Independence II was a Paleo-Eskimo culture that flourished in northern and northeastern Greenland from around 700 to 80 BC, north and south of the Independence Fjord . The Independence II culture existed in roughly the same areas of Greenland as the Independence I culture , which became extinct six centuries before the beginning of Independence II.
30-537: Independence II is attested in northern Greenland by settlements on central Peary Land . There, it is estimated that the Independence II population was of no more than four to six families, and that it must therefore have been in contact with people of Ellesmere island in Canada or with people in north-eastern Greenland. It has been argued that there is virtually no difference in the material cultures of Independence II and
60-622: A museum, with a collection of artefacts from polar explorations. In 1993 zinc and lead deposits were discovered in the Citronen Fjord . They are deemed the largest yet unexploited zinc deposits in the world, and the exploitation of the Citronen mine is in the preparation phase. Important zinc and barium deposits have also been found at Navarana Fjord . Peary Land is bounded by the Lincoln Sea (west of Cape Morris Jesup) and Wandel Sea of
90-613: A southward drift of sea ice toward Ellesmere Island and Nares Strait . It has been concluded that shear in the Lincoln Sea narrow boundary current plays an important role in shifting and thus removing sea ice from the Arctic region. The majority of sea ice export takes place on the eastern edges of the Arctic Ocean circulation near Greenland through the Fram Strait . Sea ice export through
120-480: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Greenland -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article relating to archaeology is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Peary Land Peary Land is a peninsula in northern Greenland , extending into the Arctic Ocean . It reaches from Victoria Fjord in the west to Independence Fjord in
150-514: Is a body of water in the Arctic Ocean , stretching from Cape Columbia , Canada , in the west to Cape Morris Jesup , Greenland , in the east. The northern limit is defined as the great circle line between those two headlands . It is covered with sea ice throughout the year, the thickest sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, which can be up to 15 m (49 ft) thick. Water depths range from 100 m (330 ft) to 300 m (980 ft). Water and ice from Lincoln Sea empty into Robeson Channel ,
180-425: Is a peninsula. There are more than 200 kilometers of dry land up to 1500 meters high between Nordenskiöld Fjord and Independence Fjord. There are two Arctic research stations on Jørgen Brønlund Fjord , Brønlundhus (erected in 1948) and Cape Harald Moltke (erected in 1972). Both stations were built on the initiative of Eigil Knuth and have been the basis for many scientific expeditions. Cape Harald Moltke station
210-596: Is only a bit more than 700 kilometres (435 mi) south of the North Pole . Peary Land is not covered by an ice cap because the air is too dry to produce snow. Precipitation levels are so low (only about 25 millimetres (1 in) per year) that most of its surface is polar desert . Located mostly north of the 82°N parallel , it contains the most northerly ice-free region of the world, mostly in Southern Peary Land (such as Melville Land and Herlufsholm Strand ) on
240-538: Is the Wandel Sea . Because of the severe ice conditions that last year-round, oceanographic measurements of the Lincoln Sea have been all but impossible. Before the 1980s, only low-flying aircraft samplings and ground observations from ice islands could be attempted; these did not stray far from the shores of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago due to the harsh environment. Between 1989 and 1994,
270-490: Is too insignificant to be used by Greenland to help determine the international boundary. In 2022, Canada and Denmark formalized the maritime boundary between Nunavut and Greenland, including in the Lincoln Sea, and establishing a land border on Hans Island . The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Lincoln Sea as follows: On the North. Cape Columbia to Cape Morris Jesup ( Greenland ). On
300-521: The Arctic Ocean basin, narrow boundary currents are hypothesized to house intense large-scale advection that is critical in the general circulation of Arctic waters. From the Bering Strait , Pacific Ocean waters flow counterclockwise (cyclonically) along the northern shores of Canada , passing through the Lincoln Sea. Atlantic Ocean waters cyclonically flow in from and return to the Eurasian basin along
330-589: The Beaufort Sea , whose boundary currents are responsible for large-scale advection within the Arctic circulation. Because of this mutual oceanographic behavior, it has been determined that the Lincoln Sea undercurrent continuously flows and is a component of the boundary current system that spans between Alaska and Greenland along the northern shores of the Canadian archipelago. In May 2004 and 2005, electromagnetic measurements from helicopters revealed insights into
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#1732848925113360-538: The Greenland Sea continental slope. The waters of these basins converge at the Lincoln Sea, creating unique vertical temperature and salinity profiles here. Measurements detail that both the Pacific and Eurasian Ocean water profiles are clearly offset from one another, an important facet of the hydrography of the Lincoln Sea. The Lincoln Sea has been found to contain water with three distinct properties. The first concerns
390-437: The Arctic Ocean in the north. Oodaaq island, the northernmost point of land of the world, lies off the north coast. Frederick E. Hyde Fjord , which cuts into Peary Land from the east 150 kilometres (93 mi) deep, divides it into Northern Peary Land and Southern Peary Land. Cape Eiler Rasmussen is the easternmost point. The coastline is deeply indented by smaller fjords , such as G.B. Schley Fjord and Hellefisk Fjord in
420-403: The Arctic basin's large-scale circulation, and so their characteristics appear to change over to those found in the Eurasian basin. Along the continental margins of the Arctic Ocean basin, narrow boundary currents are hypothesized to house intense large-scale advection that is critical in the general circulation of Arctic waters. One of these boundary currents resides along the sloping edge of
450-678: The Canadian archipelago was originally assumed to be zero, but that is not the case. The Lincoln Sea contains very thick multi-year sea ice, and so was thought to be stationary because of the apparent lack of oceanic outlets. However, according to a Canadian sea ice study, an area of approximately 22500 km of multi-year sea ice is drained through the Nares Strait each year. During the Northern Hemisphere winter , an area of about 225 km of ice reforms, resulting in 335 km of total sea ice drainage. Although this represents only one of
480-498: The Lincoln Sea shelf, between the base and the shelf break at approximately 1600 m. The current's strength is 5–6 cm/s, according to long-term measurements. Assuming an undercurrent with an average strength of 4 cm/s and dimensions of 50 km in length and 1000 m in depth, the transport delivered over the slope of the Lincoln Sea shelf would be 2 Sverdrups , where 1 Sverdrup equals 10^6 m^3/s. Measurements reveal that this undercurrent shares comparable features to that found in
510-618: The area around Jørgen Brønlund Fjord . Other fauna includes Arctic fox , polar wolf , polar bear , and Arctic hare . In former times there were also caribou , but the last live caribou reported from Northern Greenland were seen in Hall Land in 1922. The flora includes 33 species of flowering plants. One to two million years ago, when climates were warmer, trees such as larch , black spruce , birch , yew , and thuja grew in northernmost Peary Land. Lincoln Sea Lincoln Sea ( French : Mer de Lincoln ; Danish : Lincolnhavet )
540-470: The contemporary Dorset culture in southern Greenland, locally known as Dorset I. Those who lump these two entities together refer to them jointly as Greenlandic Dorset . Unlike Independence II, to the south, Dorset I persisted to at least AD 800. Danish explorer Eigil Knuth first recognised the existence of Independence I and II. This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America
570-685: The east, and Sands Fjord , Benedict Fjord , J.P. Koch Fjord , De Long Fjord and Weyprecht Fjord in the west. Børglum River , the largest river in Greenland, is located in Peary Land. Peary Land is not part of any municipality but belongs to the Northeast Greenland National Park . The size of the region is about 375 kilometres (233 mi) from east to west and 200 kilometres (124 mi) from north to south, with an estimated area of 57,000 square kilometres (22,008 sq mi). It
600-593: The field experiments in Project Spinnaker were underway, implementing instrumentation that captured temperature and salinity profiles well into the heart of the Lincoln Sea. Taken just east of where the North American continent intersects the Lomonosov Ridge , these observations revealed the oceanographic features and current formations within and surrounding the Lincoln Sea. Along the continental margins of
630-494: The many pathways from the Arctic Ocean basin through the Canadian archipelago, "…this [total drainage] is an order of magnitude less than the flux of sea ice out of [the] Fram Strait." A disagreement over a 200-square-kilometre section of the Lincoln Sea emerged after 1973 when Canada and Denmark signed a treaty establishing the offshore boundary north of Canada's Ellesmere Island and Danish -controlled Greenland but left portions of it undefined. From Canada's point of view,
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#1732848925113660-462: The northern side of Independence Fjord . It was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age. However, in its western part, there is the Hans Tausen Ice Cap with ice at least 344 metres (1,129 ft) thick. Peary Land is mountainous; the highest elevation is Helvetia Tinde reaching up to 1,929 m (6,329 ft) in the heavily glaciated and little-explored Roosevelt Range ,
690-516: The northernmost mountain range in the world. The 1,737 m (5,699 ft) high Wistar Bjerg in the Nordkrone and the 1,433 m (4,701 ft) high Stjernebannertinde , highest point of the H.H. Benedict Range (a subrange of the Roosevelt Range), Musk oxen and Peary Land collared lemmings are supported by the sparse vegetation, which covers only about 5% of the surface, mostly in
720-452: The northernmost part of Nares Strait , most of the time. The sea was named after Robert Todd Lincoln , then United States Secretary of War , on Adolphus W. Greely 's 1881–1884 Arctic expedition into Lady Franklin Bay . Alert , the northernmost station of Canada, is the only populated place on the shore of Lincoln Sea. The body of water to the east of Lincoln Sea (east of Cape Morris Jesup)
750-459: The point of focus in the Lincoln Sea dispute has been Denmark's inclusion of Beaumont Island (Greenland) (not to be confused with Beaumont Island off the west coast of Graham Land , Antarctica ) off Greenland's northwest coast in calculating the boundary. The boundary is determined in that region by an "equidistance" principle that draws the line halfway between points along each country's coastline. Canada has basically argued that Beaumont Island
780-430: The south and southeast, and to the Arctic Ocean in the north, with Cape Morris Jesup , the northernmost point of Greenland's mainland, and Cape Bridgman in the northeast. Peary Land was historically inhabited by three separate cultures, during which times the climate was milder than presently: The area is named after Robert E. Peary , who first explored it during his expedition of 1891 to 1892. Originally, Peary Land
810-492: The thickness of the sea ice in the Lincoln Sea and surrounding waters. With thicknesses ranging between 3.9 and 4.2 m, multi-year ice dominates south of 84°N. First-year ice , with thicknesses ranging between 0.9 and 2.2 m, denotes the refreezing of the Lincoln Polynya ice. These helicopter measurements concur with satellite-based radar imagery as well as ground-based electromagnetic observations. Drifting buoys have exposed
840-429: The water in the inner part of the Lincoln Sea shelf, where the temperature and salinity profiles increase from the surface to the seafloor. The second involves the water covering the outer part of the shelf, including the slope; the waters here hold attributes similar to those in the Canadian basin and thus not unlike those from the Pacific. The third includes the waters north of the shelf's slope. These waters protrude into
870-561: Was believed to be an island, separated from the main island by the so-called Peary Channel , an assumed connection between Nordenskiöld Fjord and Independence Fjord which in fact did not exist. Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen (1872–1907), the ill-fated leader of the Denmark expedition , searched in vain for the Peary Channel in 1907 and was misled to his death by existing maps. Knud Rasmussen 's First Thule Expedition confirmed in 1912 that Peary Land
900-436: Was built later in connection with use of the natural runway east of Jørgen Brønlund Fjord mouth. The stations are located 10 km from each other on either side of the fjord, with Brønlundhus on the western side, and communication between them in summer is by boat, depending on ice conditions. Since the death of Eigil Knuth, the stations have been administered by Peary Land Foundation. Today, Brønlundhus can be characterised as
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