. Department of State and U.S. Department of Education that

7728-468: The countries with the most IBCs (United Arab Emirates, Qatar, China, Malaysia and Singapore) have struggled with the problem of brain drain. The logic of hosting a foreign institution's branch campus is to prevent local students from actually studying abroad by luring them to stay by receiving a foreign degree at home and at a considerably lower cost. Hosting a foreign branch campus can also enhance links with industry, as in some cases programs offered at

7840-414: The dominant form of globalization. James holds that this series of distinctions allows for an understanding of how, today, the most embodied forms of globalization such as the movement of refugees and migrants are increasingly restricted, while the most disembodied forms such as the circulation of financial instruments and codes are the most deregulated . The journalist Thomas L. Friedman popularized

7952-450: The emergence of a transnational élite and a phasing out of the nation-state . Meanwhile, he used "cultural globalization" to reference the worldwide homogenization of culture. Other of his usages included " ideological globalization", " technological globalization", and "social globalization". Lechner and Boli (2012) define globalization as more people across large distances becoming connected in more and different ways. "Globophobia"

8064-420: The end of the '90s boom (not including those in the Japanese bubble), reaching 183 in 2011. Some have seen the development of the IBCs an extraordinary form of privatization in the public sector (largely due to the geographic separation from the state); however, Jason E. Lane and Kevin Kinser have argued that the extent of an IBCs privatization should also be assessed in relation to fulfilling public purposes in

8176-457: The establishment of a branch campus abroad is an opportunity to improve international relationships, ability to attract foreign talent, increase prestige and tuition revenue, and expand opportunities for external funding. India has had a variety of efforts to allow for the importing of international branch campuses. The National Education Policy 2020 allowed for the importing and exporting of IBCs. The policy set an explicit goal of using IBCs as

8288-400: The exchange of people. A good example would be students traveling to study at an international branch campus , as part of a study abroad program or as part of a student exchange program . The second is a comprehensive approach to education that intentionally prepares students to be active and engaged participants in an interconnected world. The International Baccalaureate however, defines

8400-488: The extension of the European Common Market , and in journalism to describe how the "American Negro and his problem are taking on a global significance". They have also argued that four forms of globalization can be distinguished that complement and cut across the solely empirical dimensions. According to James, the oldest dominant form of globalization is embodied globalization, the movement of people. A second form

8512-580: The finalization of the Uruguay round of trade talks in 1995, from which the World Trade Organization (WTO) , the body that monitors and promotes free trade, was formed. The Uruguay round also saw the creation of new trade agreements, such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) . The significance of these trade agreements was that they expanded

8624-502: The first circumnavigation of the globe under the Magellan-Elcano expedition which preluded the rise of global silver trade . Early modern globalization is distinguished from modern globalization on the basis of expansionism , the method of managing global trade, and the level of information exchange. The period is marked by the shift of hegemony to Western Europe, the rise of larger-scale conflicts between powerful nations such as

8736-525: The foreign university, which offers identical courses and awards as the main campus. Local and international students can acquire these identical foreign qualifications in Malaysia at a lower fee, with a local Asian experience. All officially recognized international branch campuses are registered at the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia as private universities. Officially recognized international branch campuses in Malaysia include: Qatar's Education City

8848-489: The form of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) that were implemented by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These programs required that the country receiving monetary aid would open its markets to capitalism, privatize public industry, allow free trade, cut social services like healthcare and education and allow the free movement of giant multinational corporations. These programs allowed

8960-423: The globalization of business is centered around the diminution of international trade regulations as well as tariffs , taxes, and other impediments that suppresses global trade, economic globalization is the process of increasing economic integration between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market. Depending on the paradigm, economic globalization can be viewed as either

9072-504: The globalization of commerce. After World War II, work by politicians led to the agreements of the Bretton Woods Conference , in which major governments laid down the framework for international monetary policy , commerce, and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to facilitate economic growth by lowering trade barriers . Initially, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) led to

9184-517: The great chagrin of Reactionists, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. . . . In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. Sociologists Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King define globalization as "all those processes by which

9296-440: The great movements of trade and empire across Asia and the Indian Ocean from the 15th century onward. In 1848, Karl Marx noticed the increasing level of national inter-dependence brought on by capitalism , and predicted the universal character of the modern world society. He states: The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To

9408-497: The growing prominence of attention focused on the movement of diseases, the proliferation of popular culture and consumer values, the growing prominence of international institutions like the UN, and concerted international action on such issues as the environment and human rights. Other developments as dramatic were the Internet's becoming influential in connecting people across the world; As of June 2012 , more than 2.4 billion people—over

9520-524: The historically variable ways that it has been practiced and socially understood through changing world-time. Manfred Steger , professor of global studies and research leader in the Global Cities Institute at RMIT University , identifies four main empirical dimensions of globalization : economic, political, cultural, and ecological . A fifth dimension—the ideological—cutting across the other four. The ideological dimension, according to Steger,

9632-401: The home institutions, criticism of IBCs abound. Most prominent among these concerns are those that relate to attracting and retaining host campus faculty, misalignment between home and branch campus, replicating diversity and quality of the student body, mirroring forms of cultural imperialism, lack of data to drive decision-making, organizational culture, and the ability of IBCs to adapt to

9744-563: The host country. As of 2023, there are 333 international branch campuses worldwide meeting the Cross-Border Education Research Team definition. The growth of branch campuses and internationalizing activities in the 1990s can be largely attributed to the forces of globalization . Though there were plenty of opponents against the idea that higher education should be subject to the types of free-trade agreements that were applied toward commercial goods and services within

9856-404: The information and communication technology revolution that lowered communication costs, along with trade liberalisation and the shift of manufacturing operations to emerging economies (particularly China). The word globalization was used in the English language as early as the 1930s, but only in the context of education, and the term failed to gain traction. Over the next few decades, the term

9968-449: The intention is that global issues will affect students' understanding of the world in a meaningful way. Specifically, these non-formal, non-academic experiences should enhance students' comprehension of world issues in a manner that, for instance, reading books or participating in lessons may not. Based on student engagement and involvement, two general meanings emerge. The first refers to education that transcends national borders through

10080-484: The notion of trading in goods to include trading in services. Most international branch campuses are located throughout Asia and the Middle East. IBCs have developed in dense pockets in regions such as the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Malaysia. Both the United Arab Emirates and Qatar have transformed themselves as educational hubs (a collection of campuses from multiple institutions in

10192-409: The people of the world are incorporated into a single world society." In The Consequences of Modernity , Anthony Giddens writes: "Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa." In 1992, Roland Robertson , professor of sociology at

10304-586: The phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of high "modern globalization" in the late 19th century. This phase of globalization was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 15th and 17th centuries, first the Portuguese Empire (1415) followed by the Spanish Empire (1492), and later the Dutch and British Empires . In

10416-451: The process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the world. Paul James defines globalization with a more direct and historically contextualized emphasis: Globalization is the extension of social relations across world-space, defining that world-space in terms of

10528-481: The recognition that different cultures offer different outlooks and styles of learning and teaching in addition to the transfer of knowledge. There are scholars who associate the development of international education with comparative education , which is concerned with the evaluation and scrutiny of different educational systems in various countries for the purpose of developing an education and educational structures that are global in scope and application. This concept

10640-442: The reduction of trade barriers as well as other economic reforms, and, in many cases, immigration. International standards have made trade in goods and services more efficient. An example of such standard is the intermodal container . Containerization dramatically reduced the costs of transportation, supported the post-war boom in international trade , and was a major element in globalization. International standards are set by

10752-591: The rest mostly closing due to inconvenient locations and difficulties in English language instruction. ESMOD , a French fashion university, also established a campus in Tokyo in 1984. ESMOD added campuses in Tunisia in 1988, Norway in 1990 and Indonesia in 1996. The only other non-US IBC established before 1990 was the University of Sheffield International Faculty in Greece in 1989, which transitioned between 2022 and 2024 to become

10864-439: The rest of the world in terms of industrial production and economic output , archaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by Europe but also by other economically developed Old World centers such as Gujarat , Bengal , coastal China , and Japan . The German historical economist and sociologist Andre Gunder Frank argues that a form of globalization began with the rise of trade links between Sumer and

10976-488: The spatial organization of social relations and transactions—assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact—generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows" was called "probably the most widely-cited definition" in the 2014 DHL Global Connectiveness Index . Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization , states that globalization: ...is

11088-551: The term "flat world" , arguing that globalized trade , outsourcing , supply-chaining , and political forces had permanently changed the world, for better and worse. He asserted that the pace of globalization was quickening and that its impact on business organization and practice would continue to grow. Economist Takis Fotopoulos defined "economic globalization" as the opening and deregulation of commodity , capital , and labor markets that led toward present neoliberal globalization. He used "political globalization" to refer to

11200-703: The term according to certain criteria. These criteria include the development of citizens of the world in accordance with culture, language, and social cohesion, building a sense of identity and cultural awareness, encrypting recognition and development of universal human values, encouraging discovery and enjoyment of learning, equipping students with collectivist or individualistic skills and knowledge that can be applied broadly, fostering global thinking when responding to local situations, encouraging diversity and flexibility in teaching pedagogic methodologies, and supplying appropriate forms of assessment and international benchmarking. While definitions vary, international education

11312-532: The term and bringing it into the mainstream business audience in the later in the middle of 1980s. Though often treated as synonyms, in French, globalization is seen as a stage following mondialisation, a stage that implies the dissolution of national identities and the abolishment of borders inside the world network of economic exchanges. Since its inception, the concept of globalization has inspired competing definitions and interpretations. Its antecedents date back to

11424-472: The time of the earliest civilizations until roughly the 1600s. This term is used to describe the relationships between communities and states and how they were created by the geographical spread of ideas and social norms at both local and regional levels. In this schema, three main prerequisites are posited for globalization to occur. The first is the idea of Eastern Origins, which shows how Western states have adapted and implemented learned principles from

11536-627: The top of departments of languages and literature and international affairs. The scholars involved in international education usually have their primary involvement in other teaching and research. This leads to four distinctive characteristics particular to the field of international education: Additionally, one of the challenges of international students is that increasingly higher education institutions are treating them as cash cows for meeting their budget challenges. Institutions must do more to support international students in their academic and career success by providing advising, training and coaching that

11648-489: The two largest national economies. The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic included a massive decline in tourism and international business travel as many countries temporarily closed borders. The 2021–2022 global supply chain crisis resulted from temporary shutdowns of manufacturing and transportation facilities, and labor shortages. Supply problems incentivized some switches to domestic production. The economic impact of

11760-430: The world use education as a means to development. Previous research demonstrates a positive correlation between the educational level and economic growth, especially in the poorest regions. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals include some objectives pertaining to education: Other mentions of education in regard to international development: Education For All (EFA): An international strategy to operationalise

11872-583: The world, such as the International Primary Curriculum . The International Baccalaureate (IB) Program is seen as an influence in the development of international education. The IB Diploma Program encourages students to learn and understand different cultures, languages, and points of view. This idea is incorporated into elements of the program e.g. Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS). CAS requires students to participate in activities promoting each of these three components. Through such activities,

11984-556: Was centered upon the Indo-Mediterranean region, with the Silk Road later rising in importance with the Mongol Empire's consolidation of Asia in the 13th century. " Early modern " or "proto-globalization" covers a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800. The concept of "proto-globalization" was first introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly . The term describes

12096-453: Was developed to attract top programs, primarily from the United States in order to enhance the educational offerings in the country. While IBCs in Education City remain private institutions, the construction of Education City was funded through the royal family's Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development . As of 2022, there are seven international universities (six American, one French) with programs available at IBCs in

12208-511: Was expanded in 2007 to Dubai International Academic City (DIAC), which consists of 40 branch campuses of foreign universities. IBCs within the free zones are regulated by the Dubai Knowledge and Human Development Authority. There are a number of private institutions outside the UAE's free zones. The Commission for Academic Accreditation (CAA), the federal accrediting body modeled after agencies in

12320-443: Was first observed in 2000. The choice of week for celebration is determined at each institution, but generally precedes the week that includes U.S. Thanksgiving : 13–17 November 2023; 18–22 November 2024; 17–21 November 2025; 16–20 November 2026. The aims of this event are to provide an opportunity to celebrate the benefits of international education and global exchange. This joint initiative promotes programs that prepare Americans for

12432-630: Was largely unrestricted: the state controlled only the supply of grain. Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of civilizations from China, the Indian subcontinent , Persia , Europe, and Arabia , opening long-distance political and economic interactions between them. Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, common goods such as salt and sugar were traded as well; and religions , syncretic philosophies, and various technologies, as well as diseases, also traveled along

12544-468: Was occasionally used by other scholars and media, but it was not clearly defined. One of the first usages of the term in the meaning resembling the later, was by French economist François Perroux in his essays from the early 1960s (in his French works he used the term " mondialisation " (literarly worldization in French ), also translated as mundialization). Theodore Levitt is often credited with popularizing

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