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24-514: The river basin is of archeological significance. There are burial sites of ancient Kurgan (Indo-European) cultures. The Ilek is a left tributary of the Ural . It is a steppe river, flowing at the southern end of the Ural Mountains . It rises just south of Orsk , flows south a short distance and then flows westward south of and parallel to the river Ural, with many meanders and oxbow lakes, and joins

48-543: A "Kurgan culture" as reflecting an early Proto-Indo-European ethnicity that existed in the steppes and in southeastern Europe from the fifth millennium to the third millennium BC. In Kurgan cultures, most burials were in kurgans, either clan or individual. Most prominent leaders were buried in individual kurgans, now called "royal kurgans". These individual kurgans have attracted the most attention and publicity because they were more elaborate than clan kurgans and contained grave goods. The monuments of these cultures coincide with

72-576: A river in Southern Russia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kurgan Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European A kurgan

96-552: A schoolteacher in Barnaul , Radlov became interested in the native peoples of Siberia and published his ethnographic findings in the influential monograph From Siberia (1884). From 1866 to 1907, he translated and released a number of monuments of Turkic folklore. Most importantly, he was the first to publish the Orhon inscriptions . Four volumes of his comparative dictionary of Turkic languages followed in 1893 to 1911. Radlov helped establish

120-560: Is a type of tumulus constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons, and horses. Originally in use on the Pontic–Caspian steppe , kurgans spread into much of Central Asia and Eastern , Southeast , Western , and Northern Europe during the third millennium BC. The earliest kurgans date to the fourth millennium BC in the Caucasus , and some researchers associate these with

144-794: The Indo-Europeans . Kurgans were built in the Eneolithic , Bronze , Iron , Antiquity , and Middle Ages , with ancient traditions still active in Southern Siberia and Central Asia. According to the Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language the word "kurhan" is borrowed directly from the "Polovtsian" language ( Kipchak , part of the Turkic languages ), and means: fortress, embankment, high grave. The word has two possible etymologies , either from

168-470: The Mongolian epoch. Burial mounds are complex structures with internal chambers. Within the burial chamber at the heart of the kurgan, elite individuals were buried with grave goods and sacrificial offerings, sometimes including horses and chariots . The structures of the earlier Neolithic period from the fourth to the third millenniums BC, and Bronze Age until the first millennium BC, display continuity of

192-615: The Old Turkic root qori- "to close, to block, to guard, to protect", or qur- "to build, to erect, furnish, or stur". According to Vasily Radlov it may be a cognate to qorγan , meaning "fortification, fortress, or a castle". The Russian noun, already attested in Old East Slavic , comes from an unidentified Turkic language. Kurgans are mounds of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Popularised by its use in Soviet archaeology ,

216-571: The Pazyryk culture is included in the Golden Mountains of Altai UNESCO World Heritage Site . Scytho-Siberian classification includes monuments from the eighth to the third century BC. This period is called the Early or Ancient Nomads epoch. " Hunnic " monuments date from the third century BC to the sixth century AD, and Turkic ones from the sixth century AD to the thirteenth century AD, leading up to

240-646: The Russian Museum of Ethnography and was in charge of the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersburg from 1884 to 1894. One of the works he published was a Kyrgyz version of the epic Er Töshtük Radlov assisted Grigory Potanin on his glossary of Salar language , Western Yugur language , and Eastern Yugur language in Potanin's 1893 Russian language book The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia . During

264-941: The Scythians are the great burial mounds, some more than 20 m high, which dot the Ukrainian and Russian steppe belts and extend in great chains for many kilometers along ridges and watersheds. From them much has been learnt about Scythian life and art. Some excavated kurgans include: Kurgan building has a long history in Poland. The Polish word for kurgan is kopiec or kurhan . Some excavated kurgans in Poland: Vasily Radlov Vasily Vasilievich Radlov or Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff ( Russian : Васи́лий Васи́льевич Ра́длов ; 17 January [ O.S. 5 January] 1837 in Berlin – 12 May 1918 in Petrograd )

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288-705: The Scytho-Siberian world ( Saka ) monuments. Scytho-Siberian monuments have common features and sometimes, common genetic roots. Also associated with these spectacular burial mounds are the Pazyryk , an ancient people who lived in the Altai Mountains that lay in Siberian Russia on the Ukok Plateau , near the borders with China, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia. The archaeological site on the Ukok Plateau associated with

312-481: The Bronze Age, kurgans were built with stone reinforcements. Some of them are believed to be Scythian burials with built-up soil and embankments reinforced with stone (Olhovsky, 1991). Pre-Scytho-Sibirian kurgans were surface kurgans. Wooden or stone tombs were constructed on the surface or underground and then covered with a kurgan. The kurgan tombs of Bronze culture across Europe and Asia were similar in construction to

336-598: The Caucasus and west of the Urals. Introduced by Marija Gimbutas in 1956, it combines kurgan archaeology with linguistics to locate the origins of the peoples who spoke the Proto-Indo-European language . She tentatively named the culture "Kurgan" after its distinctive burial mounds and traced its diffusion into Europe. The hypothesis has had a significant effect upon Indo-European studies . Scholars who follow Gimbutas identify

360-643: The Early Iron Age have grandiose mounds throughout the Eurasian continent. In the eastern Manych steppes and Kuban – Azov steppes during the Yamna culture, a near-equal ratio of female-to-male graves was found among kurgans. In the lower and middle Volga river region during the Yamna and Poltavka cultures , females were buried in about 20% of graves and two thousand years later, women dressed as warriors were buried in

384-645: The Ilek include the Bolshaya Khobda and the Kargaly . There are catfish, carp, perch, pike, etc. in the Ilek. It is used for water supply of industrial enterprises, irrigation of agricultural lands. This article related to a river in Kazakhstan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Orenburg Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

408-633: The Ural about 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Orenburg . Two main cities lie on the banks of the Ilek River: Sol-Iletsk and Aqtöbe (alternate spelling: Aktöbe, Aktyubinsk ). The Ilek remains the most polluted water body in the Ural-Caspian basin . The content of boron and chromium in the river is caused by the tailing ponds of former chemical plants via ground water. The pollution level varies from "polluted" to "very polluted". Tributaries of

432-434: The archaic forming methods. They were inspired by common ritual- mythological concepts. In all periods, the development of the kurgan structure tradition in the various ethnocultural zones is revealed by common components or typical features in the construction of the monuments. They include: Depending on the combination of these elements, each historical and cultural nomadic zone has certain architectural distinctions. In

456-553: The cultures of Yenisei , Altai , Kazakhstan , southern, and southeast Amur regions. Some kurgans had facing or tiling. One tomb in Ukraine has 29 large limestone slabs set on end in a circle underground. They were decorated with carved geometrical ornamentation of rhombuses , triangles , crosses , and on one slab, figures of people. Another example has an earthen kurgan under a wooden cone of thick logs topped by an ornamented cornice up to 2 m in height. The Scytho-Siberian kurgans in

480-486: The methods of house construction in the culture. Kurgan Ak-su - Aüly (twelfth–eleventh centuries BC) with a tomb covered by a pyramidal timber roof under a kurgan has space surrounded by double walls serving as a bypass corridor. This design has analogies with Begazy, Sanguyr, Begasar, and Dandybay kurgans. These building traditions survived into the early Middle Ages, to the eighth–tenth centuries AD. The Bronze Pre-Scytho-Sibirian culture developed in close similarity with

504-513: The same region. David Anthony notes, "About 20% of Scythian – Sarmatian 'warrior graves' on the lower Don and lower Volga contained females dressed for battle... a phenomenon that probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons ." In Ukraine, the ratio was intermediate between the other two regions, therefore approximately 35% were women. The most obvious archeological remains associated with

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528-564: The third millennium BC. Later, Kurgan barrows became characteristic of Bronze Age peoples, and have been found from Ukraine, Belarus, Bulgaria ( Thracians , Getae , etc.), and Romania (Getae, Dacians ), the Caucasus , Russia, to Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and the Altay Mountains . The Kurgan hypothesis is that Proto-Indo-Europeans were the bearers of the Kurgan culture of the Black Sea and

552-439: The word is now widely used for tumuli in the context of Eastern European and Central Asian archaeology. Some sceptre graves could have been covered with a tumulus, placing the first kurgans as early as the fifth millennium BC in eastern Europe. However, this hypothesis is not accepted unanimously. Kurgans were used in Ukrainian and Russian steppes, their use spreading with migration into southern, central, and northern Europe in

576-403: Was a German - Russian linguist, ethnographer, and archaeologist, often considered to be the founder of Turkology , the scientific study of Turkic peoples . According to Turkologist Johan Vandewalle , Radlov knew all of the Turkic languages and dialects as well as German , French , Russian , Greek , Latin , Manchu , Mongolian , Chinese , Arabic , Persian , and Hebrew . Working as

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