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26-592: Indrapuri Old Mosque ( Acehnese : Meuseujid Tuha Indra Puri , Indonesian : Masjid Tua Indrapuri ) is a mosque in Indrapuri , Indonesia . Constructed in the early 17th-century, it is one of the oldest mosques in Aceh Province. Indrapuri Old Mosque was constructed between 1607 and 1636. The mosque was built on top of the base of a former 12th-century Hindu temple from the Hindu Kingdom of Lamuri of North Sumatra. It

52-462: A proclitic (1). Meanwhile, intransitives that align with the patient of a transitive verb (Sp) may optionally show agreement by an enclitic (2). Volitionality is the determining factor for whether an intransitive verb is Sa or Sp. Jih he ka= ji =jak. INCHO = 3 =go Jih ka= ji =jak. he INCHO= 3 =go "He has gone." Gopnyan he ka=saket= geuh . INCHO =sick= 3 Gopnyan ka=saket= geuh . he INCHO=sick= 3 "He

78-458: A wide variety of languages aside from Arabic, including Persian , Malay and Urdu , which are not Semitic . Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabic phonology . For example, the Arabic language lacks a voiceless bilabial plosive (the [p] sound), therefore many languages add their own letter to represent [p] in the script, though

104-857: Is called Bahasa Aceh . Acehnese belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian . Acehnese's closest relatives are the other Chamic languages , which are principally spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia . The distant relative of the Chamic family is the Malayic language family, which includes languages also spoken in Sumatra such as Minangkabau as well as the national language, Indonesian . Paul Sidwell notes that Acehnese likely has an Austroasiatic substratum. Linguist Paul Sidwell wrote that "Sometime during this early phase of language shift, perhaps before

130-506: Is narrated that the kingdom had fought against navy from China , and Lamuri kings emerged victorious eventually with the help of Meurah Johan , who was a prince of the Islamic Linga dynasty and later became a Lamuri king as an adherent of Islam. Since then, the place has been converted into a mosque. Renovation occurred in 1696 and later in 1879. Indrapuri Old Mosque was built over a land of 33.875 square metres (364.63 sq ft),

156-598: Is sick." Formerly, the Acehnese language was written in an Arabic script called Jawoë or Jawi in the Malay language. The script is less common nowadays. Since colonization by the Dutch, the Acehnese language has been written in the Latin script , with the addition of supplementary letters. The diacritical letters are é, è, ë, ö and ô. The sound /ɨ/ is represented by ⟨eu⟩ and

182-633: The Sahel , developed with the spread of Islam . To a certain degree the style and usage tends to follow those of the Maghreb (for instance the position of the dots in the letters fāʼ and qāf ). Additional diacritics have come into use to facilitate the writing of sounds not represented in the Arabic language. The term ʻAjamī , which comes from the Arabic root for "foreign", has been applied to Arabic-based orthographies of African languages. Today Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China are

208-773: The Syriac alphabet , which are both derived from the Aramaic alphabet , which, in turn, descended from the Phoenician alphabet . The Phoenician script also gave rise to the Greek alphabet (and, therefore, both the Cyrillic alphabet and the Latin alphabet used in America and most European countries.). In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around Petra , Jordan . These people (now named Nabataeans from

234-426: The 16th century, it was also used for some Spanish texts, and—prior to the script reform in 1928 —it was the writing system of Turkish . The script is written from right to left in a cursive style, in which most of the letters are written in slightly different forms according to whether they stand alone or are joined to a following or preceding letter. The script does not have capital letters . In most cases,

260-438: The Arabic alphabet use the same base shapes. Most additional letters in languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet are built by adding (or removing) diacritics to existing Arabic letters. Some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. For example, variant forms of kāf ك ک ڪ ‎ are used in some languages and sometimes have specific usages. In Urdu and some neighbouring languages,

286-509: The Arabic script is used to write Serbo-Croatian , Sorani , Kashmiri , Mandarin Chinese , or Uyghur , vowels are mandatory. The Arabic script can, therefore, be used as a true alphabet as well as an abjad , although it is often strongly, if erroneously, connected to the latter due to it being originally used only for Arabic. Use of the Arabic script in West African languages, especially in

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312-615: The Arabic script were incorporated among the assortment of scripts used for writing native languages. In the 20th century, the Arabic script was generally replaced by the Latin alphabet in the Balkans , parts of Sub-Saharan Africa , and Southeast Asia , while in the Soviet Union , after a brief period of Latinisation , use of Cyrillic was mandated. Turkey changed to the Latin alphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing revolution. After

338-454: The Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for inscriptions (known as "monumental Nabataean") and the other, more cursive and hurriedly written and with joined letters, for writing on papyrus . This cursive form influenced the monumental form more and more and gradually changed into the Arabic alphabet. The Arabic script has been adapted for use in

364-585: The English language tradition. Atjehnese is the Dutch spelling and an outdated Indonesian one. The spelling Achehnese originates from a 1906 English translation of the Dutch-language Studien over atjesche klank- en schriftleer. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 35.346-442 by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje , 1892. In Acehnese the language is called Basa/Bahsa Acèh . In Indonesian it

390-452: The addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are: Persian ( Farsi and Dari ), Urdu , Uyghur , Kurdish , Pashto , Punjabi ( Shahmukhi ), Sindhi , Azerbaijani (Torki in Iran), Malay ( Jawi ), Javanese and Indonesian ( Pegon ), Balti , Balochi , Luri , Kashmiri , Cham (Akhar Srak), Rohingya , Somali , Mandinka , and Mooré , among others. Until

416-426: The area which corresponds to the base of the older Hindu temple. The mosque is located to the east riverbank of Aceh River , around 100 metres (330 ft) from the edge of the river. Acehnese language As of 1988, Acehnese is the modern English name spelling and the bibliographical standard, and Acehnese people use the spelling Acehnese when writing in English. Achinese is an antiquated spelling of

442-608: The beginning of Common Era, the Chamic speakers who were to become the Acehnese left the mainland on a journey that would ultimately end in northern Sumatra." Basing on Graham Thurgood 's thesis, Sidwell argues that Acehnese likely had been long separated from Chamic around the first to second century BCE. Acehnese language is spoken primarily in coastal region of Aceh. This language is spoken in thirteen regencies and four cities in Aceh, which are: City North-East Coast West-South Coast Oral monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in

468-766: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attempted to follow Turkey's lead and convert to a Turkish-style Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabic alphabet has occurred to a limited extent in Tajikistan , whose language's close resemblance to Persian allows direct use of publications from Afghanistan and Iran. As of Unicode 15.1, the following ranges encode Arabic characters: Used to represent / ɡ / in Morocco and in many dialects of Algerian . Most languages that use alphabets based on

494-465: The letters transcribe consonants , or consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets are abjads , with the versions used for some languages, such as Kurdish dialect of Sorani , Uyghur , Mandarin , and Bosniak , being alphabets . It is the basis for the tradition of Arabic calligraphy . The Arabic alphabet is derived either from the Nabataean alphabet or (less widely believed) directly from

520-407: The main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic alphabet to write one or more official national languages, including Azerbaijani , Baluchi , Brahui , Persian , Pashto , Central Kurdish , Urdu , Sindhi , Kashmiri , Punjabi and Uyghur . An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the following languages: With the establishment of Muslim rule in the subcontinent , one or more forms of

546-558: The name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke Nabataean Arabic , a dialect of the Arabic language. In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE, the first known records of the Nabataean alphabet were written in the Aramaic language (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of

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572-497: The official translations of article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Acehnese, along with the original declaration in English. Arabic script Co-official script in: Official script at regional level in: The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic ( Arabic alphabet ) and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in

598-1537: The sound /ʌ/ is represented by ⟨ö⟩ , respectively. The letter 'ë' is used exclusively to represent the schwa sound which forms the second part of diphthongs. The letters f, q, v, x, and z are only used in loanwords. Acehnese language is rich with literature. The oldest manuscript written in Acehnese is Hikayat Seumau'un from 1658 CE. Most Acehnese literatures consist of poetic works, very little written in prose form. At least ten Achehnese dialects exist: Pasè, Peusangan, Matang, Pidië, Buëng, Banda, Daya, Meulabôh, Seunagan, and Tunong. At least three major dialects exist: Baet Lambuot, Mesjid Punteut and Panthe Ketapang. Baet Lambuot dialect spoken in Aceh Besar regency. Mesjid Punteut dialect spoken in Simpang Ulim district, East Aceh regency. Panthe Ketapang dialect spoken in Jaya district, Aceh Jaya regency. Geographical dialects: Aceh Besar, Pidie, Peusangan, Pasai, East Aceh ( Aceh Timur ) and West Aceh ( Aceh Barat ), North Aceh ( Aceh Utara ), Bireun, Aceh Jaya West coast dialects ( dialek pesisir barat ): Tunong, Seunagan, Meulabôh, Daya. Banda Aceh dialect Aceh Besar dialect       Tunong dialect Seunagan dialect Meulabôh dialect Daya dialect Peusangan dialect     The following texts are excerpts from

624-522: The specific letter used varies from language to language. These modifications tend to fall into groups: Indian and Turkic languages written in the Arabic script tend to use the Persian modified letters , whereas the languages of Indonesia tend to imitate those of Jawi . The modified version of the Arabic script originally devised for use with Persian is known as the Perso-Arabic script by scholars. When

650-428: The table below. In addition to the modern 26 letter basic Latin alphabet , Acehnese uses the supplementary letters è, é, ë, ô, and ö, making a total of 31 letters in its orthography. The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations. Notes: Acehnese features a split ergative system. Intransitives that align with the agent of a transitive verb (Sa) always show agreement by

676-472: The world (after the Latin script ), the second-most widely used writing system in the world by number of countries using it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and Chinese scripts ). The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Quran , the holy book of Islam . With the religion's spread , it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to

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