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34-553: Its name is in all probability Pre-Greek : it features the ending -sós / -ssós / -ttós , which it shares with many other toponyms in Attica and other rivers in Greece, all of which are considered linguistic substratum survivals. During antiquity, the river flowed outside the city walls of Athens : Plato wrote in Critias that the river was one of the borders of the ancient walls. Its banks—in

68-900: A branch of the same people as entered Anatolia, the people who were to appear 1,500 years later as the Luwians ". From the distribution of the names, it appears that this language was spoken during the Early Helladic II period, which began around 2800 BC. However, since many clusters of sounds are possible in both pre-Greek and Indo-European, it is difficult in most cases to distinguish between possible "Parnassian" loanwords and shared pre-Indo-European substrate words. For instance, terms like τολύπη ( tolúpē ; 'clew, ball of wool ready for spinning') show typical pre-Greek features while being related to Anatolian words (in this case Luwian and Hittite taluppa/i- 'lump, clod') with no other attested Indo-European cognate, suggesting that they were borrowed from

102-586: A change of language. Estimates for the introduction of the Proto-Greek language into prehistoric Greece have changed over the course of the 20th century. Since the decipherment of Linear B , searches were made "for earlier breaks in the continuity of the material record that might represent the 'coming of the Greeks ' ". The majority of scholars date the coming of Proto-Greek to the transition from Early Helladic II to Early Helladic III (c. 2400−2200/2100 BC), with

136-459: A relation between Minoan, Eteocretan, Lemnian ( Pelasgian ), and Tyrsenian, inventing the name "Aegeo-Asianic" for the proposed language family. However, many Minoan loanwords found in Mycenaean Greek (e.g., words for architecture, metals and metallurgy, music, use of domestic species, social institutions, weapons, weaving) may be the result of socio-cultural and economic interactions between

170-492: A simple vowel system , with either three or five monophthongs. This system consisted of either /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, or most likely just /a/, /i/, /u/, in which /a/ varied between /a/~/e/~/o/ as a result of palatalization for /e/ and labialization for /o/. Additionally, it had at least one diphthong (/au/), and it may also have had /ou/, although this is also often explained as the sequence -arʷ- adapted in Greek as -ουρ-, since /ou/

204-466: A single, common ancestral form with a Greek equivalent". In 1979, Edzard J. Furnée proposed a theory by which a pre-Greek substrate is associated with the Kartvelian languages . Phaleron Bay Phalerum or Phaleron ( Ancient Greek : Φάληρον Phálēron [pʰálɛːron] ; Greek : Φάληρο ( Fáliro ) , [ˈFaliro] ) was a port of Ancient Athens , 5 km southwest of

238-400: A strong indication of a common early phase of Indo-European – possibly Anatolian – influence in the area, some pre-Greek loanwords still remain incompatible with Indo-European phonology while showing certain recurrent patterns that set them apart from other languages. This likely indicates that "one language, or a group of closely related dialects or languages" was

272-560: Is depicted striding to the right with the "pipes of Pan" in his right hand and a stick for hunting hares on the left. Others believe that this is the Shrine of the Nymphs and the river god Acheloos, with a spring of cold water, a plane tree and a willow, where, as Plato writes, Socrates and Phaedros sat during their philosophical chats. It then flows under Theseos Avenue, in the suburb of Kallithea , its original course turning sharply northwest to join

306-459: Is generally considered a rare feature characteristic of pre-Greek. It is, however, unlikely that voicing or consonantal aspiration were distinctive features, as pre-Greek loanwords in Greek vary freely between plain, voiced and aspirated stops (e.g. ἀσφάραγος/ἀσπάραγος, aspháragos/aspáragos , 'asparagus'). The observation of such variants for a particular word is often a strong indication of substrate-derived etymology. Furthermore, while

340-451: Is often seen with an /r/. The phonology of pre-Greek likely featured a series of both labialized and palatalized consonants, as indicated by Mycenaean inscriptions in Linear B . These features were found not only in stops , but in resonants as well (presumably including even the rare modified approximants /jʷ/ and / wʲ /), which was different from Indo-European languages at the time and

374-401: Is the case for many Christian churches in Greece, the church of Aghia Foteini, established in 1872, is built on the ruins of an ancient temple, dedicated to Hecate. Archaeological finds of 2014 identified the ruins of yet another temple, of the 4th Century B.C., dedicated to Zeus, " Μειλίχιον Δία ", in the vicinity of that of the 5th C. B.C. Ionic temple of Artemis Agrotera, slightly higher up on

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408-763: Is very common in pre-Greek and characteristic when it shows up as an s -mobile. Certain characteristic consonant clusters associated with pre-Greek phonology as reflected in words inherited into Greek, as listed by Beekes according to their frequency in the PIE language: Not possible in PIE Rare in PIE Possible in PIE Various categories of words have been suggested to be pre-Greek (or "Aegean") loanwords: Possible Anatolian or "Parnassian" loanwords include: There are other substrate proposals. Some fringe theories ranging from

442-574: The Acropolis of Athens , on a bay of the Saronic Gulf . The bay is also referred to as "Bay of Phalerum" ( Greek : Όρμος Φαλήρου Órmos Falíru ). The area of Phalerum is now occupied by the towns Palaio Faliro , Kallithea , Moschato and Neo Faliro , all of which are part of the Athens agglomeration. Phalerum was the major port of Athens before Themistocles had the three rocky natural harbours by

476-702: The Anatolian Luwian language, and to be responsible for the widespread place-names ending in -ssa and -nda in western Asia Minor, and -ssos and -nthos in mainland Greece. For instance, the name of the mount Parnassos in Greece has been interpreted as the Luwian parna- ('house') attached to the possessive suffix -ssa- . Both Hittite and Luwian texts also attest a place-name Parnassa , which could be related. Philologist Martin L. West has proposed to name this unattested Anatolian language "Parnassian", and has argued for "a parallel movement down from Thrace by

510-412: The Greek peninsula and western Asia Minor before Mycenaean Greek and the attested Anatolian languages ( Hittite and Luwian ) became predominant in the region. Various explanations for this phenomenon have been given by scholars. One substrate language, whose influence is observable on Ancient Greek and Anatolian languages, is taken by a number of scholars to be an Indo-European language related to

544-464: The Kifissos River, of which it was once a tributary. The Ilisos is now routed straight to sea, coming to surface and flowing into the Saronic Gulf in the middle of Phaleron Bay . Pre-Greek The pre-Greek substrate (or substratum ) consists of the unknown pre-Greek language or languages (either Pre-Indo-European or other Indo-European languages) spoken in prehistoric Greece prior to

578-678: The Minoans and Mycenaeans during the Bronze Age, and may therefore be part of a linguistic adstrate in Greek rather than a substrate. A Tyrsenian /Etruscan substratum was proposed on the basis of the Lemnos funerary stele : four pottery sherds inscribed in Etruscan that were found in 1885 at Ephestia in Lemnos . However, the Lemnos funerary stele was written in a form of ancient Etruscan , which suggested that

612-556: The author had emigrated from Etruria in Italy , rather than the Greek sphere, and the Homeric tradition makes no mention of a Tyrrhenian presence on Lemnos. If Etruscan was spoken in Greece, it must have been effectively a language isolate , with no significant relationship to or interaction with speakers of pre-Greek or ancient Greek, since, in the words of Carlo De Simone , there are no Etruscan words that can be "etymologically traced back to

646-513: The busy intersection that presently features the Hilton Hotel and the National Gallery —were grassy and shaded by plane trees , and were considered idyllic in antiquity; they were the favored haunts of Socrates for his walks and teaching. The temple of Pankrátēs , a local hero, was located there, giving its name to the modern suburb of Pagkrati . Ilisos was also considered a demi-god,

680-407: The diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700 BC. This has been criticized by John E. Coleman, who argues that this estimate is based on stratigraphic discontinuities at Lerna that other archaeological excavations in Greece suggested were the product of chronological gaps or separate deposit-sequencing instead of cultural changes. Coleman estimates that

714-476: The emergence of the Proto-Greek language in the region c.  3200–2200 BC , during the Early Helladic period. About 1,000 words of Greek vocabulary cannot be adequately explained as derivatives from Proto-Greek or Proto-Indo-European , leading to the substratum hypothesis. Based upon toponymic and lexical evidence, it is generally assumed that one or several languages were once spoken in both

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748-630: The entry of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula occurred during the late 4th millennium BC (c. 3200 BC) with pre-Greek spoken by the inhabitants of the Late Neolithic II period. Although no written texts exist or have been identified as pre-Greek, the phonology and lexicon have been partially reconstructed from the many words borrowed into Greek; such words often show a type of variation not found in inherited Indo-European Greek terms, and certain recurrent patterns that can be used to identify pre-Greek elements. The pre-Greek language had

782-430: The existence of word-initial approximants /w/ and /j/ can be safely inferred from common motifs in inherited words (e.g. the ἰα‑ from *ja- in ἴαμβος, Ἰάσων) or even retained in early and dialectal forms (e.g. *wa- in the cases of ἄναξ-ϝάναξ, Ὀαξός-ϝαξός, ὑάκινθος-ϝάκινθος), word-initial aspiration probably did not exist, with /h/ considered by Beekes a non-native phoneme in pre-Greek. The initial consonant σ- /s/ or /z/

816-489: The mild (e.g., Egyptian ) to the extreme (e.g., Proto-Turkic ) have been proposed but have not been adopted by the broader academic community. The English archaeologist Arthur Evans proposed a Minoan ( Eteocretan ) substratum, based on an assumption of widespread Minoan colonisation of the Aegean, policed by a Minoan thalassocracy . Raymond A. Brown, after listing a number of words of pre-Greek origin from Crete , suggests

850-405: The modern coastline, contained pottery, tracks from the carts that would have served the port, and makeshift fireplaces where travelers waiting to take ship would have cooked and kept warm. The Park of Maritime Tradition, a collection of preserved historic ships, is located at the site. At the southern tip is the permanent anchorage of the armored cruiser HS Averof (now a floating museum), which

884-616: The month of Anthesterion (February–March) as a form of initiation of the Great Eleusinian Mysteries . The Hill of Agrai extends as far as the Stadion and is known by the name of Ardettos or Helicon. Here there is also the Shrine of the God Pan. This rocky outcrop with a small natural cave and two perpendicular faces was found to have a relief of the god Pan. This deity of wild nature was worshiped regularly in caves and rocky terrain. Pan

918-412: The promontory of Piraeus developed as alternative, from 491 BC. It was said that Menestheus set sail with his fleet to Troy from Phalerum, as did Theseus when he sailed to Crete after the death of Androgeus . Recently, archaeologists have uncovered what appear to be traces of ancient Athens’s first port before the city’s naval and shipping centre was moved to Piraeus. The site, some 350 m from

952-550: The river became a source of pollution and was converted gradually into a rainwater runoff conduit, covered with streets that track its original, twisting route along the lay of the land. Its bed proper flows under Mesogeion Avenue at the Old Gendarmerie Academy, flows under Michalakopoulou (the modern-day Ilisia suburb) and Vasileos Konstantinou Avenues, and passes in front of the Panathinaiko Stadium , where it

986-410: The same probably non-Indo-European source. Some scholars have thus proposed that at least part of the pre-Greek substrate was brought to Greece by pre-Indo-European settlers from Asia Minor, and that we should distinguish between different layers of loanwords coming successively or concurrently from different families of languages. While the correlations between Anatolian and Greek placenames may be

1020-570: The same slope of the hill, which is thought to have been called "Agrai". It was here that the goddess was celebrated every year on the anniversary of the Battle of Marathon . The archon in charge would offer goats for sacrifice and the tithe of the sale of war prisoners, while the Athenian youth passed in procession. The importance of this hill was due to the Lesser Mysteries, celebrated every year during

1054-477: The son of Poseidon and Demetra , and was worshipped in a sanctuary on the Ardittos Hill, next to the current Panathinaiko Stadium . This area was named Cynosarges in antiquity and the spring of Kallirrhóē was located there. The stream drains the western slopes of Mount Hymettus , and originates from multiple converging seasonal creeks. As urban Athens expanded during the 19th and early 20th centuries,

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1088-479: The source of another, possibly earlier, layer of pre-Indo-European loanwords in the region. Of the few words of secure Anatolian origin, most are cultural items or commodities which are likely the result of commercial exchange, not of a substratum. Some of the relevant vocabulary can also be explained as linguistic exchange between Greek and Anatolian languages across the Aegean Sea without necessarily originating from

1122-569: Was bridged during the 19th century. It then flows to the southeastern flank of the ruined Columns of Olympian Zeus , where it is still visible amidst reed beds , next to the Byzantine chapel of Saint Photeine "of the Ilisos". In older times the river at this point expanded into shallow marshland, termed Βατραχονήσι ( Vatrachonísi ; lit. "Frog Island") in the vicinity of the ancient spring of Kallirrhóē , now submerged under Avenue Kallirois. As

1156-693: Was the admiralty ship of the Hellenic Navy during the Balkan Wars and World War I . Other museum ships include the Hellenic Navy destroyer HS Velos (D16), the old cable ship Thalis o Milisios (Thales of Miletos) and Olympias , a modern reconstruction of an ancient trireme naval ship. [REDACTED] Media related to Phaleron at Wikimedia Commons 37°56′02″N 23°41′07″E  /  37.933883°N 23.685237°E  / 37.933883; 23.685237 This Athens location article

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