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94-527: The Identitarian movement or Identitarianism is a pan-European nationalist , ethno-nationalist , far-right political ideology asserting the right of the European ethnic groups and white peoples to Western culture and territories exclusively. Originating in France as Les Identitaires ("The Identitarians"), with its youth wing Generation Identity (GI), the movement expanded to other European countries during
188-585: A civilizational understanding of Europe as a continent of white Christians with shared histories and cultural values and usually seeking to transform the current political system of European Union . The former British Union of Fascists leader, Oswald Mosley , led the Union Movement and advocated its " Europe a Nation " policy from 1948 to 1973. In 1950, Mosley co-founded the European Social Movement and collaborated with comparable groups on
282-560: A martial artist and former German Karate Team Champion, who according to Gudrun Hentges – who worked for the official Federal Agency for Civic Education – belongs to the "elite of the movement". It became a " registered association " in 2014. Drawing upon thinkers of the Nouvelle Droite and the Conservative Revolution such as Oswald Spengler , Carl Schmitt or the contemporary Russian fascist Aleksandr Dugin , it played
376-483: A neo-fascist attempt to legitimise far-right ideas in the political spectrum, and in some cases to recycle Nazi ideas. According to political scientist Stéphane François , the latter accusation, "though relevant in certain ways, [remains] incomplete, as it (purposely) [shuns] other references, most notably the primordial relationship to the German Conservative Revolution ." The original prominence of
470-513: A "pan-European nationalism" might arise from the cultivation of anti-American sentiment in Europe. Her warning has been deemed obsolete by the 1990s: Political science Political science is the scientific study of politics . It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior , and associated constitutions and laws . Political science
564-568: A "war of liberation", is however opposed by other Identitarian thinkers and groups. Alain de Benoist disavowing Faye's "strongly racist" ideas regarding Muslims after the publication of his 2000 book. Identitarians generally dismiss the European Union as "corrupt" and "authoritarian", while at the same time defending a "European-level political body that can hold its own against superpowers like America and China ." According to scholar Stéphane François, Identitarian geopolitics should be seen as
658-424: A 'pluriversum', where differences among peoples are preserved and celebrated." Political scientist Jean-Yves Camus agrees and defines the movement as being centred around the Nouvelle Droite concept of ethnopluralism (or 'ethno-differentialism'): "each people and culture can only flourish on its territory of origin; ethnic and cultural mixing ( métissage ) is seen as a factor of decadence; multiculturalism as
752-715: A Facebook page for Generation Identity UK and Ireland was created. A few months later, in October 2017, key figures of the Identitarian movement met in London in efforts to target the United Kingdom, and discussed the founding of a British chapter as a "bridge" to link with radical movements in the US. Their discussions resulted in a new British chapter being officially launched in late October 2017 with Tom Dupre and Ben Jones as its co-founders, after
846-585: A banner in protest at European immigration and perceived spread of Islam . In September of the same year, members of the Identitarian movement erected a new summit cross in a "provocative" act (as the Süddeutsche Zeitung reported) on the Schafreuter , after the original one had to be removed because of damage by an unknown person. In June 2017, the PayPal donations account of the Identitarian "Defend Europe"
940-518: A banner was unfurled on Westminster Bridge reading "Defend London, Stop Islamisation". On 9 March 2018, Sellner and his girlfriend Brittany Pettibone were barred from entering the UK because their presence was "not conducive to the public good". Prior the ban, Sellner intended to deliver a speech to the Young Independence party, though they cancelled the event, citing supposed threats of violence from
1034-416: A form of "ethnopolitics". In the Identitarian vision, the world would be structured into different "ethnospheres", each dominated by ethnically related peoples. They promote ethnic solidarities between European peoples, and the establishment of a confederation of regional identities that would eventually replace the various nation states of Europe, which are seen as an inheritance from the "dubious philosophy of
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#17328516184761128-480: A host of political systems and situations. Other approaches include the study of equation-based models and opinion dynamics. Political theorists approach theories of political phenomena with a similar diversity of positions and tools, including feminist political theory , historical analysis associated with the Cambridge school , and Straussian approaches . Political science may overlap with topics of study that are
1222-482: A key role in setting up political science departments that were distinct from history, philosophy, law, sociology, and economics. The journal Political Science Quarterly was established in 1886 by the Academy of Political Science. In the inaugural issue of Political Science Quarterly , Munroe Smith defined political science as "the science of the state. Taken in this sense, it includes the organization and functions of
1316-461: A member of proscribed terror organisation National Action and was spotted at an NA march in 2016. At an after conference event, one GI UK member told a Hope not Hate informant that two members of the fascist National Front (and former NA members) were present. The UK branch was condemned by the wider European movement on Twitter when it held its second annual conference and had invited numerous controversial alt-right speakers. Speaking alongside
1410-503: A minor scale after the disintegration of the National Party of Europe in the 1970s, but no group advocates a "European nation state". According to scholars, former European nationalist groups now propose a European ethnic federalism based on an ideology of "European culturalism" or, according to Dimitri Almeida, they underwent a " Eurosceptic turn ", the ideology of European nationalism being largely replaced by hard Euroscepticism by
1504-542: A more analytical corpus of knowledge in the discipline. This period saw a surge of research that borrowed theory and methods from economics to study political institutions, such as the United States Congress, as well as political behavior, such as voting. William H. Riker and his colleagues and students at the University of Rochester were the main proponents of this shift. Despite considerable research progress in
1598-525: A new "post-industrial" far-right, distinct from the "traditional" nostalgic far-right. Their ultimate goal is to enter mainstream politics, Taguieff argues, as "post-fascists rather than neo-fascists , [and as] post-nazis rather than neo-nazis ." Scholars have also described the essence of Identitarianism as a reaction against the permissive ideals of the '68 movement, embodied by the baby boomers and their perceived left-liberal dominance on society, which they sometimes label " Cultural Marxism ". Inspired by
1692-569: A pan-European movement of loosely connected Identitarian groups. In the 2000s and 2010s, thinkers led by Renaud Camus, Guillaume Faye, along with members of the Carrefour de l'Horloge , introduced the Great Replacement and remigration as defining concepts in the movement. Scholar A. James McAdams has described the Identitarian movement as a "second generation" in the evolution of European far-right foundational critique of liberal democracy during
1786-407: A pathogenic project, producing crime, loss of bearings and, ultimately, the possibility of an 'ethnic war' on European lands, between 'ethnic Europeans' and non-native Maghrebi Arabs, in any case Muslims." The pairing of Muslim immigration and Islam with the concept of ethnopluralism is indeed one of the main bases of Identitarianism, and the idea of a future ethnic war between whites and immigrants
1880-476: A proposed solution to this debunked global conspiracy , the identitarians present mass remigration , a project of reversing growing multiculturalism through a forced mass deportation of non-European immigrants (often including their descendants) back to their supposed place of racial origin, regardless of their citizenship status. Génération Identitaire has made frequent use of the term Reconquista , in reference to expulsion of Muslims and Jewish people from
1974-534: A rich field for the growth of both normative and positive political science, with each part of the discipline sharing some historical predecessors. The American Political Science Association and the American Political Science Review were founded in 1903 and 1906, respectively, in an effort to distinguish the study of politics from economics and other social phenomena. APSA membership rose from 204 in 1904 to 1,462 in 1915. APSA members played
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#17328516184762068-654: A role in the rise of the Pegida marches in 2014–15. The Identitarian movement has a close linkage to members of the German New Right , e.g., to its prominent member Götz Kubitschek and his journal Sezession , for which the Identitarian speaker Martin Sellner writes. In August 2016 members of the Identitarian movement in Germany scaled the iconic Brandenburg Gate in Berlin and hung
2162-446: A separate constituent college or academic department, then political science may be a separate department housed as part of a division or school of humanities or liberal arts . At some universities, especially research universities and in particular those that have a strong cooperation between research, undergraduate, and graduate faculty with a stronger more applied emphasis in public administration, political science would be taught by
2256-422: A single society. Although it is not supremacist , it is racialist because it identifies Europeans as a race . Strategies and concepts promoted by Nouvelle Droite thinkers, such as ethnopluralism, localism, pan-European nationalism, and the use of metapolitics to influence public opinion, have shaped the ideological structure of the Identitarian movement. The Nouvelle Droite has widely been considered
2350-486: A smaller but more toxic group in the UK, open to engagement with the more antisemitic, extreme and thus dangerous elements of the domestic far-right .” According to Unite Against Fascism , the Identitarian Movement in the UK is estimated to have a membership of less than 200 activists as of June 2019. In Sweden, the organisation Nordiska förbundet [ sv ] (active from 2004 to 2010), which founded
2444-413: A study of human behavior , in all aspects of politics , observations in controlled environments are often challenging to reproduce or duplicate, though experimental methods are increasingly common (see experimental political science ). Citing this difficulty, former American Political Science Association President Lawrence Lowell once said "We are limited by the impossibility of experiment. Politics
2538-411: A university discipline was marked by the creation of university departments and chairs with the title of political science arising in the late 19th century. The designation "political scientist" is commonly used to denote someone with a doctorate or master's degree in the field. Integrating political studies of the past into a unified discipline is ongoing, and the history of political science has provided
2632-472: A variety of capacities, people educated and trained in political science can add value and expertise to corporations . Private enterprises such as think tanks , research institutes, polling and public relations firms often employ political scientists. Political scientists may study political phenomena within one specific country. For example, they may study just the politics of the United States or just
2726-624: Is Génération Identitaire in France, originally a youth wing of Bloc Identitaire before it split off in 2012 to become its own organisation. The association Terre et Peuple ("Land and People"), which represents the Völkisch leaning of the Nouvelle Droite , is seen as a precursor of the Identitarian movement. Political scientist Stéphane François estimated the size of the Identitarian movement in France to be 1,500–2,000 in 2017. An undercover investigation conducted by Al Jazeera Investigates into
2820-412: Is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in psychology, social research , political philosophy, and many others, in addition to those that developed chiefly within the field of political science. Political scientists approach the study of politics from a host of different ontological orientations and with a variety of different tools. Because political science is essentially
2914-416: Is a defining feature of contemporary political science. Empirical political science methods include the use of field experiments, surveys and survey experiments, case studies, process tracing, historical and institutional analysis, ethnography, participant observation, and interview research. Political scientists also use and develop theoretical tools like game theory and agent-based models to study
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3008-401: Is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political institutions, political thought and behavior, and associated constitutions and laws . As a social science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century and began to separate itself from political philosophy and history. Into
3102-951: Is a social study concerning the allocation and transfer of power in decision making , the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations , political behaviour, and public policies . It measures the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability , justice , material wealth , peace , and public health . Some political scientists seek to advance positive theses (which attempt to describe how things are, as opposed to how they should be) by analysing politics; others advance normative theses, such as by making specific policy recommendations. The study of politics and policies can be closely connected—for example, in comparative analyses of which types of political institutions tend to produce certain types of policies. Political science provides analysis and predictions about political and governmental issues. Political scientists examine
3196-409: Is an observational, not an experimental science." Because of this, political scientists have historically observed political elites, institutions, and individual or group behaviour in order to identify patterns, draw generalizations, and build theories of politics. Like all social sciences, political science faces the difficulty of observing human actors that can only be partially observed and who have
3290-567: Is central for some Identitarian theorists, especially Guillaume Faye , who claimed in 2016 that "the ethnic civil war, like a snake's baby that breaks the shell of its egg, [was] only in its very modest beginnings". He had earlier preached "total ethnic war" between "original" Europeans and Muslims in The Colonization of Europe in 2000, which earned him a criminal conviction for incitement to racial hatred. This emphasis on ethnicity, shared by Pierre Vial and his call to an "ethnic revolution" and
3384-1252: The Freedom Party of Austria , Flemish Interest (Belgium), Freedom and Direct Democracy (Czechia), the Danish People's Party , the Conservative People's Party of Estonia , the Finns Party , National Rally (France) , Lega Nord (Italy) and the Party for Freedom (Netherlands). Other nationalist parties include the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), which also included nationalist, right-wing populist and euroscepticism|eurosceptic national parties from 12 countries. Identitarian Movement · Jeune Europe (Belgium) · Comité de liaison des européens révolutionnaires (France) · Parti Communautaire National-Européen (Belgium) · Nouvelle Droite (France) · Réseau Radical · Bloc Identitaire · Parti Nationaliste Français et Européen (France) · Imperium Europa (Malta) · le parti des européens (France) · Reconquista Europa (Ukraine) Hannah Arendt warned in 1954 that
3478-571: The French Revolution ". Influenced by Renaud Camus ' Great Replacement theory, Identitarians lament an alleged disappearance of the European peoples through a drop in a birth rate and uncontrolled immigration from the Muslim world. The movement is strongly opposed to the politics and philosophy of Islam , which some critics describe as disguised Islamophobia . Followers often protest what they see as
3572-511: The Islamisation of Europe through mass immigration, claiming it to be a threat to European culture and society. As summarised by Markus Willinger, a key activist of the movement, "We don't want Mehmed and Mustapha to become Europeans." This theory is connected to the ideas of the Great Replacement , a conspiracy theory which claims that a global elite is colluding against the white population of Europe to replace them with non-European peoples. As
3666-629: The Libyan coastguard . In the event, the ship suffered an engine failure and had to be rescued by another ship from one of the NGOs rescuing migrants. The European Identitarian movements often use a yellow lambda symbol, inspired by the shield designs of the Spartan army in the movie 300 , based on the comic book by Frank Miller . According to ethnographer Benjamin R. Teitelbaum , Identitarians advocate "an ostensibly non-hierarchical global separatism to create
3760-569: The State Security Service saw the rise of Schild & Vrienden [ nl ] in the context of Identitarian groups emerging throughout Europe. A Europol terror report mentioned Soldaten van Odin and the defunct group La Meute . In the Netherlands , Identitair Verzet [ nl ] was founded in 2012. Its main goal is "preservation of the national identity". Training their members at camps in France, their protests in
3854-530: The far-left . Prior to being detained and deported, Sellner intended to deliver his speech at Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park. In June 2018 Tore Rasmussen, a Norwegian activist who had previously been denied entry to the United Kingdom, was working in Ireland to establish a local branch of Generation Identity. In August 2018, the leader of GI UK Tom Dupre resigned from his position after UK press revealed Rasmussen, who
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3948-443: The metapolitics of Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci via the Nouvelle Droite , Identitarians do not seek direct electoral results but rather to influence the wider political debate in society. Metapolitics is defined by Nouvelle Droite theorist Guillaume Faye as the "social diffusion of ideas and cultural values for the sake of provoking profound, long-term, political transformation." In 2010, Daniel Friberg established
4042-423: The politics of China . Political scientists look at a variety of data, including constitutions, elections , public opinion , and public policy , foreign policy , legislatures, and judiciaries. Political scientists will often focus on the politics of their own country; for example, a political scientist from Indonesia may become an expert in the politics of Indonesia. The theory of political transitions, and
4136-489: The post-war era: "the first of these generations, congregated around the members of the French Nouvelle Droite (New Right), defined difference as a right ('a right to difference') to which all persons were entitled by virtue of their shared humanity. A second generation, epitomized by the pan-European Identitarian movement of the early 2000s, replaced the language of rights with the less exacting claim to respect
4230-399: The spread of Islam and European immigration . Influenced by New Right metapolitics , they do not seek direct electoral results, but rather to provoke long-term social transformations and eventually achieve cultural hegemony and popular adherence to their ideas. Identitarians are opposed to cultural mixing and promote the preservation of homogeneous ethno-cultural entities, generally to
4324-494: The 'European New Right' (ENR), its spokespersons' various promotion of capitalism and commodification, including through their advocacy of international trade and sale of merchandise, diverges from the anti-capitalist philosophizing of contemporary ENR thinkers." Identitarianism can be defined by its opposition to globalisation , multiculturalism , Islam and extra-European immigration ; and by its defence of traditions , pan-European nationalism and cultural homogeneity within
4418-677: The 2010s. Identity and Democracy grouping is a far-right political group of the European Parliament launched on 13 June 2019 for the Ninth European Parliament . It is composed of nationalist , right-wing populist and eurosceptic national parties from nine European nations. It is the successor to the Europe of Nations and Freedom group, which was formed during the Eighth European Parliament . Its members are
4512-509: The Austrian police, and investigations were started against Sellner on suspicion that a criminal organisation was being formed. The court later ruled that the IBÖ was not a criminal organisation. The movement also appeared in Germany and converged with preexisting circles, centered on the magazine Blue Narcissus ( Blaue Narzisse [ de ] ) and its founder Felix Menzel [ de ] ,
4606-707: The Continent. The organisation was mostly defunct by 1957 and was succeeded by the National Party of Europe , which was formed in 1962 by Mosley and the leaders of the German nationalist Deutsche Reichspartei , the Italian Social Movement , Jeune Europe and the Mouvement d'Action Civique . The movement remained active during the 1960s but was mostly disbanded in the 1970s. In their "European Declaration" of 1 March 1962,
4700-589: The European counterpart of the American alt-right. Hope not Hate (HNH) has described Identitarianism and the alt-right as "ostensibly separate" in origin, but with "huge areas of ideological crossover". Many white nationalists and alt-right leaders have described themselves as Identitarians, and according to HNH, American alt-right influence is evident in European Identitarian groups and events, forming an amalgamated "International Alternative Right". Figures within
4794-500: The French branch, which aired on 10 December 2018, captured GI activists punching a Muslim woman whilst saying "Fuck Mecca" and one saying if ever he gets a terminal illness he will purchase a weapon and cause carnage. When asked by the undercover journalist who would be the target he replies "a mosque, whatever". French prosecutors have launched an inquiry into the findings amidst calls for the group to be proscribed. Génération Identitaire
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#17328516184764888-600: The French nucleus gradually decreased, and a nebula of similar movements which were grouped under the term " European New Right " began to emerge across the continent. Among them was the Neue Rechte of Armin Mohler , also largely inspired by the Conservative Revolution, and another ideological source for the Identitarian movement. Consequently, connections have been suggested between the worldview of Martin Sellner , one of
4982-480: The Iberian Peninsula in 1492. Identitarians do not share, however, a common vision on liberalism . Some regard it as a part of European identity "threatened by Muslims who do not respect women or gay people", whereas others like Daniel Friberg describe it as the "disease" that contributed to Muslim immigration in the first place. The movement has been described as being a part of the global alt-right , or as
5076-483: The Identitarian 'party-movements' generally share the following traits: a call to an 'authentic' and 'sane' people, which a leader is claiming to embody, against illegitimate or unworthy elites; and a call for a purifying break with the supposedly 'corrupt' current system, in part achieved by 'cleaning up' the territory from elements perceived as 'non- assimilable ' for cultural reasons, Muslims in particular. Following Piero Ignazi, Taguieff classifies those party-movements as
5170-453: The Identitarian movements and alt-right often cite Nouvelle Droite founder Alain de Benoist as an influence. De Benoist rejects any alt-right affiliation, although he has worked with Richard B. Spencer , and once spoke at Spencer's National Policy Institute . As Benoist stated, "Maybe people consider me their spiritual father, but I don't consider them my spiritual sons". According to Christoph Gurk of Bayerischer Rundfunk , one of
5264-522: The National Party of Europe called for the creation of a European nation-state through a common European government, an elected European parliament, the withdrawal of American and Soviet forces from Europe and the dissolution of the United Nations , which would be replaced by an international body led by the United States, the Soviet Union and Europe as three equals. The territory of the European state
5358-471: The Netherlands attract tens of participants. Pan-European nationalism European nationalism (sometimes called pan-European nationalism ) is a form of pan-nationalism based on a pan-European identity . It is considered minor since the National Party of Europe disintegrated in the 1970s. It is distinct from Pro-Europeanism , which is primarily underpinned by liberal values, in being based on
5452-508: The UK's new leader Ben Jones was alt-right YouTuber Millennial Woes and Nouvelle Droite writer Tomislav Sunić . This controversy led to a number of members leaving the organisation in disgust at what they perceived to be a shift towards the "Old Right". This led to concern that the British version may become more radicalised and dangerous. Simon Murdoch, Identitarianism researcher at Hope not Hate, said: "Evidence suggests we will be left with
5546-485: The United States, see political science as part of a broader discipline of political studies or politics in general. While political science implies the use of the scientific method , political studies implies a broader approach, although the naming of degree courses does not necessarily reflect their content. Separate, specialized or, in some cases, professional degree programs in international relations , public policy , and public administration are common at both
5640-593: The alt-right and Identitarian movements. The separatist party Som Catalans claims to defend the "identity of Catalonia " against "Spanish colonialism and the migrant invasion", as well as the "islamisation" of the Spanish autonomous community . Similar stances are also found in Spanish nationalist parties, such as Identitarios, which align themselves with the European Identity and Democracy Party . In Belgium , in 2018,
5734-588: The biggest figures of the movement, and the theories of Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt . Leading Identitarian Daniel Friberg has likewise claimed influences from Ernst Jünger and Julius Evola . Through their think tank GRECE , Nouvelle Droite figures like Alain de Benoist and Guillaume Faye aimed to imitate Marxist metapolitics , especially the tactics of cultural hegemony , agitprop and entryism which, according to them, had allowed left-wing movements to gain cultural and academic dominance from
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#17328516184765828-406: The capacity for making conscious choices, unlike other subjects, such as non-human organisms in biology , minerals in geoscience , chemical elements in chemistry , stars in astronomy , or particles in physics . Despite the complexities, contemporary political science has progressed by adopting a variety of methods and theoretical approaches to understanding politics, and methodological pluralism
5922-459: The characteristics and functions of the ideal state. Generally, classical political philosophy is primarily defined by a concern for Hellenic and Enlightenment thought, political scientists are also marked by a great concern for " modernity " and the contemporary nation state , along with the study of classical thought, and as such share more terminology with sociologists (e.g., structure and agency ). The advent of political science as
6016-540: The continent through conscious efforts of the likes of Faye. It also has adherents among white nationalists in North America , Australia , and New Zealand . The United States–based Southern Poverty Law Center considers many of these organisations to be hate groups . The Identitarian ideology is generally believed by scholars to be derived from the Nouvelle Droite , a French far-right philosophical movement that
6110-410: The differences of others, especially those based on ethnicity. Finally, in response to the degeneration of Identitarian thinking into outright xenophobia and racism, a third generation of theorists emerged in the 2010s with the expressed aim of restoring the respectability of far-right thought." According to scholar Imogen Richards, "while in many respects [ Génération Identitaire ] is characteristic of
6204-535: The discipline based on all types of scholarship discussed above, scholars have noted that progress toward systematic theory has been modest and uneven. In 2000, the Perestroika Movement in political science was introduced as a reaction against what supporters of the movement called the mathematicization of political science. Those who identified with the movement argued for a plurality of methodologies and approaches in political science and for more relevance of
6298-500: The discipline to those outside of it. Some evolutionary psychology theories argue that humans have evolved a highly developed set of psychological mechanisms for dealing with politics. However, these mechanisms evolved for dealing with the small group politics that characterized the ancestral environment and not the much larger political structures in today's world. This is argued to explain many important features and systematic cognitive biases of current politics. Political science
6392-470: The discipline. A focus on studying political behavior, rather than institutions or interpretation of legal texts, characterized early behavioral political science, including work by Robert Dahl , Philip Converse , and in the collaboration between sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and public opinion scholar Bernard Berelson . The late 1960s and early 1970s witnessed a takeoff in the use of deductive, game-theoretic formal modelling techniques aimed at generating
6486-449: The early 21st century. Its ideology was formulated from the 1960s onward by essayists such as Alain de Benoist , Dominique Venner , Guillaume Faye and Renaud Camus , who are considered the main ideological sources of the movement. Identitarians promote concepts such as pan-European nationalism , localism , ethnopluralism , remigration , or the Great Replacement , and they are generally opposed to globalisation , multiculturalism ,
6580-646: The exclusion of extra-European migrants and descendants of immigrants, and may espouse ideas considered xenophobic and racialist . In 2019, the Identitarian Movement was classified by the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution as right-wing extremist . The movement is most notable in Europe , and although rooted in Western Europe , it has spread more rapidly to the eastern part of
6674-415: The goals of Identitarianism is to make racism modern and fashionable. Austrian Identitarians invited radical right-wing groups from across Europe, including several neo-Nazi groups, to participate in an anti-immigration march, according to Anna Thalhammer of Die Presse . There has also been Identitarian collaboration with the white nationalist activist Tomislav Sunić . The main Identitarian youth movement
6768-473: The group and its youth wing, Generation Identity . The Identitarian Movement has about 600 members in Germany. As of January 2024 South west Germany alone had about 100 members, mostly in Ulm, Reutlingen, Pforzheim and Stuttgart with 2.400 followers on instagram; the group changed its original name from Identitäre Bewegung Schwaben to 'Kesselrevolte/Schwaben Bande' to 'Wackre Schwaben' to 'Reconquista 21'. In July 2017,
6862-430: The late 19th century, it was still uncommon for political science to be considered a distinct field from history. The term "political science" was not always distinguished from political philosophy, and the modern discipline has a clear set of antecedents including moral philosophy, political economy, political theology , history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing
6956-465: The methods of analyzing and anticipating crises, form an important part of political science. Several general indicators of crises and methods were proposed for anticipating critical transitions. Among them, one statistical indicator of crisis, a simultaneous increase of variance and correlations in large groups, was proposed for crisis anticipation and may be successfully used in various areas. Its applicability for early diagnosis of political crises
7050-426: The nations of Europe. The concept of "identity" is central to the Identitarian movement, which sees, in the words of Guillaume Faye , "every form of [humanity’s] homogenisation [as] synonymous with death, as well as sclerosis and entropy". Scholar Stéphane François has described the essence of Identitarian ideology as "mixophobic", that is the fear of ethnic mixing . According to philosopher Pierre-André Taguieff ,
7144-523: The online encyclopedia Metapedia in 2006, promoted Identitarianism. The influence of Identitarian theories has been noted in the Sweden Democrats ' slogan "We are also a people!". The origin of the Italian chapter Generazione Identitaria dates from 2012. The founder of the far-right Croatian party Generation of Renovation has stated that it was originally formed in 2017 as that country's version of
7238-644: The processes, systems and political dynamics of countries and regions of the world, often to raise public awareness or to influence specific governments. Political scientists may provide the frameworks from which journalists, special interest groups, politicians, and the electorate analyze issues. According to Chaturvedy, Political scientists may serve as advisers to specific politicians, or even run for office as politicians themselves. Political scientists can be found working in governments, in political parties, or as civil servants. They may be involved with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or political movements. In
7332-458: The publishing house Arktos Media , which has grown since that date as the "uncontested global leader in the publication of English-language Nouvelle Droite literature." Some Identitarian parties have nonetheless contested elections, as in France or in Croatia, but so far with no success. Éric Zemmour , who has been described as belonging to the Identitarian movement by some scholars, won 7.1% of
7426-436: The second part of the 20th century onward. Dominique Venner and his magazine Europe-Action , which is considered the "embryonic form" of the Nouvelle Droite , along with the writings of Saint-Loup , are conducive to the emergence of the Identitarian movement, by redefining the idea of pan-European nationalism on the " white nation " rather than the " nation state ". The neo- Völkisch movement Terre et Peuple , which
7520-425: The social sciences as a whole, can be described "as a discipline which lives on the fault line between the 'two cultures' in the academy, the sciences and the humanities ." Thus, in most American colleges, especially liberal arts colleges , it would be located within the school or college of arts and sciences . If no separate college of arts and sciences exists, or if the college or university prefers that it be in
7614-537: The state, and the relation of states one to another." As part of a UNESCO initiative to promote political science in the late 1940s, the International Political Science Association was founded in 1949, as well as national associations in France in 1949, Britain in 1950, and West Germany in 1951. In the 1950s and the 1960s, a behavioral revolution stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behavior swept
7708-421: The study of culture in anthropology. In turn, methodologies that are developed within political science may influence how researchers in other fields, like public health, conceive of and approach political processes and policies. The most common piece of academic writing in generalist political sciences is the research paper, which investigates an original research question . Political science, possibly like
7802-514: The traditional focuses of other social sciences—for example, when sociological norms or psychological biases are connected to political phenomena. In these cases, political science may either inherit their methods of study or develop a contrasting approach. For example, Lisa Wedeen has argued that political science's approach to the idea of culture, originating with Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba and exemplified by authors like Samuel P. Huntington , could benefit from aligning more closely with
7896-602: The undergraduate and postgraduate levels, although most but not all undergraduate level education in these sub-fields of political science is generally found in academic concentrations within a political science academic major . Master's-level programs in public administration are professional degrees covering public policy along with other applied subjects; they are often seen as more linked to politics than any other discipline, which may be reflected by being housed in that department. The main national honor society for college and university students of government and politics in
7990-458: The university's public policy school . Most United States colleges and universities offer BA programs in political science. MA or MAT and PhD or EdD programs are common at larger universities. The term political science is more popular in post-1960s North America than elsewhere while universities predating the 1960s or those historically influenced by them would call the field of study government ; other institutions, especially those outside
8084-591: The votes during the 2022 French presidential election . A key strategy of the Identitarian movement is to generate large media attention by symbolically occupying popular public spaces, often with only a handful of militants. The largest action to date, labelled "Defend Europe", occurred in 2017. After crowdsourcing more than $ 178,000, Identitarian militants chartered a ship in the Mediterranean Sea to ferry rescued migrants back to Africa, observe any incursions by other NGO ships into Libyan waters, and report them to
8178-626: Was a senior member in the UK branch, had an active past in neo-Nazi movements within Norway. Generation Identity UK has been conferencing with other organisations, namely Identity Evropa /American Identity Movement. Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement is known for its involvement in the deadly 11–12 August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia , United States and its antisemitism. Jacob Bewick, an activist with GI, had been exposed as
8272-416: Was also developed. The study of major crises, both political crises and external crises that can affect politics, is not limited to attempts to predict regime transitions or major changes in political institutions. Political scientists also study how governments handle unexpected disasters, and how voters in democracies react to their governments' preparations for and responses to crises. Political science
8366-477: Was banned by French authorities in March 2021. The Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ) was founded in 2012. They have sometimes used the concept of a "War Against the '68ers"; i.e. people whose political identities are seen by Identitarians as stemming from the social changes of the 1960s, what would be called baby boomer liberals in the US. On 27 April 2018 the IBÖ and the homes of its leaders were searched by
8460-525: Was demonstrated by the analysis of the prolonged stress period preceding the 2014 Ukrainian economic and political crisis. There was a simultaneous increase in the total correlation between the 19 major public fears in the Ukrainian society (by about 64%) and in their statistical dispersion (by 29%) during the pre-crisis years. A feature shared by certain major revolutions is that they were not predicted. The theory of apparent inevitability of crises and revolutions
8554-434: Was formed in the 1960s in order to adapt traditionalist conservative , ethnopluralist and illiberal politics to a post- WWII European context and distance itself from earlier far-right ideologies like fascism and Nazism , mainly through a form of pan-European nationalism . The Nouvelle Droite opposes liberal democracy and capitalism , and is hostile to multiculturalism and the mixing of different cultures within
8648-511: Was founded in 1995 by Nouvelle Droite writers Pierre Vial , Jean Haudry and Jean Mabire , is generally considered a precursor of the Identitarian movement. In the early 21st century, Nouvelle Droite ideas influenced far-right youth movements in France through groups such as Jeunesses Identitaires (founded in 2002 and succeeded by Génération Identitaire in 2012) and Bloc Identitaire (2003). These French movements exported their ideas to other European nations, turning themselves into
8742-500: Was locked, and the Identitarian account of the bank Steiermärkische Sparkasse was closed. On 11 July 2019, Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), the country's domestic intelligence agency, formally designated the Identitarian Movement as "a verified extreme right movement against the liberal democratic constitution." The new classification has allowed the BfV to use more powerful surveillance methods against
8836-546: Was to be that of all European nations outside the Soviet Union, including the British Isles , and their overseas possessions. In 2014, Raphael Schlembach describes the existence of "a form of pan-European nationalism — a 'Europe for the Europeans' — that is based upon anti-Americanism and ethno-pluralism" within "some sections" of European neo-fascism . Indeed, European nationalist organisations continued to exist on
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