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59-500: The Idanre Forest Reserve offers a unique blend of natural beauty, cultural heritage , and adventure . It attracts both nature lovers and history enthusiasts who are interested in experiencing the natural wonders and cultural treasures of the region. Idanre Forest Reserve is a protected natural area and it is situated in Odede - Idanre , a town in Ondo State , southwestern Nigeria . It

118-477: A palace . These structures provide insights into the local history, customs, and traditions of the Idanre community. The combination of natural landscapes and cultural heritage makes the forest reserve a unique destination for tourists seeking both natural and cultural experiences. The forest has lots of things that have not been covered in literatures like the landscape. Lots of foreigners have gone there to have

177-662: A country's tourist industry , attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally. Heritage can also include cultural landscapes (natural features that may have cultural attributes). Aspects of the preservation and conservation of natural heritage include: Digital heritage is made up of computer-based materials such as texts, databases, images, sounds and software being retained for future generations. Digital heritage includes physical objects such as documents which have been digitized for retention and artifacts which are "born digital", i.e. originally created digitally and having no physical form. There have been examples of respect for

236-609: A feel of it. Tourism in the Idanre Forest Reserve is promoted by the Ondo State government. The state government promotes tourism in the Idanre Forest Reserve by developing infrastructure to support visitors. Pathways, staircases, and lookout points have been constructed to facilitate exploration of the hills and the forest. Local tour guides are available to provide information, guide visitors, and enhance their experience. Facilities such as visitor centers, picnic areas, and restrooms have been established to cater to

295-437: A high-precision digital reference model that not only digitizes condition but also provides a 3D virtual model for replication. The high cost and relative complexity of 3D scanning technologies have made it quite impractical for many heritage institutions in the past, but this is changing, as technology advances and its relative costs are decreasing to reach a level where even mobile based scanning applications can be used to create

354-614: A particular group of people. Naturally, intangible cultural heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects. Aspects of the preservation and conservation of cultural intangibles include: " Natural heritage " is also an important part of a society's heritage, encompassing the countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna , scientifically known as biodiversity , as well as geological elements (including mineralogical, geomorphological, paleontological, etc.), scientifically known as geodiversity . These kinds of heritage sites often serve as an important component in

413-515: A special program called the National Digital Library Program . The Smithsonian has also been actively digitizing its collection with the release of the "Smithsonian X 3D Explorer," allowing anyone to engage with the digitized versions of the museum's millions of artifacts, of which only two percent are on display. 3D scanning devices have become a practical reality in the field of heritage preservation. 3D scanners can produce

472-596: A subsequent generation. Significant was the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage that was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972. As of 2011, there are 936 World Heritage Sites : 725 cultural, 183 natural, and 28 mixed properties, in 153 countries. Each of these sites is considered important to the international community. The underwater cultural heritage

531-472: A technological solution that is able to acquire the shape and the appearance of artifacts with unprecedented precision in human history, the actuality of the object, as opposed to a reproduction, draws people in and gives them a literal way of touching the past. This poses a danger as places and things are damaged by the hands of tourists, the light required to display them, and other risks of making an object known and available. The reality of this risk reinforces

590-518: A unique ecosystem upon which the cultural landscape has Integrated. It also has diverse and variegated eco-systems of flora and fauna. Oke Idanre contains very important bio-physical and land form features whose interaction with the physical features created an enduring cultural landscape within the setting. Idanre hill is one of the most awesome and beautiful natural landscapes in Ondo State and Nigeria. Added to its beauty which fires human curiosity

649-629: A virtual museum. There is still a low level of digital archiving of archaeological data obtained via excavation, even in the UK where the lead digital archive for archaeology, the Archaeology Data Service , was established in the 1990s. Across the globe, countries are at different stages of dealing with digital archaeological archives, all dealing with differences in statutory requirements, legal ownership of archives and infrastructure. Idanre Hill The Idanre Hill , or Oke Idanre

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708-454: Is August, with an average temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F). The temperature range between the hottest and coldest months is relatively small, at only 3.4 °C (6.0 °F). Rainfall is a prominent feature of Idanre Forest Reserve's climate, with the region receiving an average of approximately 2208 mm (86.9 inches) of rainfall annually. The wettest month is September, with an average of 295 mm (11.6 inches) of rainfall, and

767-878: Is also plays host to a group of scientists and field researchers. The site is home to a group of bats and the people hold a unique festival of bats every year. The hill is being used by filmmakers as location for many of their films. In addition, the one and only Nobel Prize Winner for Literature in Africa Professor Wole Soyinka wrote his longest poem titled "Idanre and other Poems". Most settlements in Nigeria have, by nature and tradition, been around or attached to groves and hills. Majority of these groves and hills have either been abandoned or are now limited to very small areas. Idanre hill, however, like Dala hill in Kano North West Nigeria has retained its qualities as

826-408: Is characterized by moderate temperatures and significant rainfall throughout most of the year, with a short dry season. The forest reserve experiences a relatively stable temperature profile throughout the year, with an average annual temperature of approximately 25.9 °C (78.5 °F). The hottest month is February, with an average temperature of 27.6 °C (81.6 °F), and the coldest month

885-519: Is closest to Benin Airport, but it is not an international airport. So, international visitors typically fly to Lagos International Airport first. To reach Idanre Forest Reserve from Benin City Airport, you will first need to follow Airport Road, Akenzua Street, and W Circular Road to Benin-Sagamu Expressway/Urubi Street/A121. This will take approximately 13 minutes and cover a distance of 5.8 kilometers. At

944-555: Is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society. Various national and regional regimes include: National Heritage Conservation Commission National Museums Board Broad philosophical, technical, and political issues and dimensions of cultural heritage include: Issues in cultural heritage management include: Ancient archaeological artefacts and archaeological sites are naturally prone to damage due to their age and environmental conditions. Also, there have been tragic occurrences of unexpected human-made disasters, such as in

1003-636: Is found within latitude 6.8577° or 6° 51' 28" north and longitude 5.10551° or 5° 6' 20" east and an elevation of 148 metres (486 feet). It encompasses a significant portion of the Idanre Hills , which are a cluster of rugged and picturesque hills in the region and it serves as an important conservation area for the local flora and fauna . The forest reserve is characterized by diverse landscapes , including dense forests , grasslands , and rocky outcrops . The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system categorizes Idanre Forest Reserve's climate as Am, which

1062-468: Is home to many mystical sites. These include: “Ibi Akaso” The Steps, The King’s Palace, Agboogun’s Legacy, Unreadable signs, Agboogun’s footprint, The wonderful mat, “Omi Aopara” Aopara Water, The Orosun Hill, and Arun river. The Idanre Forest Reserve is intertwined with the cultural heritage of the Idanre people. The ancient town of Idanre, located atop the hills, showcases traditional houses, shrines , and

1121-492: Is known for its rich biodiversity , supporting a wide range of plant and animal species. The vegetation within the reserve consists of various types of trees, shrubs, rocky outcrops , dense forests, grasslands , and other plants, forming a diverse ecosystem . Wildlife species found in the forest reserve include monkeys, antelopes, birds, reptiles, and several species of insects. The area serves as an important habitat for these species and contributes to their conservation. It

1180-545: Is located in Idanre town in Ondo State of southwestern Nigeria . The Idanre hill is well-known for its landscape . Its wide variety on cultural sites as ' Owa's Palace', shrines , The Old Court, Belfry, Agbooogun footprint, thunder water (Omi Apaara) and burial grounds have since brought the location fame and the nation's nomination for the UNESCO World Heritage Site shortlist. It resides 3000 ft (914.4meters) above sea level and houses

1239-534: Is noted that agricultural activities like farming is now taking place in Idanre Forest. This is encroaching on its reservation. It got so bad that the farmers were taking to the court. Thought, the court ruled that they will not be forcefully removed from the cite. It was stated that the court restrained the Ondo government from forcefully removing the farmers in the forest. There are evidences that there are contention over

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1298-420: Is often used in connection with issues relating to the protection of Indigenous intellectual property . The deliberate action of keeping cultural heritage from the present for the future is known as preservation (American English) or conservation (British English), which cultural and historical ethnic museums and cultural centers promote, though these terms may have more specific or technical meanings in

1357-581: Is protected by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . This convention is a legal instrument helping state parties to improve the protection of their underwater cultural heritage. In addition, UNESCO has begun designating masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sitting as part of

1416-497: Is the Ogun festival, which is partly celebrated on top of the hills during October and Ije festival, which spread over seven days. Apart from the festivals, which make the site a living tradition, the flora and fauna of the hills are also unique. There is a special species of tailless animal called Hyrax that lives on the rocks which because of hunting are becoming extinct and there are special monkeys sported near Orosun hills. The hill

1475-470: Is the fact that the entire people of Idanre lived on these boulders for almost a millennium. Since emigration down hill in 1923, the topography, vegetation as well as the fauna and floral life have remained undistributed. However the festivals provides occasions for reconciliation of the low-landers and their natural environments as well as reenactments or historical episodes in local Idanre history and its wider Yoruba ideology, mythology and confederacy. There

1534-562: Is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Not all heritages of past generations are "heritage"; rather, heritage is a product of selection by society. Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments , landscapes, archive materials, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity ). The term

1593-609: Is to save lives and also to save the stones -- there is no choice to be made, because today both are destroyed. Classical civilizations, especially Indian, have attributed supreme importance to the preservation of tradition. Its central idea was that social institutions, scientific knowledge, and technological applications need to use a "heritage" as a "resource". Using contemporary language, we could say that ancient Indians considered, as social resources, both economic assets (like natural resources and their exploitation structure) and factors promoting social integration (like institutions for

1652-464: The African grey parrot , the African fish eagle , and the yellow-billed kite . The reserve's vegetation is dominated by trees, including mahogany , iroko , and obeche . The trees provide habitat for several animal species and play a critical role in regulating the local climate and water cycle . The reserve also serves as a carbon sink , absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in

1711-546: The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was signed in 1954. Protection of cultural heritage or protection of cultural goods refers to all measures aimed at protecting cultural property against damage, destruction, theft, embezzlement, or other loss. The term "monument protection" is also used for immovable cultural property. Protection of cultural heritage relates in particular to

1770-585: The UN , United Nations peacekeeping , UNESCO , the International Committee of the Red Cross and Blue Shield International . The protection of cultural heritage should also preserve the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity, and the economic basis of a state, a municipality, or a region. Whereby there is also a connection between cultural user disruption or cultural heritage and

1829-537: The United Nations Economic and Social Council with article 15 of its Covenant had sought to instill the principles under which cultural heritage is protected as part of a basic human right. Key international documents and bodies include: The U.S. Government Accountability Office issued a report describing some of the United States' cultural property protection efforts. Much of heritage preservation work

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1888-1071: The Perret's toad, is only known from a single locality at the Idanre Hill. The five sites where forest elephants are found in southern Nigeria are the Omo Forests in Ogun State, the Okomu National Park in Edo State, the Cross River National Park in Cross River State, the Idanre Forests and Osse River Park in Ondo State and the Andoni Island in Rivers State. (Nigerian Conservation Foundation) The ancient settlement of Idanre has existed on

1947-468: The aim of revising the declaration (which was never ratified) and adopting a convention. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 also significantly advanced international law and laid down the principle of the immunity of cultural property. Three decades later, in 1935, the preamble to the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions ( Roerich Pact ) was formulated. On the initiative of UNESCO,

2006-406: The area. The Idanre Hills are a group of hills that are located on a Precambrian igneous batholith . The batholith is about 500 million years old, and it is cut by several large fractures . These fractures have formed deep valleys within the rocks. The Idanre Hill is said to have 9 ancient wonders and beliefs. The forest has beautiful sight that are gradually under threat. Idanre hills

2065-684: The cases of a fire that took place in the 200 years old National Museum of Brazil and the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Therefore, there is a growing need to digitize cultural heritage in order to preserve them in the face of potential calamities such as climate change, natural disaster, poor policy or inadequate infrastructure. For example, the Library of Congress has started to digitize its collections in

2124-409: The cause of flight. But only through fundamental cooperation, including the military units and the planning staff, with the locals can the protection of world heritage sites, archaeological finds, exhibits, and archaeological sites from destruction, looting, and robbery be implemented sustainably. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with the words: "Without

2183-421: The central moderating influence of the settlement pattern of Idanre people. Like Dala hill which started as an iron ore prospecting settlement and provided the foundation for the growth of Kano city, Idanre hill forms the nucleus for the peopling Idanre . Idanre Hill is located on a Precambrian igneous batholith that is about 500 Million years old, and is cut by several large fracture that form deep valleys within

2242-450: The cultural assets of enemies since ancient times. The roots of today's legal situation for the precise protection of cultural heritage also lie in some of the regulations of Austria's ruler Maria Theresa (1717 - 1780) and the demands of the Congress of Vienna (1814/15) not to remove works of art from their place of origin in the war. The 1863 Lieber code , a military legal code governing

2301-470: The distinct wet and dry seasons experienced in the region. Idanre Forest Reserve's receives varying amounts of sunshine throughout the year. January is the sunniest month, with an average of 7.69 hours of sunshine per day, while July is the least sunny month, with an average of 3.71 hours of sunshine per day. In total, the forest reserve receives approximately 2013.3 hours of sunshine annually, with an average of 66.26 hours per month. The Idanre Forest Reserve

2360-480: The driest month is December, with an average of just 33 mm (1.3 inches) of rainfall. The variation in precipitation between the wettest and driest months is substantial, at 262 mm (10 inches). Humidity levels in the forest reserve also exhibit seasonal variations. The most humid month is June, with an average relative humidity of 90.74%, while the least humid month is January, with an average relative humidity of 64.99%. These variations in humidity contribute to

2419-525: The fact that all artifacts are in a constant state of chemical transformation so that what is considered to be preserved is actually changing – it is never as it once was. Similarly changing is the value each generation may place on the past and on the artifacts that link it to the past. The equality or inseparability of cultural preservation and the protection of human life has been argued by several agencies and writers, for example, former French president François Hollande stated in 2016 Our responsibility

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2478-435: The farmers be left to farm. One of the major attractions within the Idanre Forest Reserve is the Idanre Hills itself. The Idanre Hills are a prominent feature within the forest reserve and a major attraction for visitors. These hills are known for their natural beauty, with stunning views of the surrounding landscapes . They are also of historical and cultural significance , housing ancient structures, artifacts, and

2537-410: The forest reserve of Idanre Forest Reserve. This is an indication that the forest is in threat due to human activities. Previously, the villagers were given part of the forest for farming; along the line the Ondo government now thought it worthy to sell off part of it to a company and are now planning to take it back from them. The opposition party was challenging the incumbent governor and advocating that

2596-408: The future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science, or technology of a specified culture. Aspects and disciplines of the preservation and conservation of tangible culture include: "Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, more often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. The concept includes

2655-403: The hill since antiquity, however Western civilization was introduced to the ancient city when a team of missionaries led by Rev. Gilbert Carter arrived in the year 1894. The missionaries built the first primary school in the year 1896 of which the clay building still stands strong till this day. In the year 1906, a law court was established which includes an ancient prison where

2714-611: The integration of United Nations peacekeeping . Cultural property includes the physical, or "tangible" cultural heritage, such as artworks. These are generally split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage. Immovable heritage includes buildings (which themselves may include installed art such as organs, stained glass windows, and frescos), large industrial installations, residential projects, or other historic places and monuments . Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for

2773-498: The local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible". Objects are a part of the study of human history because they provide a concrete basis for ideas, and can validate them. Their preservation demonstrates a recognition of the necessity of the past and of the things that tell its story. In The Past is a Foreign Country , David Lowenthal observes that preserved objects also validate memories . While digital acquisition techniques can provide

2832-409: The needs of tourists. Idanre Forest Reserve is a lowland rainforest with an altitude of 10 to 400 meters. The ecological significance of the reserve lies in its rich biodiversity , supporting a wide range of plant and animal species. The reserve is home to several large mammals , including elephants , chimpanzees , and monkeys . The reserve also has a high diversity of bird species, including

2891-434: The next leg of your journey, heading towards Omifunfun-Legbira-Idanre in Ondo. This stretch covers a distance of approximately 38.4 kilometers and is expected to take about 46 minutes. Eventually, you will arrive at the Idanre Forest Reserve. In other words, you can fly to Benin City Airport and then drive to Idanre Forest Reserve. The drive takes about 2 hours and 22 minutes. Cultural heritage Cultural heritage

2950-412: The preservation of knowledge and for the maintenance of civil order). Ethics considered that what had been inherited should not be consumed, but should be handed over, possibly enriched, to successive generations. This was a moral imperative for all, except in the final life stage of sannyasa . What one generation considers "cultural heritage" may be rejected by the next generation, only to be revived by

3009-425: The prevention of robbery digs at archaeological sites, the looting or destruction of cultural sites and the theft of works of art from churches and museums all over the world and basically measures regarding the conservation and general access to our common cultural heritage. Legal protection of cultural heritage comprises a number of international agreements and national laws. There is a close partnership between

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3068-418: The reserve has faced challenges such as poverty-fueled deforestation and conflicts with farmers who have been evicted from the reserve. These challenges threaten the ecological significance of the reserve and its ability to provide critical ecosystem services . Therefore, there is a need for sustainable management practices that balance conservation with the needs of local communities. Idanre Forest Reserve

3127-605: The rocks. This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on 8 October 2007 in the Cultural category. Idanre Hill is said to have 9 ancient wonders and beliefs All the following myths are located on the Idanre hill; 1. "Ibi Akaso" The Steps 2. The King's Palace 3. Agboogun’s Legacy 4. Unreadable signs 5. Agboogun's footprint 6. The wonderful mat 7. "Omi Aopara" Aopara Water 8. The Orosun Hill 9. Arun river Amietophrynus perreti , or

3186-412: The roundabout, take the 2nd exit onto Benin-Sagamu Expressway/Urubi Street/A121 and continue on this road. After passing Hebn Publishers Plc, located on the right around 850 meters from the roundabout, continue driving on Benin-Sagamu Expressway/A121 for about 1 hour and 4 minutes, covering approximately 66.0 kilometers. Upon reaching your destination on Benin-Sagamu Expressway/A121, you will transition to

3245-409: The same contexts in the other dialect. Preserved heritage has become an anchor of the global tourism industry , a major contributor of economic value to local communities. Legal protection of cultural property comprises a number of international agreements and national laws. United Nations , UNESCO and Blue Shield International deal with the protection of cultural heritage. This also applies to

3304-431: The town of Idanre itself. The hills are dotted with ancient structures and artifacts that reflect the rich cultural heritage of the Idanre people. At the summit of the hills, visitors can explore the ancient town of Idanre , which features traditional houses, shrines , and a palace . Visitors can explore the hills through well-laid paths and staircases, allowing them to experience the natural and cultural wonders of

3363-552: The trees and soil. The ecological significance of Idanre Forest Reserve extends beyond its boundaries. The reserve is part of a larger forest ecosystem that includes other protected areas , such as the Omo Forest Reserve and the Upper Ogun Forest Reserve. The forest ecosystem provides critical ecosystem services , such as regulating the local climate, maintaining soil fertility, and providing clean water. However,

3422-562: The wartime conduct of the Union Army also set rules for the protection of cultural heritage. The process continued at the end of the 19th century when, in 1874 (in Brussels), at least a draft international agreement on the laws and customs of war was agreed. 25 years later, in 1899, an international peace conference was held in the Netherlands on the initiative of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , with

3481-462: The ways and means of behavior in a society and the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. These include social values and traditions , customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression , language and other aspects of human activity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted as an act against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious, and philosophical values of

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