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56-798: Chairman of the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission (in Coblenz ) High Commissioners: Non Voting co-optee Chairman of the Inter-Allied Military Control Commission (For Germany, after 1922) Part XIV, Section i of the Treaty of Versailles stipulated: Article 428 Article 429 Article 430 Article 431 Coblenz Koblenz ( UK : / k oʊ ˈ b l ɛ n t s / koh- BLENTS , US : / ˈ k oʊ b l ɛ n t s / KOH -blents , German: [ˈkoːblɛnts] )

112-726: A North Germanic linguistic group of the Early Middle Ages , during which they spoke the Old Norse language . The language belongs to the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages and is the predecessor of the modern Germanic languages of Scandinavia . During the late eighth century, Scandinavians embarked on a large-scale expansion in all directions, giving rise to the Viking Age . In English-language scholarship since

168-572: A large bridge built in 49 AD by the Romans are still visible. The Romans built two forts as protection for the bridge, one in 9 AD and another in the 2nd century, the latter being destroyed by the Franks in 259. North of Koblenz was a temple of Mercury and Rosmerta (a Gallo-Roman deity), which remained in use up to the 5th century. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the city was conquered by

224-517: A new one. In 1953, Bundespräsident Theodor Heuss rededicated the monument to German unity , adding the signs of the remaining western federal states as well as the ones of the lost areas in the East. A Flag of Germany has flown there since. The Saarland was added four years later after the population had voted to join Germany. In the 1980s, a film clip of the monument was often shown on late night TV when

280-564: A popular hub of royalist émigrés and escaping feudal lords who had fled France. It was sometime in mid-1791, after June but before October, that supporters of loyalty in Koblenz (as well as Worms and Brussels ) were preparing an invasion of France that was to be supported by foreign armies, with conspirators regularly travel between Koblenz and Tuileries Palace , accepting encouragement and money from King Louis XVI , while secret committees were collecting arms and enrolling men and officers. Among

336-563: Is twinned with: The children's toy yo-yo was nicknamed de Coblenz (Koblenz) in 18th-century France, referring to the large number of noble French émigrées then living in the city. The arrow of virtue (Tugendpfeil) is a large gold or silver hairpin from the female headdress of Koblenz and the left bank of the Rhine until the beginning of the 20th century. It was traditionally worn by young Catholic girls between puberty and marriage. Norsemen The Norsemen (or Norse people ) were

392-534: Is a Baroque edifice by J.C. Sebastiani (1694–1698) serves as the current City Hall. Near Koblenz is the Lahneck Castle near Lahnstein, open to visitors from 1 April to 31 October. The city is close to the Bronze Age earthworks at Goloring , a possible Urnfield calendar constructed some 3,000 years ago. The mild climate allows fig trees , olive trees , palm trees and other Mediterranean plants to grow in

448-722: Is a German city on the banks of the Rhine ( Middle Rhine ) and the Moselle , a multinational tributary. Koblenz was established as a Roman military post by Drusus c.  8 BC . Its name originates from the Latin (ad) cōnfluentēs , meaning "(at the) confluence ". The actual confluence is today known as the " German Corner ", a symbol of the unification of Germany that features an equestrian statue of Emperor William I . The city celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1992. It ranks in population behind Mainz and Ludwigshafen am Rhein to be

504-719: Is also on various federal highways 9 , 42 , 49 , 416 , 258 and 327 . The Glockenberg Tunnel connects the Pfaffendorf Bridge to the B ;42. The following bridges cross: Koblenz Hbf is an Intercity-Express stop on the West Rhine Railway between Bonn and Mainz and is also served by trains on the East Rhine Railway Wiesbaden – Cologne . Koblenz is the beginning of the Moselle line to Trier (and connecting to Luxemburg and Saarbrücken ) and

560-618: The Danes , Icelanders , Faroe Islanders , Norwegians , and Swedes , who are now generally referred to as " Scandinavians " rather than Norsemen. The word Norseman first appears in English during the early 19th century: the earliest attestation given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary is from Walter Scott 's 1817 Harold the Dauntless . The word was coined using

616-500: The Duke of Brunswick , who commanded one of the invading armies, composed of 70,000 Prussians and 68,000 Austrians, Hessians and émigrés, began to march upon Koblenz. He published a manifesto in which he threatened to set fire to the towns that dared to defend themselves, and to exterminate their inhabitants as rebels, including Koblenz. The city's fate was at hand. But, just as in World War 1,

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672-451: The Lahntal railway to Limburg and Gießen . The other stations in Koblenz are Koblenz-Ehrenbreitstein , Koblenz-Güls, Koblenz-Lützel , Koblenz-Moselweiß and Koblenz Stadtmitte , which opened on 14 April 2011. The campus of University of Koblenz is located in the city. The Koblenz University of Applied Sciences ( German : Hochschule Koblenz ) is also located in the city. Koblenz

728-558: The Lahntal railway , part of the Berlin railway referred to above. The Moselle is spanned by a Gothic freestone bridge of 14 arches, erected in 1344, two modern road bridges and also by two railway bridges. Since 1890, the city has consisted of the Altstadt (old city) and the Neustadt (new city) or Klemenstadt. Of these, the Altstadt is closely built and has only a few fine streets and squares, while

784-570: The Varangian Guard . Modern Scandinavian languages have a common word for Norsemen: the word nordbo ( Swedish : nordborna , Danish : nordboerne , Norwegian : nordboerne , or nordbuane in the definite plural ) is used for both ancient and modern people living in the Nordic countries and speaking one of the North Germanic languages . The British conception of the Vikings' origins

840-536: The (re) foundation of the German Empire and the German refusal of any French claims to the area, as described in the song " Die Wacht am Rhein " together with the "Wacht am Rhein" called " Niederwalddenkmal " some 60 kilometers (37 miles) upstream. During World War II, the statue was destroyed by US artillery. The French occupation administration intended the complete destruction of the monument and wanted to replace it with

896-847: The 17th century, it has been home to the Königsbacher (now Koblenzer) brewery (the Old Brewery in Koblenz's historic center, and now a plant in Koblenz-Stolzenfels). It is an important regional transit hub. The headquarters of the German Army Forces Command was located in the city until 2012. Its successor, the German Army Command (German: Kommando Heer, Kdo H) is based at the von-Hardenberg-Kaserne in Strausberg, Brandenburg. The Bundeswehr's Joint Medical Service Headquarters

952-434: The 19th century, Norse seafaring traders, settlers and warriors have commonly been referred to as Vikings . Historians of Anglo-Saxon England distinguish between Norse Vikings (Norsemen) from Norway, who mainly invaded and occupied the islands north and north-west of Britain, as well as Ireland and western Britain, and Danish Vikings, who principally invaded and occupied eastern Britain. Modern descendants of Norsemen include

1008-493: The Danish–German border. The southernmost living Vikings lived no further north than Newcastle upon Tyne , and travelled to Britain more from the east than from the north. The Norse Scandinavians established polities and settlements in what are now Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales), Ireland, Iceland, Russia, Belarus, France, Sicily , Belgium, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, Greenland , Canada, and

1064-593: The Franks and became a royal seat. After the division of Charlemagne 's empire, it was included in the lands of his son Louis the Pious (814). In 837, it was assigned to Charles the Bald , and a few years later it was here that Carolingian heirs discussed what was to become the Treaty of Verdun (843), by which the city became part of Lotharingia under Lothair I . In 860 and 922, Koblenz

1120-651: The Germans, Lochlanach (Norse) by the Gaels and Dene (Danes) by the Anglo-Saxons. The Gaelic terms Finn-Gall (Norwegian Viking or Norwegian), Dubh-Gall (Danish Viking or Danish) and Gall Goidel (foreign Gaelic) were used for the people of Norse descent in Ireland and Scotland, who assimilated into the Gaelic culture. Dubliners called them Ostmen, or East-people, and

1176-457: The Neustadt possesses numerous broad streets and a handsome frontage along the Rhine. In the more ancient part of Koblenz stand several buildings which have a historical interest. Prominent among these, near the point of confluence of the rivers, is the Basilica of St. Castor or Kastorkirche , dedicated to Castor of Karden , with four towers. The church was founded in 836 by Louis the Pious , but

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1232-526: The Norsemen, for a long time in bonds of captivity to the heathens". In modern scholarship, Vikings is a common term for attacking Norsemen, especially in connection with raids and monastic plundering by Norsemen in the British Isles , but it was not used in this sense at the time. In Old Norse and Old English, the word simply meant 'pirate'. The Norse were also known as Ascomanni , ashmen , by

1288-742: The Northmen who visited the Eastern Slavic lands originated. Archaeologists and historians of today believe that these Scandinavian settlements in the East Slavic lands formed the names of the countries of Russia and Belarus . The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them Varangians ( Old Norse : Væringjar , meaning "sworn men"), and the Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as

1344-462: The adjective norse , which was borrowed into English from Dutch during the 16th century with the sense 'Norwegian', and which by Scott's time had acquired the sense "of or relating to Scandinavia or its language, esp[ecially] in ancient or medieval times". As with modern use of the word viking , therefore, the word norseman has no particular basis in medieval usage. The term Norseman does echo terms meaning 'Northman', applied to Norse-speakers by

1400-617: The anti- sans-culottes , pro-England merchants. Due to their experience in the French Revolution, Peter Kropotkin had termed the phrase Koblenzian to describe the type of royalist émigrés that lived in Koblenz. The city was a member of the league of the Rhenish cities which rose in the 13th century. The Teutonic Knights founded the Bailiwick of Koblenz in or around 1231. Koblenz attained great prosperity and it continued to advance until

1456-535: The area. In the modern part of the city lies the palace ( Residenzschloss ), with one front looking towards the Rhine, the other into the Neustadt. It was built in 1778–1786 by Clemens Wenceslaus , the last elector of Trier, following a design by the French architect P.M. d'Ixnard. In 1833, the palace was used as a barracks, and became a terminal post for the optical telecommunications system that originated in Potsdam. Today,

1512-551: The city at the Autobahnkreuz Koblenz has been in operation since 19 September 2012. The international headquarters of Canyon Bicycles GmbH is also in Koblenz which is where it began in 1985. To the west of the town is the autobahn A 61 , connecting Ludwigshafen and Mönchengladbach, to the north is the east–west running A 48 , connecting the A ;1 , Saarbrücken-Cologne, with the A 3 , Frankfurt-Cologne. The city

1568-527: The city of Koblenz was saved. In 1793, the uprising of Catholic peasants at the Vendée aimed at the overthrow of the National Assembly , which began only after emissaries from Koblenz traveled there, bringing papal bulls , royal decrees and gold. In escaping the watchful eye of French revolutionary forces, these emissaries were aided and protected by the middle classes, the ex-slave-traders of Nantes , and

1624-618: The city, too, is the Liebfrauenkirche , a fine church (nave 1250, choir 1404–1431) with lofty late Romanesque towers; the castle of the electors of Trier , erected in 1280, which now contains the municipal picture gallery; and the family house of the Metternichs, where Prince Metternich , the Austrian statesman, was born in 1773. Also notable is the church of St. Florian, with a two towers façade from c.  1110 . The former Jesuit College

1680-437: The confluence of the Rhine and Mosel, which became known as German Corner ( Deutsches Eck ). In 1897, a monument to German Emperor William I of Germany , mounted on a 14-meter-tall (46 ft) horse, was inaugurated there by his grandson Wilhelm II . The architect was Bruno Schmitz , who was responsible for a number of nationalistic German monuments and memorials. The German Corner is since associated with this monument,

1736-509: The disaster of the Thirty Years' War brought about a rapid decline. After Philip Christopher, elector of Trier , surrendered Ehrenbreitstein to the French, the city received an imperial garrison in 1632. However, this force was soon expelled by the Swedes, who in their turn handed the city over again to the French. Imperial forces finally succeeded in retaking it by storm in 1636. In 1688, Koblenz

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1792-566: The eastern German Kingdom, later the Holy Roman Empire . In 1018, the city was given by the emperor Henry II to the archbishop-elector of Trier after receiving a charter. It remained in the possession of his successors until the end of the 18th century, having been their main residence since the 17th century. Emperor Conrad II was elected here in 1138. In 1198, the battle between Philip of Swabia and Otto IV took place nearby. In 1216, prince-bishop Theoderich von Wied donated part of

1848-568: The elector's former palace is a museum. Among other exhibits, it contains some Gobelin tapestries. From it some gardens and promenades (Kaiserin Augusta Anlagen) stretch along the bank of the Rhine, and in them is a memorial to the poet Max von Schenkendorf . A statue to the empress Augusta, whose favorite residence was Koblenz, stands in the Luisenplatz. The Teutonic Knights were given an area for their Deutschherrenhaus Bailiwick right at

1904-553: The extension and improvement of the city, turning the Ehrenbreitstein into a magnificent baroque palace. After the fall of the Bastille in 1789, the city became, through the invitation of the archbishop-elector's chief minister, Ferdinand Freiherr von Duminique, one of the principal rendezvous points for French émigrés . The archbishop-elector approved of this because he was the uncle of the persecuted king of France, Louis XVI . Among

1960-558: The first historic spelling indicates, in German orthography, Latscho Kowelenz. Around 1000 BC, early fortifications were erected on the Festung Ehrenbreitstein hill on the opposite side of the Rhine. In 55 BC, Roman troops commanded by Julius Caesar reached the Rhine and built a bridge between Koblenz and Andernach . About 9 BC, the Castellum apud Confluentes , was one of the military posts established by Drusus . Remains of

2016-469: The flag was replaced by a copy of the statue, donated by a local couple. The day chosen for the reinstatement of the statue, however, caused controversy as it coincided with Sedantag (Sedan Day) (September 2, 1870) a day of celebration remembering Germany's victory over France in the Battle of Sedan. The event was widely celebrated from the 1870s until the 1910s. Formerly separate villages now incorporated into

2072-643: The former walls at the junction of the Cologne-Mainz railway and the strategic Metz-Berlin line . In April 2011 Koblenz-Stadtmitte station was opened in the inner city to coincide with the opening of the Federal Garden Show 2011 . The Rhine is crossed by the Pfaffendorf Bridge , originally the location of a rail bridge, but now a road bridge and, a mile south of city, by the Horchheim Railway Bridge , consisting of two wide and lofty spans carrying

2128-411: The hills encircling the city to the west, and the citadel of Ehrenbreitstein on the opposite bank of the Rhine. The old city was triangular in shape, two sides being bounded by the Rhine and Mosel and the third by a line of fortifications. The latter were razed in 1890, and the city was permitted to expand in this direction. The Koblenz Hauptbahnhof (central station) was built on a spacious site outside

2184-465: The jurisdiction of the city of Koblenz Koblenz is a principal seat of the Mosel and Rhenish wine trade, and also does a large business in the export of mineral waters. Its manufactures include automotive parts (braking systems – TRW Automotive , gas springs and hydraulic vibration dampers – Stabilus ), aluminum coils ( Aleris International, Inc. ), pianos, paper, cardboard, machinery, boats, and barges. Since

2240-589: The lands of the basilica and the hospital to the Teutonic Knights , which later became the Deutsches Eck . In 1249–1254, Koblenz was given new walls by Archbishop Arnold II of Isenburg ; and it was partly to overawe the turbulent citizens that successive archbishops built and strengthened the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein that still dominates the city. When the French Revolution broke out, Koblenz became

2296-657: The many royalist French refugees who flooded into the city were Louis XVI 's two younger brothers, the Comte de Provence and the Comte d'Artois . In addition, Louis XVI 's cousin, Prince Louis Joseph de Bourbon, prince de Condé , arrived and formed an army of young aristocrats willing to fight the French Revolution and restore the Ancien Régime . The Army of Condé joined with an allied army of Prussian and Austrian soldiers led by Duke Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Brunswick in an unsuccessful invasion of France in 1792. This drew down

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2352-558: The name Oxmanstown (an area in central Dublin; the name is still current) comes from one of their settlements; they were also known as Lochlannaigh , or Lake-people. The Slavs , the Arabs and the Byzantines knew them as the Rus' or Rhōs ( Ῥῶς ), probably derived from various uses of rōþs- , i.e. "related to rowing", or from the area of Roslagen in east-central Sweden, where most of

2408-429: The national anthem was played to mark the end of the day, a practice which was discontinued when nonstop broadcasting became common. On October 3, 1990, the very day the former GDR states joined, their signs were added to the monument. As German unity was considered complete and the areas under Polish administration were ceded to Poland, the monument lost its official active purpose, now only reminding of history. In 1993,

2464-606: The notable émigrés living at Koblenz were Charles, Count of Artois , (future Charles X ), ex-minister Charles Alexandre de Calonne , and Louis, Count of Provence (future Louis XVIII ). Officers and men were recruited through the Gazette de Paris (sixty livres for each recruit), and the enrolled men were then sent to Metz and afterwards to Koblenz, and in a visit by Claude Allier to Koblenz in January 1792, he stated that 60,000 men were armed and ready to take action. On July 26, 1792,

2520-644: The peoples they encountered during the Middle Ages. The Old Frankish word Nortmann ("Northman") was Latinised as Normannus and was widely used in Latin texts. The Latin word Normannus then entered Old French as Normands . From this word came the name of the Normans and of Normandy , which was settled by Norsemen in the tenth century. The same word entered Hispanic languages and local varieties of Latin with forms beginning not only in n- , but in l- , such as lordomanni (apparently reflecting nasal dissimilation in local Romance languages). This form may in turn have been borrowed into Arabic:

2576-474: The present Romanesque building was completed in 1208, the Gothic vaulted roof dating from 1498. In front of the church of Saint Castor stands a fountain, erected by the French in 1812, with an inscription to commemorate Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Not long after, Russian troops occupied Koblenz; and St. Priest, their commander, added in irony these words: "Vu et approuvé par nous, Commandant russe de la Ville de Coblence: Janvier 1er, 1814." In this quarter of

2632-449: The prominent early Arabic source al-Mas‘ūdī identified the 844 raiders on Seville not only as Rūs but also al-lawdh’āna . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , written in Old English , distinguishes between the pagan Norwegian Norsemen ( Norðmenn ) of Dublin and the Christian Danes ( Dene ) of the Danelaw . In 942, it records the victory of King Edmund I over the Norse kings of York: "The Danes were previously subjected by force under

2688-402: The third-largest city in Rhineland-Palatinate . Its usual-residents' population is 112,000 (as of 2015 ). Koblenz lies in a narrow flood plain between high hill ranges, some reaching mountainous height, and is served by an express rail and autobahn network. It is part of the populous Rhineland . Historic spellings include Covelenz , Coblenz , and Cobelenz . In local dialect the name is as

2744-399: The torrential rains and difficult conditions of the Argonne forest halted the invaders, the roads "were liquid mud," and supplies began to run out due to weather impacting supply lines. The radical revolutionary Georges Danton negotiated with the Duke of Brunswick, under unknown conditions, for his retreat, which was carried out through Grand-Pré and Verdun , then across the Rhine , and

2800-431: The wrath of the First French Republic on the archbishop-elector; in 1794, Koblenz was taken by the French Revolutionary army under Marceau (who was killed during the siege), and, after the signing of the Treaty of Lunéville (1801) it was made the capital of the new French department of Rhin-et-Moselle . In 1814, it was occupied by the Russians . The Congress of Vienna assigned the city to Prussia , and in 1822, it

2856-430: Was besieged by the French under Marshal de Boufflers , but they only succeeded in bombing the Old City ( Altstadt ) into ruins, destroying among other buildings the Old Merchants' Hall ( Kaufhaus ), which was restored in its present form in 1725. The city was the residence of the archbishop-electors of Trier from 1690 to 1801. In 1786, the last archbishop-elector of Trier, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony , greatly assisted

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2912-456: Was formed in 2012 as part of a larger reorganization of the Bundeswehr. It is based at the Falckenstein-Barracks (Falckenstein-Kaserne) and the Rhine-Barracks (Rhein-Kaserne) in Koblenz. It is the high command of the German Army Joint Medical Service. The Headquarters is also the Staff of the Inspector of the Joint Medical Service, Generaloberstabsarzt Dr. Ulrich Baumgaertner. An Amazon logistics hub located some 15 kilometers (9 miles) outside

2968-451: Was heavily bombed and rebuilt afterwards. From 16 – 19 March 1945, it was the scene of heavy fighting by the U.S. 87th Infantry Division in support of Operation Lumberjack . Between 1947 and 1950, it served as the seat of government of Rhineland-Palatinate . The Rhine Gorge was declared a World Heritage Site in 2002, with Koblenz marking the northern end. Its defensive works are extensive, and consist of strong forts crowning

3024-445: Was inaccurate. Those who plundered Britain lived in what is today Denmark, Scania , the western coast of Sweden and Norway (up to almost the 70th parallel ) and along the Swedish Baltic coast up to around the 60th latitude and Lake Mälaren . They also came from the island of Gotland , Sweden. The border between the Norsemen and more southerly Germanic tribes, the Danevirke , today is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of

3080-428: Was made the seat of government for the Prussian Rhine Province . After World War I , France occupied the area once again. The city was the center of the American occupation force from 1919 - 1923. In defiance of the French, the German populace of the city insisted on using the more German spelling of Koblenz after 1926. During World War II it hosted the command of German Army Group B and, like many counterparts,

3136-438: Was the scene of ecclesiastical synods. At the first synod, held in the Liebfrauenkirche, the reconciliation of Louis the German with his half-brother Charles the Bald took place. In the second, slavery was condemned, specifically it was decreed that any man that 'led away a Christian man and then sold him' should be considered guilty of homicide. The city was sacked and destroyed by the Norsemen in 882. In 925, it became part of

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