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81-459: Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Rollo led a force of 500 British troops (including James Rogers leading his company of Rogers Rangers ) to take possession of Ile Saint-Jean. The percentage of deported Acadians who died during this expulsion made it the deadliest of all the deportations during the Expulsion (1755–1762). The total number of Acadians deported during this campaign was second only to that of

162-523: A French colony that consisted of two islands, Ile Royale and Ile Saint-Jean. Due to the fertile lands on Ile Saint-Jean, many Acadians chose it as a settlement. Another deciding factor was that the Governor-General Vaudreuil of New France believed the Acadians would prefer Ile Saint-Jean even though it was more defenceless against English attacks. The Acadian mainland (now New Brunswick ), and

243-678: A close. On the 30th of October, the master of a sloop which arrived in Louisbourg reported 1,600 inhabitants of the island had been put on the ship. There were around 600 remaining settlers who were to stay for the winter. It was noted by Durell the settlers who remained were mostly women, children, and the sick. Another letter sent on the same day, November 5, from Durell reported he received a letter from Bond indicated his 16 ships, with 2,000 citizens, had been deported to France. These ships were sent as cartel ships to secure them from capture. On November 4, 12 transport ships headed out of Port-la-Joye. One

324-654: A great number of Acadian deaths occurred, making this British campaign one of the deadliest in The Expulsion. The first wave of these deportations began in 1755, after Father Le Loutre's War , with the Bay of Fundy campaign (1755) . Many Acadians fled those operations to the French colony of Ile Saint-Jean, now known as Prince Edward Island . Ile Saint-Jean's major and commandant was Gabriel Rousseau de Villejouin . Villejouin occasionally sent Mi'kmaq to Nova Scotia to pillage and harass

405-586: A gun representing the Fort being surrendered. Gabriel Rousseau de Villejouim, Ile Saint-Jean's major and commandment surrendered the island. As the Hind had left Louisberg, Villejouim had been aware that the British were coming to remove him and his military. The convoy that came was not fully expected from Villejouim instead, he assumed a packet boat was to arrive. It is suggested that the inhabitants were not completely blindsided once

486-732: A hundred French soldiers at Port-la-Joie, as well as other soldiers from Louisbourg and Ile Royale were shipped off to England. Once in England, some were detained there until the end of the Seven Years' War in 1773 and others were transported to France in the latter half of 1758. Not every inhabitant of the island submitted to British orders and turned themselves in. In a letter sent by Rollo dated October 10 that “numbers have fled to Canada and carried off great quantities of cattle by means of 4 Schooners” Another letter from Captain Bond dated October 12, stated that

567-584: A leak, that kept afloat for some time by the empty casks in the hold. But eventually, an explosion occurred on the boat, as well as it being overcrowded lead to its sinking. Through record logs of ships used in the transport of the Acadians during deportation from Ile Saint-Jean, there were stops in English and French ports. A log of the Hind , the warship used by Lieutenant-Colonel Rollo, for the transportation to and from Ile Saint-Jean and for convoying transports that evacuated

648-833: A member of the Royal Family . On 6 November 1772, he became a member of the Privy Council . Amherst was raised to the peerage on 14 May 1776, as Baron Amherst, of Holmesdale in the County of Kent . On 24 March 1778 he was promoted to full general and, in April 1778, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Forces , which gave him a seat in the Cabinet . In 1778, when the British commander in North America, William Howe , requested to be relieved, Amherst

729-482: A name change, saying: "in the future I don't think there should ever be anything named after people who committed what can be described as crimes against humanity." In February 2016, a spokesperson for Parks Canada said it would review the matter after a proper complaint is filed; "Should there be a formal request from the public to change the name of the National Historic Site, Parks Canada would engage with

810-464: A place to reside. Other reasons behind the deportation of Acadians from Ile Saint-Jean was part of the general British campaign to eliminate the possibilities of resistance along the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in anticipation of an assault on Quebec, that was planned for the following year. It was estimated that 11,500 Acadians out of the 14,100 in the region were deported. During the deportation process,

891-606: A postscript when he responded to Amherst just days later on 13 July 1763: P.S. I will try to inocculate [ sic ] the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the disease myself. As it is pity to oppose good men against them, I wish we could make use of the Spaniard's Method, and hunt them with English Dogs. Supported by Rangers, and some Light Horse, who would I think effectively extirpate or remove that Vermine. In response, also in

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972-486: A postscript, Amherst replied: P.S. You will Do well to try to Innoculate [ sic ] the Indians by means of Blankets, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race. I should be very glad your Scheme for Hunting them Down by Dogs could take Effect, but England is at too great a Distance to think of that at present. Amherst was summoned home, ostensibly so that he could be consulted on future military plans in North America, and

1053-524: A third army in September 1759. Amherst served as the nominal Crown Governor of Virginia from 12 September 1759. From July 1760, Amherst led an army down the Saint Lawrence River from Fort Oswego , joined with Brigadier Murray from Quebec and Brigadier Haviland from Ile-aux-Noix in a three-way pincer, and captured Montreal , ending French rule in North America on 8 September. He infuriated

1134-557: Is not clear, however, whether the smallpox was a result of the Fort Pitt incident or the virus was already present among the Delaware people as outbreaks happened on their own every dozen or so years and the delegates were met again later and they seemingly had not contracted smallpox. A month later the use of smallpox blankets was discussed by Amherst himself in letters to Bouquet. Amherst, having learned that smallpox had broken out among

1215-525: Is totally unacceptable that a man who made comments supporting the extermination of Native Americans to be honoured in this way". On 13 September 2017, the city of Montreal decided that the street bearing his name would be renamed. On 21 June 2019, the street was officially renamed Rue Atateken , atateken being a Kanien'kehá word describing "those with whom one shares values," according to Kanehsatake historian Hilda Nicholas. Similarly, Rue Amherst in Gatineau

1296-458: The 2nd Troop of Horse Guards . On 8 July 1788, he became colonel of the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards and on 30 August 1788 he was created Baron Amherst (this time with the territorial designation of Montreal in the County of Kent ) with a special provision that would allow this title to pass to his nephew (as Amherst was childless, the Holmesdale title became extinct upon his death). With

1377-627: The 7 Years War , he was fighting since 1757 for the British in the Americas. He saw action in New York , Cape Breton Island , Sorel, and Montreal . He led the Île Saint-Jean Campaign , which resulted in the capture of Prince Edward Island in 1758 and deportation of the French Acadians there. A bay on the island is still named after him. In 1760, he was raised to the rank of brigadier general. On 3 May 1761, he sailed with his regiment from New York to

1458-694: The Battle of Dettingen in June 1743 and the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745. Promoted to lieutenant colonel on 25 December 1745, he also saw action at the Battle of Rocoux in October 1746. He then became an aide to the Duke of Cumberland , the commander of the British forces, and saw further action at the Battle of Lauffeld in July 1747. In February 1756, Amherst was appointed commissar to

1539-440: The Bay of Fundy campaign (1755) . The British Conquest of Nova Scotia happened in 1710. The British were now in possession of Acadia, present Nova Scotia, due to the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. French settlers were given the choice to remove themselves from Nova Scotia or pledge allegiance to the British. The majority of French settlers and Acadians chose to move to Ile Royale , present day Cape Breton Island. Ile Royale formed as

1620-515: The British expedition against Cuba in 1762. His health was severely affected by the climate, and he returned to England in 1762, dying at Leicester in 1765. He was interred at St Margaret's church in that city. He married on 24 April 1727, with Catherine Murray (died 28 July 1763), daughter of Lord James Murray , and had 2 children: He remarried on 16 February 1765 to Elizabeth Moray and died 4 months later. As his only son had died before him, he

1701-583: The Capture of Dominica on 6 June 1761. Lord Rollo was the son of Robert Rollo ( c. 1680–1758) and Mary Roll, daughter to Sir Henry Rollo of Woodside. He was commissioned into the army at the age of forty in order to fight during the War of the Austrian Succession . He fought at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, being promoted to Major in June 1750, and by 1756 he commanded the 22nd Regiment of Foot . During

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1782-841: The Convention of Klosterzeven by which Hanover agreed to withdraw from the war: he began to prepare to disband the Hessian troops under his command, only to receive word that the Convention had been repudiated and the Allied force was being reformed. Amherst gained fame during the Seven Years' War , particularly in the North American campaign known in the United States as the French and Indian War when he led

1863-715: The Duke of York , and was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 30 July 1796. He retired to his home at Montreal Park and died on 3 August 1797. He was buried in the Parish Church at Sevenoaks . Several places are named for him: Amherst Island, Ontario , Amherstburg, Ontario (location of General Amherst High School ), Amherst, Massachusetts (location of the University of Massachusetts Amherst , Hampshire College and Amherst College ), Amherst, New Hampshire , Amherst, Nova Scotia , Amherst, New York and Amherst County, Virginia . Amherst's desire to exterminate

1944-503: The First Church in Boston offered thus: The Lord hath done great things for us, whereof we are glad... Long had it been the common opinion, Delenda est Carthago , Canada must be conquered, or we could hope for no lasting quiet in these parts; and now, through the good hand of our God upon us, we see the happy day of its accomplishment. We behold His Majesty's victorious troops treading upon

2025-550: The Hessian forces that had been assembled to defend Hanover as part of the Army of Observation: as it appeared likely a French invasion attempt against Britain itself was imminent, Amherst was ordered in April to arrange the transportation of thousands of the Germans to southern England to bolster Britain's defences. He was made colonel of the 15th Regiment of Foot on 12 June 1756. By 1757 as

2106-565: The Petitcodiac River in a number of armed vessels, destroying the villages as they went, including Beausoleil, home to the Broussards. Simultaneously, Colonel Robert Monckton , in command of 2,000 troops, engaged in a similar campaign on the St. John River . The British also conducted a similar Cape Sable campaign . Sadly for inhabitants of Ile Saint-Jean, some were forced to be deported for

2187-546: The West Indies while putting more effort into the war at sea. On 7 November 1778 the King and Queen visited Amherst at his home, Montreal Park , in Kent and on 24 April 1779 he became colonel of the 2nd Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards . A long-standing plan of the French had been the concept of an invasion of Great Britain which they hoped would lead to a swift end to the war if it

2268-454: The 22nd Regiment sailed for the Island of St. Johns. Rollo proceeded to Ile Saint-jean with 500 men on four transport ships: King of Prussia, Dunbar, Bristol, and Catherine. On August 17, Rollo approached the harbor at Port-la-Joye on the warship Hind with four transports and a schooner at around 2 pm. A boat with a truce flag raised came out of the harbor to meet them. Around 3 pm, the Hind fired

2349-580: The Acadian citizens refused to sign an oath of allegiance to Britain which would make them loyal to the British crown. Therefore, on July 28, 1755 British Lieutenant Governor Charles Lawrence, as well as the Nova Scotia Council, made the decision to deport the Acadians. Some factors of the Ile Saint-Jean campaign were to deport the Acadians living on Ile Saint-Jean to allow for English and Scottish settlers

2430-519: The British attack on Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island in June 1758. In the wake of this action, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British army in North America and colonel-in-chief of the 60th (Royal American) Regiment in September 1758. Amherst then led an army against French troops on Lake Champlain , where he captured Fort Ticonderoga in July 1759, while another army under William Johnson took Niagara also in July 1759 and James Wolfe besieged and eventually captured Quebec with

2511-417: The British began operations to deport Acadians from Ile St. Jean, Ile Royale, and present-day New Brunswick . According to one historian, this wave of operations was more brutal and considerably more devastating than the first. On July 26, 1758, Governor Augustin de Boschenry de Drucou surrendered at Louisbourg to the British, which changed the fate of Ile Saint-Jean residents. The removal of French troops and

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2592-466: The British deportation operations. Amherst ordered Rollo to take possession of Ile Saint-Jean, build Fort Amherst on the site of Port-la-Joye , and deport the Acadians. When Rolo took over the Island he found British scalps in the French governor's possessions. On 8 August 1758, a large party with the Light Infantry of the 22nd, 40th, and 45th Regiments and 143 Rangers under the command of Lord Rollo of

2673-505: The British. An Acadian historian is noted for saying that Nicolas’ father was one of the most important personages in Acadia in his time. The Gautier family had moved from Acadia to Ile Saint-jean around 1749. As the deportation operation continued, on October 14, a schooner arrived at Port-la-Joye from Pointe-Prime (now Eldon, Prince Edward Island ) carrying Noel Doiron and 50 other Acadians. On October 20, Doiron and his family embarked on

2754-851: The Delawares, the Shawnees, the Senecas, the Mingoes, the Mohicans, the Miamis, the Ottawas and the Wyandots, who were opposed to British post-war occupation of the region, banded together in an effort to drive the British out of their territory. One of the most infamous and well-documented issues during Pontiac's War was the use of biological warfare against Native Americans and Amherst's role in supporting it. Colonel Henry Bouquet ,

2835-450: The English during this time. In the summer of 1756, for example, Villejouin sent seven Mi'kmaq to Fort Edward where they scalped two English people and returned to Villejouin with the scalps and a prisoner. (Rollo found numerous British scalps at the Governor's house when he took over Ile St. Jean. ) After capturing Louisbourg on Ile Royale (present-day Cape Breton, Nova Scotia ) in 1758,

2916-636: The French commanders by refusing them the honours of war ; the Chevalier de Lévis burned the colours rather than surrendering them, to highlight his differences with Vaudreuil for later political advantage back in France. The British settlers were relieved and proclaimed a day of thanksgiving. Boston newspapers recount how the occasion was celebrated with a parade, a grand dinner in Faneuil Hall , music, bonfires, and firing of cannon. The Rev. Thomas Foxcroft of

2997-571: The French first invaded the territory, to February 1763, when peace was formally declared between the English and French, the Six Nations and tenant tribes always maintained that both the French and the British must remain east of the Allegheny Mountains . After the British failed to keep their word to withdraw from the Ohio and Allegheny valleys, a loose confederation of Native American tribes including

3078-484: The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada for its recommendation." An online petition was launched by Sark to satisfy this formal request requirement on 20 February 2016. On 16 February 2018, the site was renamed Skmaqn–Port-la-Joye–Fort Amherst, adding a Mi'kmaq word alongside the French and English titles. In 2009, Montreal City Councillor Nicolas Montmorency officially asked that Rue Amherst be renamed: "it

3159-614: The Kanien'kéha Mohawk language . Born the son of Jeffrey Amherst (d. 1750), a Kentish lawyer, and Elizabeth Amherst (née Kerrill), Jeffery Amherst was born in Sevenoaks , England, on 29 January 1717. At an early age, he became a page to the Duke of Dorset . Amherst became an ensign in the Grenadier Guards in 1735. Amherst served in the War of the Austrian Succession becoming an aide to General John Ligonier and participating in

3240-646: The Order of the Bath on 11 April 1761. From his base at New York, Amherst oversaw the dispatch of troops under Monckton and Haviland to take part in British expeditions in the West Indies that led to the British capture of Dominica in 1761 and Martinique and Cuba in 1762. The uprising of many Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region, commonly referred to as Pontiac 's War after one of its most notable leaders, began in early 1763. From 1753, when

3321-677: The Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect.' The military hospital records confirm that two blankets and handkerchiefs were 'taken from people in the Hospital to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians.' The fort commander paid for these items, which he certified 'were had for the uses above mentioned.' A reported outbreak that began the spring before left as many as one hundred Native Americans dead in Ohio Country from 1763 to 1764. It

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3402-512: The West Indies where he commanded the land forces at the attack on the French settlement of Roseau on 6 June, which he took with a force of only 2,500 men. After the capture, he was made Commander-in-Chief of Dominica before the island was definitely ceded to Britain by the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763. During this period, he took a prominent part in the British capture of Martinique and in

3483-414: The advent of the French Revolutionary Wars , Amherst was recalled as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in January 1793: however is generally criticised for allowing the armed forces to slide into acute decline, a direct cause of the failure of the early campaigns in the Low Countries: Pitt the Younger said of him "his age, and perhaps his natural temper, are little suited to the activity and the energy which

3564-476: The brothers Pierre and Joseph Gautier played important roles in assisting these Acadians to escape. The Mi'kmaq offered some assistance to the Acadians' escape. All the families from the communities of Malpec, Tracadie and Étang des Berges seem to have evaded the deportation as well as a number of families settled on the rivière du Nord-Est who seem to have gone to Ristigouche with the Gauthiers, Bujolds and Haché-Gallants. Approximately 150 Acadians remained on

3645-418: The camp in hopes of a better situation, returned and face deportation since the conditions were incredibly bad. Some escaped into the interior of the island and remained hidden for several years as they lived of stray livestock and wild game. Nicolas Gautier was among those who assisted settlers escaping the north shore of Ile Saint-Jean. Coming from a prominent Acadian family who was known for their opposition to

3726-415: The commander of Fort Pitt , ordered smallpox-infested blankets to be given Native Americans when a group of them laid siege to the fortification in June 1763. During a parley in midst of the siege on 24 June 1763, Captain Simeon Ecuyer gave representatives of the besieging Delawares two blankets and a handkerchief enclosed in small metal boxes that had been exposed to smallpox, in an attempt to spread

3807-465: The deportees were stripped of everything they owned. The ones who made it through the ship were the lucky ones because almost half of the people died on the trip across the ocean. As well, at least three ships were destroyed killing the people on board. 103 Acadians died on the Ruby when it ran aground in the Azores. Two other larger ships Duke William and Violet sank in the mid-Atlantic resulting in an estimated 756 exiles deaths. Duke William managed to get

3888-526: The disease to the Natives in order to end the siege. William Trent , the trader turned militia commander who had come up with the plan, sent an invoice to the British colonial authorities in North America indicating that the purpose of giving the blankets was "to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians." The invoice was approved by Thomas Gage , then serving as Commander-in-Chief, North America . Reporting on parleys with Delaware chiefs on 24 June, Trent wrote: '[We] gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of

3969-448: The fate of the civilians were not addressed until a few days later when under British policy, it came clear that the deportations of all inhabitants of Ile Saint-jean were to occur. The defeated French governor, Drucou, sent along a few of his officers from Louisbourg to inform the inhabitants and military on Ile Saint-Jean about the surrender and deportation. Under orders from General Jeffery Amherst , Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Rollo led

4050-414: The four transports. Civilian prisoners who were delivered to Louisbourg were sent to Europe soon after the military men was deported. As for the military were brought to the newly built fort at Port-la-Joie where they were to eventually be picked up by the transport ships after all inhabitants were brought to Louisbourg. About 100 men of the British military were left at Port-la-Joie to man the fort. Less than

4131-409: The garrison at Fort Pitt, and after learning of the loss of his forts at Venango , Le Boeuf and Presqu'Isle , wrote to Colonel Bouquet: Could it not be contrived to send the small pox among the disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them. Bouquet, who was already marching to relieve Fort Pitt from the siege, agreed with this suggestion in

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4212-400: The high places of the enemy, their last fortress delivered up, and the whole country surrendered to the King of Britain in the person of his general, the intrepid, the serene, the successful Amherst. In recognition of this victory, Amherst was appointed Governor-General of British North America in September 1760 and promoted to major-general on 29 November 1760. He was appointed Knight of

4293-493: The ill-fated transport the Duke William . Of the three thousand deportees included, roughly 600 had been shipped over to Ile Royale earlier and then sent across the Atlantic well before Nov. 4 on the Mary . Almost half of the people on board the Mary died of disease, most of them children. Historian Earle Lockerby estimates that 255 out of 560 passengers died. Another transfer occurred with two ships, Sukey and Mary, where 600 prisoners were sent to St. Malo from Louisbourg. The Mary

4374-406: The immediate danger to Britain had passed the troops were moved back to Hanover to join a growing army under the Duke of Cumberland and Amherst fought with the Hessians under Cumberland's command at the Battle of Hastenbeck in July 1757: the Allied defeat there forced the army into a steady retreat northwards to Stade near the North Sea coast. Amherst was left dispirited by the retreat and by

4455-489: The indigenous people is now viewed as a dark stain on his legacy and various agencies, municipalities and institutions have reconsidered the use of the name "Amherst". "The Un-Canadians", a 2007 article in The Beaver , includes Amherst in a list of people in the history of Canada who are considered contemptible by the authors, because he "supported plans of distributing smallpox-infested blankets to First Nations people". In 2008, Mi'kmaq spiritual leader John Joe Sark called

4536-426: The inhabitants were important records. As well, The French National Archives held documents concerning the arrival of transports in France. Within the archives are lists of inhabitants from Ile Saint-Jean who debarked from seven transports at St. Malo, as well as the names of individuals who died on the vessels en route. After the Ile Saint-Jean campaign began, Major General Amherst dispatched Brigadier James Wolfe to

4617-481: The island and to reach French military leader Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot 's refugee camp, known as "Camp de l'Espérance", on Beaubears Island near present-day Miramichi, New Brunswick . The Acadians also managed to reach Baie des Chaleurs and the Restigouche River . On the Restigouche River, Jean-François Bourdon de Dombourg also had a refugee camp at Petit-Rochelle (present-day Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec ). Acadians Joseph Leblanc dit Le Maigre and

4698-404: The island by mid-1759. Although the other military campaigns against the Acadians during the war included burning their villages, the orders in this campaign did not include instructions to do so. Rollo was instructed to save the homes for British-sponsored settlers that might come later. Some of the Acadians began arriving in ports in France by November. An official reported that when they arrived

4779-459: The islands ( Cape Breton Island and Isle Saint-Jean ) remained in French hands. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortresses of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour. Ile Saint-Jean began to change complexion from French to Acadian throughout

4860-405: The journey that has taken Acadians around the world. Places like France, Caribbean, Louisiana, St. Pierre and much more were where Acadians ended up for a few years. Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo , (18 November 1703 – 20 June 1765) was a Scottish army commander in Canada and Dominica during the Seven Years' War , who led the British land forces in

4941-438: The majority of Acadians surrendered along with Villejouin, roughly 1,250 Acadians (30%) did not. Many of these Acadians fled the island. The French and Acadians arranged for four schooners, one mounted with six guns, at Malpec (present day Malpeque Bay, Prince Edward Island ) to transport Acadians fleeing the island. Because of Malpec's distance from Port-la-Joye, it was out of reach of the British patrols. Acadians manage to leave

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5022-438: The name of Fort Amherst Park of Prince Edward Island a "terrible blotch on Canada", and said: "To have a place named after General Amherst would be like having a city in Jerusalem named after Adolf Hitler...it's disgusting." Sark raised his concerns again in a 29 January 2016 letter to the Canadian government. Mi'kmaq historian Daniel N. Paul , who referred to Amherst as motivated by white supremacist beliefs, also supports

5103-483: The northeast along the coast in the Gulf of St. Lawrence campaign (1758) . After Wolfe had left the area, the 1760 Battle of Restigouche led to the capture of several hundred Acadians at Boishébert's refugee camp at Petit-Rochelle (which was located at present-day Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec ) The British also went along the northern shore of Baie Françoise (present-day Bay of Fundy ). In November, Major George Scott and several hundred men from Fort Cumberland sailed up

5184-620: The present moment calls for". Horace Walpole called him "that log of wood whose stupidity and incapacity are past belief". "He allowed innumerable abuses to grow up in the army… He kept his command, though almost in his dotage, with a tenacity that cannot be too much censured". In 1753 he married Jane Dalison (1723–1765). Following her death he married Elizabeth Cary (1740–1830), daughter of Lieutenant General George Cary (1712–1792), who later became Lady Amherst of Holmesdale, on 26 March 1767. There were no children by either marriage. He retired from that post in February 1795, to be replaced by

5265-407: The second time during Rollo's forces that occurred on the island. They were previously deported from the mainland in 1755 and shipped to the Carolinas where they had returned from since. The real numbers of inhabitants of Ile Saint-Jean are not known when taking into account people who died along the way or escaped. The occurrence of deportation of the Acadian people in 1758 represented the beginning of

5346-457: The ship that was helping the inhabitants flee. During the taking over of Ile Saint-Jean by the British, an Acadian refugee camp in Miramichi, the closest port, area existed from 1756–1759. It was unknown to the British and sheltered Acadians who were escaping deportation. Some inhabitants went there on small boats but the camp was in poor conditions with over a thousand people who ended up dying there from disease and starvation. The people who went to

5427-413: The small London garrison of Horse and Foot Guards as well as he could but was hindered by the reluctance of the civil magistrates to authorise decisive action against the rioters. Line troops and militia were brought in from surrounding counties, swelling the forces at Amherst's disposal to over 15,000, many of whom were quartered in tents in Hyde Park , and a form of martial law was declared, giving

5508-419: The surrender occurred. Instead, there were most likely preparations in place if they needed to defend the island. On August 18, Rollo's men travelled up what is now called the Hillsborough River and brought back French prisoners, as well as three cannons that had probably been installed by the French at present-day Rams Island, near Frenchfort.Rollo expected around four hundred to five hundred people, but instead

5589-424: The territories that eventually became Canada. Numerous places and streets are named after him, in both Canada and the United States. Amherst's legacy is controversial due to his expressed desire to spread smallpox among the disaffected tribes of Indians during Pontiac's War . This has led to a reconsideration of his legacy. In 2019, the city of Montreal removed his name from a street, renaming it Rue Atateken, from

5670-401: The troops the authority to fire on crowds if the Riot Act had first been read. Although order was eventually restored, Amherst was personally alarmed by the failure of the authorities to suppress the riots. In the wake of the Gordon Riots, Amherst was forced to resign as Commander-in-Chief in February 1782 and was replaced by Henry Conway . On 23 March 1782 he became captain and colonel of

5751-401: The troops were having difficulty in getting the citizens to submit to commands. As well he mentioned that an armed schooner with six guns on board was assisting fugitives. These fugitives were Acadians trying to escape from British control and fear of deportation. Once the letter got in the hands of Rear Admiral Philip Durell, the successor at Louisbourg, sent Captain Maximillian Jacobs to destroy

5832-453: The years following. The population continued to increase, from 1749-1755 the population quadrupled to around three thousand, making Ile Saint-Jean an essential part of the overall Acadian community. During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the British sought both to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Nova Scotia. After conceding loss,

5913-476: Was a British Army officer and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in the British Army . Amherst is credited as the architect of Britain's successful campaign to conquer the territory of New France during the Seven Years' War . Under his command, British forces captured the cities of Louisbourg , Quebec City and Montreal , as well as several major fortresses. He was also the first British governor general in

5994-568: Was also severely criticised by military subordinates on both sides of the Atlantic. Nevertheless, Amherst was promoted to lieutenant-general on 26 March 1765, and became colonel of the 3rd Regiment of Foot in November 1768. On 22 October 1772, Amherst was appointed Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance , and he soon gained the confidence of George III , who had initially hoped the position would go to

6075-496: Was considered as a replacement by the government: however, his insistence that it would require 75,000 troops to fully defeat the rebellion was not acceptable to the government, and Henry Clinton was instead chosen to take over from Howe in America. Following the British setback at Saratoga , Amherst successfully argued for a limited war in North America, keeping footholds along the coast, defending Canada, East and West Florida , and

6156-469: Was loaded with prisoners from Ile Saint-Jean as for the other ship was carrying people mainly from Louisbourg and Ile Royale. There were also an additional 14 ships that were used as transports used in the deportation of Ile Saint-Jean. The Journal of Boscawen shows the list of the Vessels which was written on September 11, 1758. At the end of October, British efforts to deport prisoners were beginning to come to

6237-631: Was met with ten times that amount when the military began the process of deportation. French administrative officials and military were the first people taken into custody. Neutralizing these people would allow for deportation to proceed more easily. As well the fast capture of French soldier sent a signal to the inhabitants that they should surrender without resistance. The first group of 692 people, including French officials and their families, were deported on August 31, in two ships. The inhabitants were required to surrender themselves and their firearms, and those who did would be taken alive to Louisbourg on one of

6318-527: Was replaced pro tem as Commander-in-Chief, North America by Thomas Gage . Amherst expected to be praised for his conquest of Canada, however, once in London, he was instead asked to account for the recent Native American rebellion. He was forced to defend his conduct, and faced complaints made by William Johnson and George Croghan , who lobbied the Board of Trade for his removal and permanent replacement by Gage. He

6399-605: Was succeeded by his brother John Rollo. On Dominica, his name was given to Rollo's Head which had been called Pointe Ronde by the French, but the French name is still more commonly used today. His name was also given to Rollo Street in what was to be the British capital of Dominica at Portsmouth , and this street name still survives. Rollo Bay, Prince Edward Island is also named after him. [1] Balfour Paul, Sir J. , Scots Peerage IX vols. Edinburgh 1904. Jeffery Amherst Field Marshal Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst , KB (29 January 1717 – 3 August 1797)

6480-424: Was successful: in 1779 Spain entered the war on the side of France, and the increasingly depleted state of British home forces made an invasion more appealing and Amherst organised Britain's land defences in anticipation of the invasion which never materialised. In June 1780, Amherst oversaw the British army as they suppressed the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots in London. After the outbreak of rioting Amherst deployed

6561-705: Was wrecked in the Strait of Canso , Ruby on the Azores , and Duke William and Violet sank off Land's End . Eight transports made it to France. In total, about 1,500  Acadians died en route to France by disease or drowning. All the settlers from the largest village, Havre Saint-Pierre (St. Peter's Harbour), were deported. Acadians were deported from areas from Port-la-Joye, such as Bedec ( Bedeque ), La Traverse (Cape Traverse), Riviere des Blonds (Tryon), and Riviere au Crapeau ( Crapaud ), as well as other settlements in present-day Kings County, Prince Edward Island . While

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