Misplaced Pages

#251748

46-564: According to one theory of the toponym's origin, the Livonian language word Ikšķile denoted "the ford or islet(s), i.e. a place (on the Daugava River ) where it was possible to cross the river, belonging to the son of the (local ruler) Ike”. The personal name Ike has the honourable meaning ‘age, lifetime’. The Ike family had a great power in Livonia. They controlled the military and trade traffic across

92-567: A 2009 conference proceeding, it was mentioned that there could be "at best 10 living native" speakers of the language. The promotion of the Livonian language as a living language has been advanced mostly by the Livonian Cultural Centre ( Līvõ Kultūr Sidām ), an organisation of mostly young Livonians. Livonian as a lesser used language in Latvia – along with Latgalian – is represented by

138-645: A Livonian coastal village just yesterday" and qualified as the last living native speaker of the Livonian language of her generation. She died on June 2, 2013. The survival of the Livonian language now depends on young Livonians who learnt Livonian in their childhood from grandparents or great-grandparents of the pre-war generations. There are not many of them, though there are a few hundred ethnic Livonians in Latvia now who are interested in their Livonian roots. Some young Livonians not only sing folk-songs in Livonian but even strive to use Livonian actively in everyday communication. One such younger generation Livonian speaker

184-514: A castle, are below the water of the reservoir. The head of the city government in Ikšķile is the mayor. The incumbent mayor Indulis Trapiņš. Ikšķiles government is located at Ikšķile, Peldu street 22. Ikšķile Secondary School is a Latvian State School, founded in 1966. It is also a Junior Achievement Latvia School. The origins of the Ikšķile School date back to 1864, when the first parish school

230-509: A church in the village of Ikšķile and baptized some Livonians. However, the position of the church was vulnerable to attacks, mainly from Lithuanian pagan inhabitants. After a Lithuanian raiding party attacked in winter, Meinhard and the local people hid in the forests. According to Henry of Livonia's chronicle, Meinhard pointed out that Livonians were foolish for not having fortifications, and promised people to build castles if they converted to Christianity. In 1185 stonemasons from Gotland built

276-568: A great deal of contact with Estonians, namely between ( Kurzeme ) Livonian fishers or mariners and the Estonians from Saaremaa or other islands. Many inhabitants of the islands of Western Estonia worked in the summer in Kurzeme Livonian villages. As a result, a knowledge of Estonian spread among those Livonians and words of Estonian origin also came into Livonian. There are about 800 Estonian loanwords in Livonian, most of which were borrowed from

322-489: A single carriageway. The current speed limit in winter is 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph), but in summer the dual carriageway parts are raised to 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). Since 2013 a shorter route has replaced the Salaspils-Koknese section of A6 (numbered as P80), mainly built for transit traffic. The construction of it was first started in the 1980s, but the plan was abandoned later. The first stage of

368-423: A vestige of an earlier pitch accent . Livonian has also a large number of diphthongs , as well as a number of triphthongs . These can also occur as short or long. The two opening diphthongs /ie/ and /uo/ vary in their stress placement depending on length: short ie , uo are realized as rising [i̯e] , [u̯o] , while long īe , ūo are realized as falling [iˑe̯] , [uˑo̯] . The same applies to

414-610: Is Julgī Stalte  [ lv ; et ] , who performs with the Livonian-Estonian world music group Tuļļi Lum . In 2018, the Livonian Institute at the University of Latvia (Livonian: Lețmō Iļīzskūol Līvõd institūt ) was established to promote research and awareness of the language. It is led by Valts Ernštreits. In 2020 Livonian language revival activists Jānis Mednis and Renāte Medne started teaching Livonian as

460-769: Is a Finnic language whose native land is the Livonian Coast of the Gulf of Riga , located in the north of the Kurzeme peninsula in Latvia but also used to be spoken in the Salaca River valley. Although its last known native speaker died in 2013, a child, Kuldi Medne, born in 2020 is reported to be a native speaker of Livonian. Her parents are Livonian language revival activists Jānis Mednis and Renāte Medne. Also, there are about 40 reported L2 speakers and 210 having reported some knowledge of

506-700: Is also known as the Daugavpils Highway in Latvia . The road is part of European route E22 , European route E262 and the Latvian TEN-T road network. Once inside Belarus, the road becomes the Belarusian P20 . The length of the A6 in Latvian territory is 307 kilometres (191 mi). Currently the A6 has two lanes in each direction between Riga and Ogre and between Nīcgale and Daugavpils, with other parts having just

SECTION 10

#1732844579252

552-452: Is very unusual for a Finnic language. There are about 2,000 Latvian and 200 Low Saxon and German loanwords in Livonian and most of the Germanic loanwords were adopted through Latvian. Latvian, however, was influenced by Livonian as well. Its regular syllable stress, which is based on Livonian, is very unusual in a Baltic language. Especially as of the end of the nineteenth century there was

598-714: The Soviet Census of 1989 , 226 people were Livonian, and almost half of them spoke Livonian. According to estimates of the Liv Culture Center in 2010, only 40 people spoke Livonian in everyday life. In 2013, there were none who spoke Livonian in everyday life. The first Livonian words were recorded in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry . The first written sources about Livonian appeared in the 16th century. The collection of Livonian poems "Mariners sacred songs and prayers" (Latvian: Jūrnieku svētās dziesmas un lūgšanas )

644-512: The 17th century, and the church (which was rebuilt many times) was destroyed in 1916 by German artillery. In 1933 a new Lutheran church was erected near Ikšķile, near the station. Due to the construction of the Riga Hydroelectric Power Plant and the reservoir, the ruins of the first stone church were preserved in the 1970s; the island on which they are now located was increased and strengthened. The ruins of Ikšķile manor, as well as

690-601: The 2023 Latvian Song and Dance Festival , for the first time in the history of the event, a song with Livonian lyrics was featured. Lībieši nāk (Latvian: 'Livonians are coming'), the 2nd part of the musical cycle Nācēji by Inese Zandere  [ lv ] and Valts Pūce  [ lv ] was performed during the Grand Choir Concert Tīrums. Dziesmas ceļš . Livonian, like Estonian , has lost vowel harmony , but unlike Estonian, it has also lost consonant gradation . Livonian has 8 vowels in

736-401: The A6 in 2016 was 8,054 vehicles. 56°55′53″N 24°23′17″E  /  56.931516°N 24.388142°E  / 56.931516; 24.388142 This European road or road transport-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Latvian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about transport in Latvia

782-519: The Daugava at Ykescola/Ykescole. Other sources have suggested that the placename Ikšķile translates from the Finnic Livonian words ikš-ķile (ikš = 'one', ķile = village) meaning "one village" or "the (one) village". Ikšķile is one of the oldest inhabited regions of Latvia. This is evidenced by the mound and an ancient burial ground in the present rural area of Ikšķile. By the 9th - 12th centuries there

828-533: The Latvian Bureau of Lesser Used Languages (LatBLUL), formerly a national branch of the European Bureau of Lesser Used Languages (EBLUL). The language is taught in universities in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Sweden, which constantly increases the pool of people with some knowledge of the language who do not permanently reside in Latvia. In the 19th century, about 2,000 people still spoke Livonian; in 1852,

874-482: The Liv Culture Center. Two sites were included in the Atlas Linguarum Europae to study Livonian: Miķeļtornis and Mazirbe . Viktors Bertholds (10 July 1921 – 28 February 2009), one of the last Livonian speakers of the generation who learnt Livonian as a first language in a Livonian-speaking family and community, died on 28 February 2009. Though it was reported that he was the last native speaker of

920-473: The Livonian culture, art, and figures of the national movement, and in 1998 with the support of the "Open Society," the first collection of poetry in Livonian, " Ma akūb sīnda vizzõ, tūrska! ", was published and presented in Finland and Estonia. It combines the works of famous Livonian poets. To date, the only Livonian media outlet is the trilingual (English-Latvian-Livonian) Livones.lv (livones.net) operated by

966-592: The Livonian language, empty Livonian lands inhabited by the Latvians, which contributed to the replacement of the Livonian language in favor of Latvian. It is estimated that at the time of the German colonization, there were 30,000 Livonians. In the 19th century the number of speakers of the Couronian dialect is estimated as follows: 2,074 people in 1835, 2,324 people in 1852, 2,390 people in 1858, 2,929 people in 1888. According to

SECTION 20

#1732844579252

1012-624: The Saaremaa dialect. The Livonian language once spoken on about a third of modern-day Latvian territory, died in the 21st century with the death of the last native speaker Grizelda Kristiņa on 2 June 2013. Today there are about 210 people mainly living in Latvia who identify themselves as Livonian and speak the language on the A1-A2 level according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and between 20 and 40 people who speak

1058-677: The UoL Livonian Institute in cooperation with the UNESCO Latvian National Commission and the Latvian National Cultural Center, with various events held by individuals and institutions. In January 2023, the first of 171 approved road signs in Latvia with Latvian and Livonian text were placed on the border of Talsi Municipality . Similar signs are being placed in Latgale featuring Latgalian . During

1104-520: The armies of either occupation force by hiding in the woods . After the war, Bertholds worked in various professions and shared his knowledge of the Livonian language with many field linguists; in the 1990s, he also taught Livonian in children's summer camps. Bertholds' Livonian-speaking brother and wife died in the 1990s. In the early 2000s, many other prominent "last Livonians" also died, such as Poulin Klavin (1918–2001), keeper of many Livonian traditions and

1150-586: The beginning of V. Villeruš's book "Gājums", which states that in 1852 a Reading Association with 35 members was established in the Ikšķile municipality. The library was restored in 1946, after the Second World War. There have been changes to the library over the years; in 1974, a separate children's library was created. Source: William Urban, The Teutonic Knights, a Military History , (London 2003) 82,83. ISBN   1-85367-535-0 Livonian language Livonian (Livonian: līvõ kēļ or rāndakēļ )

1196-461: The castle of Ikšķile with a chapel or church. This is the oldest stone castle in Latvia and it is also the oldest stone building in the Eastern Baltic. In 1186 the upper bishop of Bremen appointed the monk Meinard , of Segeberga monastery, near Lübeck , as the first bishop of Ikšķile. Under his leadership Ikšķile became the center from which Catholicism would spread in Latvia. Both Meinhard and

1242-415: The castle. In 1638 the municipality of Ikšķile included eight manors, the richest of which being the Ikšķile and Tīnūžu manors. By the 19th century there were two manors left in the Ikšķile municipality, the Ikšķile and Berkava manors. After the formation of Ogre , which originally belonged to the Ikšķile municipality, the area of Ikšķile parish was gradually reduced. The castle of Ikšķile was destroyed in

1288-541: The construction starts in Tīnuži and ends in Koknese . It was planned to be complete by 2012, but due to economical reasons the works were delayed and were finished in 2013. Between 2020 and 2027 the authorities plan to bring the new road into Riga. It would also have 2x2 lanes with an expressway/motorway status. There are also plans to continue the new road parallel to the A6 as far as Pļaviņas . The annual average daily traffic of

1334-490: The establishment of a secondary school. From 1989 to 1990, the school was rebuilt, and in 1990 it was named the Ikšķile Secondary School. I kšķile District Central Library is a library in Ikšķile, located on Peldu street 22. The first library in the vicinity of Ikšķiles was formed and operational by the beginning of the 19th century. The first written information about the library of Ikšķile region can be found at

1380-407: The first language to their newborn daughter Kuldi Medne. As of 2023 she was the only Livonian native speaker in Latvia. In October 2022, her parents published Kūldaläpš Zeltabērns ('Golden Child'), a book in Livonian and Latvian for children and parents, with plans for subsequent books and an audio version. 2023 was proclaimed as Livonian Heritage Year (Livonian: Līvõd pierāndõks āigast ) by

1426-550: The language on level B1 and up. Today all speakers learn Livonian as a second language. There are different programs educating Latvians on the cultural and linguistic heritage of Livonians and the fact that most Latvians have common Livonian descent. Programs worth mentioning include: A6 road (Latvia) The A6 is a national road in Latvia , connecting Riga to the Belarusian border at Pāternieki . It bypasses Daugavpils in its north and passes through Krāslava and

Ikšķile - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-594: The language, Livonians themselves claimed that there were more native speakers still alive, albeit very few. As reported in the Estonian newspaper Eesti Päevaleht , Viktors Bertholds was born in 1921 and probably belonged to the last generation of children who started their (Latvian-medium) primary school as Livonian monolinguals; only a few years later it was noted that Livonian parents had begun to speak Latvian with their children. During World War II, Bertholds, unlike most Livonian men, managed to avoid being mobilized in

1518-566: The language. Possibly uniquely among the Uralic languages but similarly to Latvian and Lithuanian , Livonian has been described as a pitch-accent language (or restricted tone language , see below ). Some ethnic Livonians are learning or have learned Livonian in an attempt to revive it , but because ethnic Livonians are a small minority, opportunities to use Livonian are limited. The Estonian newspaper Eesti Päevaleht erroneously announced that Viktors Bertholds , who died on 28 February 2009,

1564-706: The last Livonian to reside permanently on the Courland coast, and Edgar Vaalgamaa (1912–2003), clergyman in Finland, translator of the New Testament and author of a book on the history and culture of the Livonians. The last native speaker of Livonian was Grizelda Kristiņa , née Bertholde (1910–2013, a cousin of Viktors Bertholds), who lived in Canada from 1949. According to linguist and activist Valts Ernštreits, she spoke Livonian as well "as if she had stepped out of her home farm in

1610-512: The number of Livonians was 2,394. Various historical events have led to the near total language death of Livonian: In the 13th century, the native Livonians inhabited all the areas around the Gulf of Riga, except for the Estonian island of Saaremaa. In the 12th–13th centuries the Livonian lands were conquered by the Teutonic Order . The conquest led to a strong decrease in the number of speakers of

1656-607: The second bishop, Berthold, were buried inside Ikšķile Church (Bishop Meinhard was later reburied at the Dome Church in Riga). Albert of Buxhovden followed Berthold as bishop of Uexkull. He arrived at his diocese with a sizeable army of Saxon crusaders and supported by the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope. Albert realized that the diocese of Uexküll, defended by a castle with the same name,

1702-412: The table below . Additionally two archaic vowels are given in parentheses: All vowels can be long or short . Short vowels are written as indicated in the table; long vowels are written with an additional macron ("ˉ") over the letter, so, for example, [oː] = ō . The Livonian vowel system is notable for having a stød similar to Danish. As in other languages with this feature, it is thought to be

1748-600: The triphthongs uoi  : ūoi . Livonian has 23 consonants : /f h/ are restricted to loans, except for some interjections containing /h/ . Voiced obstruents are subject to being either devoiced or half-voiced in the word-final position, or before another unvoiced consonants ( kuolmõz /ˈku̯olməs ~ ˈku̯olməz̥/ "third"). The Livonian alphabet is a hybrid which mixes Latvian and Estonian orthography. Livonian has for centuries been thoroughly influenced by Latvian in terms of grammar, phonology and word derivation etc. The dative case in Livonian, for example,

1794-468: Was 250 copies. The Livonians received only one copy of each dialect. The second book in Livonian was the same Gospel of Matthew , published in 1880 in St. Petersburg , with an orthography based on Latvian and German . In the interwar period , there were several dozen books published in Livonian, mainly with the help of Finnish and Estonian organizations. In 1930, the first newspaper in Livonian, " Līvli ",

1840-714: Was already a Liv village on the Daugava waterway. Building and employment of castles was an important topic in the first accounts available in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry . Henry of Livonia, an eyewitness to the events, started telling about a canon of the Augustinian monastery of Segeburg in Holstein called Meinhard. Meinhard heard stories of travelers about the great Daugava river, an area of commerce for pagan tribes of Livs and Letts . Meinhard ventured there to convert people to Christianity. After some conversions, he built

1886-487: Was established under the leadership of Ikšķile. The school building is named Zemturi. About a hundred years after the development of Ikšķile School it was decided to build a new school. The building of the school took place near the center of Ikšķile, next to the new A6 highway . The Ikšķile School of the Ogre District was opened in 1966. The development and growth continued, therefore additional schools were built, enabling

Ikšķile - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-725: Was far away from the Daugava river to be effective in the battle. For that reason, he requests another fortification near the sea, that would be the founding of Riga. In 1201, the third Bishop of Ikšķile, Albert, moved the Livonian Bishopric Center to Riga. During the Livonian Crusade Ikšķile Castle was attacked by the Semigallian troops on the left bank of the Daugava several times, and in 1203 and 1206 Prince Vladimir of Polotsk  [ lv ] tried to capture

1978-441: Was gradually eliminated in the smaller villages and concentrated in the larger population centres of Kolka , Roja , and Ventspils . Limits were placed on freedom of movement for inhabitants. All of these factors contributed to the decline of the language, although some initiatives appeared from the early 1970s onwards. After Latvia regained its independence, the newsletter " Õvā " was published in Livonian in 1994, dedicated to

2024-668: Was published. In 1942, a translation of the New Testament was published in Helsinki . It was translated by Kōrli Stalte , with help from the Finnish linguist Lauri Kettunen. After WWII , books in Livonian were no longer published, as Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union . The whole area of the Livonian Coast became a restricted border zone under tight Soviet supervision. Coastal fishing

2070-461: Was the last native speaker who started Latvian-language school as a monolingual. Some other Livonians had argued, however, that there were some native speakers left, including Viktors Bertholds' cousin, Grizelda Kristiņa , who died in 2013. An article published by the Foundation for Endangered Languages in 2007 stated that there were only 182 registered Livonians and a mere six native speakers. In

2116-595: Was translated to Latvian by Jānis Prints and his son Jānis Jr. and was published in 1845. The first book in Livonian was the Gospel of Matthew , published in 1863 in London in both the eastern and western Courland dialects. It was translated into eastern Couronian by Nick Pollmann and into western Couronian by Jānis Prints and Peteris. The plan with the book was to establish a standard orthography by F. Wiedemann, which consisted of 36 letters with many diacritics. The total circulation

#251748