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67-702: The city is best-known as the home of the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari which hosts the Formula One Emilia Romagna Grand Prix and formerly hosted the San Marino Grand Prix , named after the independent nation of San Marino around 100 km to the south. Sometime around 82 BCE , the Roman dictator L. Cornelius Sulla founded the city, which was originally known eponymously in ancient times as Forum Cornelii ("Forum of Cornelius"). The city

134-614: A constitutional one. That this transition should experience no shock, nor be exposed to anarchy, the Executive Directory thought proper to nominate, for the present, the members of the government and the legislative body, so that the people should, after the lapse of one year, have the election to the vacant places, in conformity to the Constitution. For a great number of years, there existed no republic in Italy. The sacred fire of liberty

201-418: A high-kerbed chicane, was hit quite hard by the drivers which caused damage to the cars and was the site of quite a few accidents. Before the 2006 Grand Prix, the kerbs were lowered considerably and the turn itself was tightened to reduce speeds and hopefully reduce the number of accidents at the chicane. The Grand Prix was removed from the calendar of the 2007 Formula One season . SAGIS, the company that owns

268-418: A lead of 10 minutes and 10 seconds over runner up Herman Van Springel , the second largest winning margin in the history of the championships, after Georges Ronsse 's victory in 1928 . In addition Adorni's countryman Michele Dancelli took the bronze and five of the top six finishers were Italian. The circuit was used for stage 11 of the 2015 Giro d'Italia , which was won by Ilnur Zakarin , and stage 12 of

335-758: A round of the Superbike World Championship from 2001 to 2006 and later since 2009. It hosts the final round of the FIM Motocross World Championship since 2018. The World Touring Car Championship visited Imola in 2005 for the Race of San Marino , in 2008 for the Race of Europe , and in 2009 for the Race of Italy . The venue hosted a round of the International GT Open from 2009 to 2011 and also in 2021. The TCR International Series raced at Imola in 2016 . The 6 Hours of Imola

402-781: A single municipality, with each commune having its own municipal agent . The first constitution did not have a long life. On 14 Fructidor, year VI (31 August 1798), the French ambassador Claude-Joseph Trouvé (who was only thirty years old) dismissed the Directory, and the next day he promulgated a new constitution with a stronger executive power. The departments numbered eleven again, now covering larger geographical areas: Olona ( Milan ), Alto Po ( Cremona ), Serio ( Bergamo ), Adda and Oglio ( Morbegno ), Mella ( Brescia ), Mincio ( Mantua ), Panaro ( Modena ), Crostolo ( Reggio ), Reno ( Bologna ), Basso Po ( Ferrara ), Rubicone ( Forlì ). The membership of

469-562: A tyre barrier at the Variante Bassa, knocking the Brazilian unconscious, though quick medical intervention saved his life. During Saturday qualifying Austrian Roland Ratzenberger crashed head-on into a wall at over 310 km/h (190 mph) at the Villeneuve corner after his Simtek lost the front wing, dying instantly from a basilar skull fracture . The tragedy continued the next day when

536-482: Is 1:15.484, set by Lewis Hamilton during the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , while the unofficial all-time track record is 1:13.609, set by Valtteri Bottas in the qualifying of aforementioned race. As of October 2024, the fastest official race lap records at the Imola Circuit are listed as: Cisalpine Republic The Cisalpine Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Cisalpina ; Lombard : Republica Cisalpina )

603-445: Is based in nearby Maranello . The circuit has hosted many other motor racing series, including the Superbike World Championship , Motocross World Championship , World Touring Car Championship and European Le Mans Series . Several road bicycle races have also used the circuit, including stages of the Giro d'Italia and UCI Road World Championships . The track was originally called

670-519: Is one of the few major international circuits to run in an anti-clockwise direction. Initially used for motorcycle racing , the first race at Imola was held in 1953. The circuit has an FIA Grade One licence. The circuit is named after the founder of the Ferrari car company, Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), and his son Alfredo "Dino" Ferrari (1932–1956). It was called the Autodromo di Imola from 1953 to 1956 and

737-403: The 1968 UCI Road World Championships , 2020 UCI Road World Championships and 2021 Italian National Road Race Championships . The city has two professional basketball teams, Virtus Imola (founded in 1936) and Andrea Costa Imola (founded in 1967). Both of them play in the "PalaRuggi" sports hall. The city's professional soccer team, Imolese Calcio 1919 , plays in a stadium located inside

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804-466: The 2018 Giro d'Italia , won by Sam Bennett . The circuit also served as the start and finish of the 2020 UCI Road World Championships on 27 September 2020. Despite the addition of chicanes to several parts of the lap, such as the Acque Minerali , Variante Alta , and Variante Bassa , the circuit was subject to constant safety concerns, mostly regarding the flat-out Tamburello corner, which

871-468: The Autodromo Dino Ferrari from 1957 to 1988. Imola hosted non-championship Formula One races in the 1963 Imola Grand Prix and the 1979 Dino Ferrari Grand Prix . It was used for official championship races in the 1980 Italian Grand Prix and the San Marino Grand Prix every year from 1981 to 2006. Safety concerns with the circuit were raised throughout the 1980s and 1990s, particularly with

938-534: The Autodromo Nazionale Monza did not host the Italian Grand Prix. The race was won by Nelson Piquet and it was such a success that a new race, the San Marino Grand Prix , was established especially for Imola in 1981 and remained on the calendar until 2006 . The race was held over 60 laps of the 5.040 km (3.132 mi) circuit for a total race distance of 300 kilometres. Imola has hosted

1005-477: The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . The city has dedicated multiple memorials and public spaces to Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger , who lost their lives in the circuit during the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix . The death of Senna was an event that shocked the sporting world and led to heightened Formula One safety standards. The city has hosted multiple international and national cycling events like

1072-678: The Treaty of Lunéville on 9 February 1801, the territory of the republic was extended to the east as well, placing the frontier with the Holy Roman Empire on the River Adige without the exceptions agreed in Campo Formio. On 23 Floreal (13 May), the territory of the republic was divided into 12 departments, adding Agogna ( Novara ), restoring Lario and abolishing Adda-e-Oglio. On 21 Brumaire, year X (12 November), an Extraordinary Cisalpine Consulta

1139-661: The 16th century, the Accademia degli Industriosi flourished. Imola is twinned with: Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari The Imola Circuit , officially called the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari ( Italian for 'Enzo and Dino Ferrari International Circuit'), is a 4.909 km (3.050 mi) motor racing circuit. It is located in the town of Imola , in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy , 40-kilometre (25 mi) east of Bologna . It

1206-587: The Autodromo di Imola, and inaugurated as a semi-permanent venue in 1953. It had no chicanes , so the runs from Acque Minerali to Rivazza, and from Rivazza all the way to Tosa, through the pits and the Tamburello, were just straights with a few small bends; the circuit remained in this configuration until 1972. In April 1953, the first motorcycle races took place, while the first car race took place in June 1954. In April 1963,

1273-408: The Autodromo is not commonly used for bicycle or on-foot sporting activities (albeit with notable exceptions, such as two segments of the Giro d'Italia in the 2010s, and 2020 UCI Road World Championships ); however, the civic administration does occasionally allocate summer days in which the public can walk or cycle along the track. The official lap record for the current Grand Prix circuit layout

1340-673: The Circuit, "Stadio Romeo Galli". The city has two swimming pools and from 2020 until 2024 will host the Italian Federal breaststroke swimming training center. Other buildings include the Farsetti and the Communal palaces. In the latter is a fresco representing Clement VII and Charles V (1535) passing through the city. The public library was established in 1747 by the Conventual priest Setti. In

1407-465: The Directory presented this treaty to the Great Council for ratification. The council did not agree with the terms and delayed taking a decision, but in the end, the French general Berthier compelled acceptance by the members. The Elders, however, refused it from the very beginning, as the new state was unable to finance the requested institutions. Berthier threatened to impose a military government but

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1474-519: The Formula One calendar should Monza , whose contract was scheduled to run out after the 2016 season, be unable to make a new deal to keep hosting a round of the world championship. On 18 July 2016, Imola signed a deal to host the Italian Grand Prix from the 2017 season. However, on 2 September 2016, it was announced that Monza had secured a new deal to continue hosting the race, and Imola's officials took legal action against this decision questioning

1541-674: The Great . In the Gothic War (535–552) , and after the Lombard invasion, it was held alternately by the Byzantines and barbarians. With the exarchate of Ravenna , it passed under papal authority. In the ninth century, Fausto Alidosi defended the city against the Saracens and Hungarians. In the tenth century, Troilo Nordiglio acquired great power. This and the following centuries witnessed incessant wars against

1608-579: The Holy See, and the legate (later Cardinal) Capranica inaugurated a new regime in public affairs. Various condottieri later ruled in the city, such as the Visconti ; several landmark fortresses remain from this period. In 1434, 1438, and 1470, Imola was conferred on the Sforza , who had become dukes of Milan ( Lombardy ). It was again brought under papal authority when it was bestowed as dowry on Caterina Sforza ,

1675-716: The Ravennatese, the Faentines and the Bolognese, as well as the internecine struggles of the Castrimolesi (from Castro Imolese , "castle of Imola") and the Sancassianesi (from San Cassiano). Amid these conflicts, the republican constitution of the city was created. In the contest between pope and emperor, Imola was generally Ghibelline , though it often returned to the popes (e.g. in 1248). Several times, powerful lords attempted to obtain

1742-576: The Republican armies, to secure the political existence of the Cisalpine Republic, extends its care still further; and convinced that, if liberty be the first of blessings, the revolution which attends it is the greatest of evils, it has given to the Cisalpine people their peculiar Constitution, resulting from the wisdom of the most enlightened nation. From a military regime, the Cisalpine people pass to

1809-458: The Williams team. In response to the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger during the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix , modifications were carried out to the Tamburello corner to make it safer by converting it from a flat-out left hander to a left-right-left chicane. In the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix , during Friday practice Rubens Barrichello was launched over a kerb and into the top of

1876-490: The birth of the Cisalpine Republic, creating a Directory for the republic and appointing its ministers. France published the constitution of the new republic on 20 Messidor (7 July), establishing the division of the territory into eleven departments : Adda ( Lodi ), Alpi Apuane ( Massa ), Crostolo ( Reggio ), Lario ( Como ), Montagna ( Lecco ), Olona ( Milan ), Panaro ( Modena ), Po ( Cremona ), Serio ( Bergamo ), Ticino ( Pavia ), and Verbano ( Varese ). The rest of Cispadania

1943-557: The bride of Girolamo Riario , nephew of Pope Sixtus IV . Riario was invested with the Principality of Forlì and Imola. This proved advantageous to Imola, which was embellished with beautiful palaces and works of art (e.g. in the cathedral, the tomb of Girolamo, murdered in 1488 by conspirators of Forli). The rule of the Riarii, however, was brief, as Pope Alexander VI deprived the son of Girolamo, Ottaviano , of power, and on 25 November 1499,

2010-506: The circuit hosted its first Formula One race , as a non-championship event, won by Jim Clark for Lotus . A further non-championship event took place at Imola in 1979 , which was won by Niki Lauda for Brabham - Alfa Romeo . In 1980 Imola officially debuted in the Formula One World Championship calendar by hosting the 1980 Italian Grand Prix . It was the first time since the 1948 Edition held at Parco del Valentino that

2077-522: The circuit, hoped that the race would be reinstated at the October 2006 meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council and scheduled for the weekend of 29 April 2007, provided renovations to the circuit were completed in time for the race, but the reinstatement was denied. Since 2007, the circuit has undergone major revisions. A bypass to the Variante Bassa chicane was added for cars, making

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2144-538: The city surrendered to Cesare Borgia . After his death, two factions, that of Galeazzo Riario and that of the Church, competed for control of the city. The ecclesiastical party was victorious, and in 1504 Imola submitted to Pope Julius II . The last trace of these contests was a bitter enmity between the Vaini and Sassatelli families. In 1797, the revolutionary French forces established a provisional government at Imola. In 1799, it

2211-760: The defeat of France at the Battle of Cassano in April 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition , the republic was occupied by General Suvorov's Russian and Austrian forces, which appointed a provisional administration led by the Imperial Commission of the Mantuan Count Luigi Cocastelli . They departed only on 30 May 1800, just a few days before the French won the Battle of Marengo . The Cisalpine Republic

2278-630: The exhibition and trade of vintage vehicles and their parts; this event is also popularly (but inaccurately) called CRAME, after the name of the historical society organizing it. The 2020 edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19. Among the major musical performances held on the track were: Partially due to the vicinity of the Romeo Galli athletics stadium, the Acque Minerali park, and the Tre Monti hills,

2345-427: The following months: Benaco ( Desenzano ) on 11 Ventose (1 March 1798), Mella ( Brescia ) on 13 Floreal (2 May), Mincio ( Mantua ) on 7 Prairial (26 May), and five departments of Emilia. The structural phase of the republic was terminated on 14 Fructidor (31 August), when France dismissed all the authorities of the republic, replacing them with a stronger executive power under a new constitution. The Cisalpine Republic

2412-595: The full international recognition and legality of the new state was ratified by the law governing the final annexation of the conquered territories. The parliament, composed of two chambers (the Great Council and the Council of the Seniors ), was appointed directly by Napoleon on 1 Frimaire (21 November). He justified this undemocratic action as a necessity of war. New departments joined the eleven original ones and Valtelline in

2479-417: The high speed Tamburello corner where numerous accidents occurred. This resulted in fatalities, including the death of Ayrton Senna in 1994. Chicanes were introduced at multiple points to reduce cornering speeds, which changed the nature of the course and caused problems with their high kerbs . Formula One stopped racing at Imola in 2007, leading the circuit owners to undertake major reconstruction work to

2546-523: The institution of the French Consulate . On 21 Vendémiaire (13 October), owing to the refusal of the escaped King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia to sign a treaty of peace settling the situation of the occupied Piedmont , Napoleon ordered the annexation of Novara to the republic, shifting its western border from the river Ticino to the River Sesia . After the surrender of Austria and the signing of

2613-460: The legality of government funding awarded to Monza. On 8 November 2016, they withdrew their case. In February 2020, the owners at Imola submitted a bid to replace the 2020 Chinese Grand Prix pending its cancellation as a precaution in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic . On 24 July 2020, it was confirmed that the circuit would be added to the calendar for the 2020 Formula One World Championship with

2680-585: The local directories was reduced to three, and the municipalities for communes between 3,000 and 10,000 inhabitants were disbanded. Trouvé appointed the new Directory, which had stronger powers, and a new parliament composed of two councils: the Anziani ("Elders") and the Giuniori ("Juniors"). The first was composed of 40 elected members together with the former directors. The second had 80 members. A new coup d'état, attempted by French general Guillaume Marie Anne Brune

2747-464: The mastery of the city ( Alidosi , 1292; Maghinardo Pagano , 1295). Pope Benedict XII turned the city and its territory over to Lippo II Alidosi with the title of pontifical vicar, the power remaining in the family Alidosi until 1424, when the condottiero Angelo della Pergola , "capitano" for Filippo Maria Visconti , gained the supremacy (see also Wars in Lombardy ). In 1426 the city was restored to

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2814-635: The next autumn, was disavowed by the French Directory on 17 Frimaire (7 December). Formally, the Cisalpine Republic was an independent state allied with France, but the treaty of alliance established the effective subalternity of the new republic to France. The French, in fact, had control over the local police and left an army consisting of 25,000 Frenchmen, financed by the Republic. The Cisalpines were also required to form another army of 35,000 of their own men to take part in French campaigns. On 4 March 1798,

2881-493: The race being called the " Emilia Romagna Grand Prix " in honour of the region the circuit is situated in. In a break with Formula One tradition the event at the circuit took place over two days instead of three on 31 October and 1 November 2020. Imola was kept on the calendar for 2021 , following the postponement of the Chinese Grand Prix due to the pandemic, and later for the 2022 calendar as well. The 2023 Grand Prix

2948-412: The reconstruction work completed, The FIA gave the track a "1T" rating, meaning that an official Formula One Test can be held at the circuit; circuits require the "1" homologation to host a Formula One Grand Prix. As of August 2011, the track received a '1' FIA homologation rating after an inspection by Charlie Whiting . In June 2015, the owners of the circuit confirmed they were in talks to return to

3015-418: The run from Rivazza 2 to the first Tamburello chicane totally flat-out, much like the circuit in its original fast-flowing days. However, the chicane is still used for motorcycle races. The old pit garages and paddock have been demolished and completely rebuilt while the pitlane was extended and resurfaced. The reconstruction was overseen by German F1 track architect Hermann Tilke . In June 2008, with most of

3082-430: The severe impact at 300 km/h (190 mph) but thanks to the quick work of the firefighters and medical personnel Berger survived and missed only one race (the 1989 Monaco Grand Prix ) due to burns to his hands. Michele Alboreto suffered a massive shunt whilst testing his Footwork Arrows at the circuit in 1991 but escaped injury. The following year, Riccardo Patrese also crashed at the same corner while testing for

3149-470: The three-time World Champion Ayrton Senna 's Williams' steering column broke and he crashed into the concrete wall at the Tamburello corner on Lap 7. Senna died in the hospital several hours after his crash. In two unrelated incidents, several spectators and mechanics were also injured during the event. In the aftermath, the circuit continued to host Grands Prix, but revisions were immediately made in an attempt to make it safer. The flat-out Tamburello corner

3216-462: The track and pit lane facilities. After the work was completed, a contract was signed for Formula One to return to Imola from 2017, but legal disputes prevented this from occurring. It eventually returned in 2020, with the circuit hosting the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix since 2020. When Formula One visits Imola, it is considered one of the home circuits of the Scuderia Ferrari racing team, which

3283-482: The tricolour flag was restored. Napoleon's new victories gave him a chance to stabilize the political situation in all of northern Italy. On 3 Vendémiaire , year IX (25 September), the powers of the Extraordinary Commission were concentrated in the hands of a more restricted Committee of Government, composed of three members: Giovan Battista Sommariva , Sigismondo Ruga and Francesco Visconti , reflecting

3350-745: Was a sister republic or a client state of France in Northern Italy that existed from 1797 to 1799, with a second version until 1802. After the Battle of Lodi in May 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte organized two states: one to the south of the Po , the Cispadane Republic , and one to the north, the Transpadane Republic . On 19 May 1797, Napoleon transferred the territories of the former Duchy of Modena to Transpadania and, on 12 Messidor (29 June), he decreed

3417-672: Was an agricultural and trading centre, famous for its ceramics . The name Imola was first used in the 7th century by the Lombards , who applied it to the fortress (the present Castellaccio, the construction of which is attributed to the Lombard Clefi), whence the name passed to the city itself. According to Paul the Deacon , Imola was in 412 the scene of the marriage of Ataulf , King of the Visigoths , to Galla Placidia , daughter of Emperor Theodosius

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3484-607: Was based on the French Constitution of 1795 . A five-member directory constituted the executive branch of government. The territory was divided into departments which elected the judges of peace , the magistrates and the electors , one for every 200 people having the right to vote. The latter elected two councils: the Consiglio dei Seniori ("Council of the Seniors") and the Gran Consiglio ("Great Council"). The first

3551-429: Was composed of five members and exercised executive power. Directors included local politicians such as Giovanni Galeazzo Serbelloni , the first president, and Francesco Melzi d'Eril , who would later serve as vice president of the Italian Republic . The Directory chose its secretary and appointed the six ministers: for justice, war, foreign affairs, internal affairs, police, and finance. The supreme authority, however,

3618-430: Was eliminated, and the Variante Bassa was straightened into a single chicane. Many say that the new circuit configuration is not as good as it used to be as a result of the new chicanes at Tamburello and Villeneuve. Another modification made to the Imola track is that of Variante Alta, which is situated at the top of the hill leading down to Rivazza and has the hardest braking point on the lap. The Variante Alta, formerly

3685-432: Was extinguished, and the finest part of Europe was under the yoke of strangers. It belongs to the Cisalpine Republic to show to the world by its wisdom, its energy, and the good organization of its armies, that modern Italy is not degenerated, and is still worthy of liberty. (Signed) Buonaparte. The institutions of the Cisalpine Republic were very similar to those of France. Its first constitution , adopted on 8 July 1797,

3752-414: Was for many years under the dominion of the House of Austria. The French Republic succeeded it by right of conquest. It now renounces this right, and the Cisalpine Republic is free and independent. Recognized by France and by the Emperor, it will soon be equally acknowledged by the rest of Europe. The Executive Directory of the French Republic, not content with employing its influence, and the victories of

3819-462: Was initially composed of 40 to 60 members and approved the laws and modifications to the Constitutional Chart. The second initially had from 80 to 120 members and proposed the laws. Both councils discussed treaties, the choice of a Directory, and the determination of tributes. The legislative corps included men like Pietro Verri , Giuseppe Parini and the scientist Alessandro Volta . The electors had to be landowners or wealthy. The Cisalpine directory

3886-522: Was later replaced by General Brune. The latter, after replacing some Elders and Juniors, achieved the signing of the treaty on 8 June. Due to multiple attempts by the Cisalpine government to annex the Italian-speaking Swiss territories south of the Alps , relations with the Swiss Confederacy were strained. The Cisalpine Republic ended up taking control of Valtellina from the Three Leagues and Campione d'Italia and annexing them. A Cisalpine attempt to conquer Lugano by surprise failed in 1797. After

3953-431: Was merged into the Cisalpine Republic on 27 July, with the capital of the unified state being Milan . On 1 Brumaire (22 October), Bonaparte announced the union of Valtelline with the Republic, after its secession from the Swiss Three Grey Leagues . Austria acknowledged the new entity in the Treaty of Campoformio of 17 October, gaining in exchange what remained of the Venetian Republic . On 25 Brumaire (15 November),

4020-424: Was occupied by the Austrians, and in 1800, it was united to the Cisalpine Republic . After that, it shared the fortunes of the Romagna region. The main sport venue in Imola is the Imola Circuit , which was opened in the 1950s and holds many racing events every year. The circuit has hosted Formula One in the 1980 Italian Grand Prix , from 1981 to 2006 as part of the San Marino Grand Prix and from 2020 as part of

4087-415: Was reduced to a 4th gear left–right sweeper, and a gravel trap was added to the limited space on the outside of the corner. Villeneuve corner, previously an innocuous 6th gear right-hander into Tosa, was made a complementary 4th gear sweeper, also with a gravel trap on the outside of the corner. In an attempt to retain some of the quickness and character of the old circuit, the arduous chicane at Acqua Minerali

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4154-416: Was restored by Napoleon on 15 Prairial , year VIII (4 June 1800). On 28 Prairial (17 June), the First Consul appointed an Extraordinary Commission of Government of nine members and a legislative Consulta : the final list of the executive and legislative institutions was published on 5 Messidor (24 June). On 16 Messidor (6 July) all the acts issued during the Austrian occupation were annulled, and afterwards,

4221-456: Was revived in 2011 and added to the Le Mans Series and Intercontinental Le Mans Cup as a season event until 2016, but it returned again to European Le Mans Series calendar again in 2022 as 4 Hours of Imola . It also hosted the 12 Hours of Imola in 2017-2018, a round of the 24H Series . The track was also used as part of the finishing circuit for the 1968 UCI Road World Championships , which saw Italian cyclist Vittorio Adorni winning with

4288-451: Was set to be held on 21 May 2023 but had to be cancelled as a result of the 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods that also affected the Circuit by the flooding Santerno river. Imola is due to host a F1 Grand Prix until 2025. The circuit's president is Giancarlo Minardi of the former Minardi F1 team. Since 1981, the circuit has been hosting the early-September Mostra Scambio ("Trading Exposition"), an open-air market primarily focused on

4355-450: Was summoned in Lyon . In January 1802, the Consulta decided to change the name of the State to the Italian Republic , when Napoleon had himself elected president, on 24 January, on the advice of Talleyrand . Two days later, in a scene officially commemorated by Nicolas-André Monsiau , Bonaparte appeared in the Collège de la Trinité of Lyon , attended by Murat , Berthier , Louis Bonaparte , Hortense and Joséphine de Beauharnais, and heard

4422-401: Was the commander of the French troops. The republic also adopted the French Republican Calendar . Each department had its own local directory of five members, as did communes between 3,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. The biggest communes were divided into municipalities, with a central joint commission to handle the general affairs of the cities. The smallest communes were united in districts with

4489-433: Was very bumpy and had dangerously little room between the track and a concrete wall without a tyre barrier that separated the circuit from the Santerno river that runs adjacent to it. In 1987 , Nelson Piquet crashed heavily during practice after a tyre failure and missed the race due to injury. In 1989 , Gerhard Berger crashed his Ferrari at Tamburello after a front wing failure. The car instantaneously ignited after

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