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100-537: The progenitor for the IRBM was the A4b rocket , winged for increased range and based on the famous V-2 , Vergeltung, or "Reprisal", officially called A4 , rocket designed by Wernher von Braun . The V-2 was widely used by Nazi Germany at the end of World War II to bomb English and Belgian cities. The A4b was the prototype for the upper stage of the A9/A10 rocket. The goal of the program

200-424: A "horrible mood". According to several people at the time, Busch's failure to find a wife was responsible for his conspicuous behaviour. There is no evidence that Busch had a close relationship with any woman after that with Anderson. Busch lived with his sister Fanny's family after her husband Pastor Hermann Nöldeke's death in 1879. His nephew Adolf Nöldeke remembers that Busch wanted to move back to Wiedensahl with

300-416: A budget of almost half a million marks for the construction of two new test stands at Kummersdorf. Included were mobile test rigs, small locomotives, and office and storage space. The A3 plans called for a rocket with an inertial guidance system and a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) thrust engine. In March 1936, Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch witnessed a static firing of an A3 engine at Kummersdorf, and

400-575: A conventional runway landing assisted by a drag chute . However, the Air Ministry had no requirement for such an aircraft and the proposal was rejected. Similar concepts (though uncrewed) were produced after the war in the form of the US SM-64 Navaho missile and the USSR's Burya , both intercontinental cruise missiles with ramjet propulsion. The A7 was a winged design that was never fully constructed. It

500-569: A design by Walter Riedel . Ethanol was sprayed upwards to mix with the oxygen sprayed downward from jets at the top of the chamber. This increased efficiency and generated higher temperatures. This was the first of the Aggregat rockets to be launched from the Peenemünde area. As part of Operation Lighthouse the first A3 was launched on 4 December 1937, but suffered problems with premature parachute deployment and engine failure, and crashed close to

600-534: A great painter, a view supported by Anton Burger , a leading painter of the Kronberger Malerkolonie, the Kronberg -based group of painters. While his humorous drawings did not appeal to her, she supported his painting career. At first she established an apartment and studio for Busch in her villa, later providing him with an apartment nearby. Motivated by Kessler's support and admiration, and introduction to

700-509: A large parsonage in Mechtshausen. Busch read biographies, novels and stories in German, English and French. He organized his works and wrote letters and poems. Most of the poems from the collections Schein und Sein and Zu guter Letzt were written in 1899. The following years were eventless for Busch. He developed a sore throat in early January 1908, and his doctor detected a weak heart. During

800-514: A larger control force, to stop the rolling. The fins were redesigned in the A5, when it was realized an expanding jet plume as the rocket gained altitude, would have destroyed the A3 fin stabilizing antenna ring. After this unsuccessful series of launches, the A3 was abandoned and A4 work postponed, while work on the A5 commenced. According to Dornberger, the A3 "...had not been equipped to take any payload. It

900-515: A major role, and that other possible causes were Busch's friendship with an innkeeper, Brümmer, political debates in Brümmer's tavern, and Busch's reluctance to believe every word of the Bible and catechism . Busch studied for nearly four years at Hanover, despite initial difficulties in understanding the subject matter. A few months before graduation he confronted his parents with his aspiration to study at

1000-510: A medium range ( MRBM ) missile, and the categories overlap. Different sources classify missiles in different ways. They are both distinct from ICBMs, in that they have a range that is less than intercontinental, and hence must be based relatively close to the target. An IRBM, in general, is intended as a strategic weapon, while a MRBM, in general, is intended as a theatre ballistic missile . 1000 (DPRK claimed) Aggregate (rocket family)#A4b The Aggregat series (German for "Aggregate")

1100-446: A much older man and entrusted her children to governesses and tutors, while she played an active role in the social life of Frankfurt. Schweigen will ich vom Theater Wie von da, des Abends spät, Schöne Mutter, alter Vater Arm in Arm nach Hause geht Zwar man zeuget viele Kinder, Doch man denket nichts dabei. Und die Kinder werden Sünder, Wenn's den Eltern einerlei. Then again,

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1200-552: A new "kick stage" would have been required, or the A9 would have to have been lightened. In either case, a payload of approximately 300 kg (660 lb) could have been placed in a low Earth orbit, roughly equivalent to the modern-day Electron rocket . The A12 design if built would have been an orbital rocket . It was proposed as a four-stage vehicle, comprising A12, A11, A10 and A9 stages. Calculations suggested it could place as much as 10 tonnes payload in low Earth orbit , comparable to

1300-452: A payload of about a tonne . Versions of the A4 were used in warfare. They included the first ballistic missile and the first projectile to reach outer space . The propellants of choice continued to be liquid oxygen, with a 75% ethanol and 25% water mixture. The water reduced the flame temperature, acted as a coolant, and reduced thermal stress. This increase in capability came from a redesign of

1400-592: A pig being admitted to heaven, and the devil being shown as a half-naked ballet dancer seducing Antonius, were deemed controversial. The district court of Düsseldorf subsequently banned Saint Antonius . Schauenburg was acquitted on 27 March 1871 in Offenburg, but in Austria distribution of the satire was prohibited until 1902. Schauenburg refused to publish further Busch satires to avoid future accusations. Busch's following work, Helen Who Couldn't Help It (Die fromme Helene),

1500-503: A pitch gyro and a yaw gyro, connected to pneumatic servos, which stabilized the platform along the pitch and yaw axes. Electrical carriages on the platform acted as integrating accelerometers. These signals were mixed with those from the SG-33 system, to drive the molybdenum-tungsten jet vane control servomotors . The SG-33 was fixed to the rocket, not the stabilized platform, and used three rate gyros to sense roll, pitch and yaw deviations. Two of

1600-546: A pullout and enter a shallow glide, trading speed for distance. Patt also proposed the Flossengeschoss (fin projectile). Both concepts were utilized by Walter Dornberger when he drafted a memo for presentation to Hitler regarding the "America rocket" on 31 July 1940. Design studies on the A9 began in 1940. In addition to its wings, the A9 would have been somewhat larger than the A4 and its engine would have produced about 30% more thrust. Following wind tunnel testing of models,

1700-563: A range of 18 kilometres (11 miles). Up to 80 launches by October 1943 developed an understanding of the rocket's aerodynamics, and tests of a better guidance system. The aerodynamic data resulted in a fin and rudder design that was basically the same one used for the A-4. At the conclusion of the A-5 testing, Dornberger stated, "I now knew that we should succeed in creating a weapon with far greater range than any artillery. What we had successfully done with

1800-428: A seventeen-year-old merchant's daughter, Anna Richter, whom Busch met through his brother Gustav, ended in 1862. Busch's biographer, Diers, suggests that her father probably refused to entrust his daughter to an almost unknown artist without regular income. In his early Munich years Busch's attempts to write libretti , which are almost forgotten today, were unsuccessful. Up to 1863 he worked on two or three major works;

1900-408: A single expansion nozzle. This was later altered to a large single chamber and single nozzle. Test stands were constructed at Peenemunde for firings of the 200 tonne (440,920 lbf) thrust motor. It was considered that existing guidance systems would not be accurate enough over a distance of 5,000 km, and it was decided to make the A9 piloted. The pilot was to be guided on his terminal glide towards

2000-400: A speed of 10,080 km/h (6,260 mph), a peak altitude of 56 kilometres (35 mi), and covering 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) in about 35 minutes. The spent A-10 would descend by brake flaps and parachute to be recovered in the sea and reused. The A11 ( Japan Rakete ) was a design concept which would have acted as the first stage of a three-stage rocket, the other two stages being

2100-484: A takeoff weight of 1000 kg. The design had a diameter of 0.38 m and a length of 5.91 m. The A8 was a proposed "stretched" variant of the A4, to use storable rocket propellants (most likely nitric acid & kerosene). The design never reached the prototype stage, but further design work was carried out after the war by a German rocket team in France as the " Super V-2 ". The project was eventually cancelled, but led to

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2200-443: A thatched half-timbered house where Wilhelm Busch was to be born 15 years later. Amalie Kleine, Johann's wife and Wilhelm Busch's grandmother, kept a shop where Busch's mother Henriette assisted while her two brothers attended high school . When Johann Georg Kleine died in 1820, his widow continued to run the shop with Henriette. At the age of 19 Henriette Kleine married surgeon Friedrich Wilhelm Stümpe. Henriette became widowed at

2300-468: A variety show and subsequently made a scene through the effects of alcohol. The 1878 nine episode illustrated tale Eight Sheets in the Wind describes how humans behave like animals when drunk. Busch's biographer Weissweiler felt the story was only superficially funny and harmless, but was a study on addiction and its induced state of delusion. Between 1860 and 1863 Busch wrote more than one hundred articles for

2400-436: Is left with only a rosary, prayer book, and alcohol. Drunk, she falls into a burning oil lamp. Finally, Nolte coins a moral phrase, echoing the philosophy of Schopenhauer: Das Gute — dieser Satz steht fest — Ist stets das Böse, was man läßt! The good (I am convinced, for one) Is but the bad, one leaves undone. Pater Filucius (Father Filucius) is the only illustrated satire of this period suggested by

2500-592: The Bug River near the village of Sarnaki, and local Poles concealed it before German arrival. The rocket was then dismantled and smuggled across Poland. In late July 1944, the Polish resistance secretly transported parts of the rocket out of Poland in Operation Most III (Bridge III), for analysis by British intelligence. In late 1943 German Labour Front ( Deutsche Arbeitsfront/DAF ) Director, Otto Lafferenz, proposed

2600-730: The Charlemagne era, he criticizes the Holy Roman Empire and calls for a German empire in its place; in The Birthday or the Particularists (Der Geburtstag oder die Partikularisten) he satirizes the anti- Prussian sentiments of his Hanover countrymen. Busch did not write illustrated tales for a while, but focused on the literary Kritik des Herzens (Critique of the Heart), wanting to appear more serious to his readers. Contemporary reception for

2700-574: The Düsseldorf Art Academy . According to Bush's nephew Hermann Nöldeke, his mother supported this inclination. His father eventually acquiesced and Busch moved to Düsseldorf in June 1851, where, to his disappointment at not being admitted to the advanced class, he entered preparatory classes. Busch's parents had his tuition fees paid for one year, so in May 1852 he traveled to Antwerp to continue study at

2800-591: The Münchener Bilderbogen and Fliegende Blätter , but he felt his dependence on publisher Kaspar Braun had become constricting. Busch appointed Dresden publisher Heinrich Richter, the son of Saxon painter Ludwig Richter , as his new publisher – Richter's press up to that time was producing children's books and religious Christian devotional literature . Busch could choose themes, although Richter raised some concerns regarding four suggested illustrated tales that were proposed. However, some were published in

2900-595: The Royal Academy of Fine Arts under Josephus Laurentius Dyckmans . He led his parents to believe that the academy was less regimented than Düsseldorf, and had the opportunity to study Old Masters . At Antwerp he saw for the first time paintings by Peter Paul Rubens , Adriaen Brouwer , David Teniers , and Frans Hals . The pictures aroused his interest, but made him doubt his own skills. Eventually, in 1853, after suffering heavily from typhus , he abandoned his Antwerp studies and returned penniless to Wiedensahl. Busch

3000-592: The Wilhelm Busch Prize and the Wilhelm Busch Museum help maintain his legacy. The 175th anniversary of his birth in 2007 was celebrated throughout Germany. Busch remains one of the most influential poets and artists in Western Europe, being called the "Forefather of Comics". Johann Georg Kleine, Wilhelm Busch's maternal grandfather, settled in the small village of Wiedensahl , where in 1817 he bought

3100-412: The 1864 as Bilderpossen , proving a failure. Busch then offered Richter the manuscripts of Max and Moritz , waiving any fees. Richter rejected the manuscript as sales prospects seemed poor. Busch's former publisher, Braun, purchased the right to Max and Moritz for 1,000 gulden , corresponding to approximately double the annual wage of a craftsman . For Braun the manuscript was fortuitous. Initially

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3200-565: The A-5 must be equally valid, in improved form, for the A-4." In the late 1920s, Karl Becker realised that a loophole in the Treaty of Versailles allowed Germany to develop rocket weapons. General Becker was very influential during the development of the A4 until he committed suicide on 8 April 1940 following criticism from Adolf Hitler. The A4 was a full-sized design with a range of about 322 kilometers (200 mi) , an initial peak altitude of 89 kilometers (55 mi) and

3300-583: The A3 engine, now known as the A5, by Walter Thiel . It became clearer that von Braun's designs were turning into useful weapons, and Dornberger moved the team from the artillery testing grounds at Kummersdorf (near Berlin ) to Peenemünde, on the island of Usedom on Germany's Baltic coast, to provide more room for testing and greater secrecy. This version was reliable, and by 1941 the team had fired about 70 A5 rockets. The first A4 flew in March 1942, flying about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) and crashing into

3400-552: The A4 known alternatively as A9 and A4b, the reason for the dual designation being that the A4 series had received "national priority"; the A4b designation ensured the availability of scarce resources. In June 1939, Kurt Patt of the Peenemünde Design Office , proposed wings for converting rocket speed and altitude into aerodynamic lift and range. As the rocket encountered thicker atmosphere on its descent phase, it would execute

3500-501: The A4's range would be extended to 750 km (470 mi), allowing targets in Britain to be attacked from launch sites within Germany. It was intended that following launch the curve of the A4b's trajectory would become shallower and the rocket would glide toward its target. It was anticipated that interception by enemy aircraft at the end of the glide phase would be almost impossible, as over

3600-455: The A4b still managed to become the first winged guided missile to break the sound barrier and attain Mach 4. A6 was a designation applied to a variant of the A5 test rocket which used different propellants. Some sources indicate that it was also applied to a speculative proposal for a crewed aerial reconnaissance version of the A4b winged variant of the A4. This A6 was initially proposed to

3700-617: The A9 and A10. The A11 design was shown by von Braun to US officers in Garmisch-Partenkirchen; the drawing was published in 1946 by the US Army. The A11 was shown as using six of the large single-chamber engines proposed for the A10 stage, with a modified A10 second stage nested within the A11. The design also showed the winged A9, indicating a gliding landing or bombing mission. To achieve orbit, either

3800-450: The Blizna railway line and observed a freight car heavily guarded by SS troops containing " an object which, though covered by a tarpaulin, bore every resemblance to a monstrous torpedo " . Subsequently, a plan was formed to make an attempt to capture a complete unexploded V2 rocket and transport it to Britain. Around 20 May 1944, a relatively undamaged V2 rocket fell on the swampy bank of

3900-652: The Busch family home, and his father's desire for a better education than the small local school could provide. The nearest convenient school was located in Bückeburg , 20 km (12 mi) from Wiedensahl. Kleine, with his wife Fanny Petri, lived in a rectory at Ebergötzen, while Busch was lodged with an unrelated family. Kleine and his wife were responsible and caring, exercised a substitute parental role, and provided refuge for him in future unsuccessful times. Kleine's private lessons for Busch also were attended by Erich Bachmann,

4000-558: The French Véronique and Diamant rocket projects. It was proposed to use an advanced version of the A9 to attack targets on the US mainland from launch sites in Europe, for which it would need to be launched atop a booster stage, the A10. Design work on the A10 began in 1940, for a projected first flight to take place in 1946. The initial design was carried out by Ludwig Roth und Graupe and

4100-500: The German Air Ministry as an uninterceptable reconnaissance craft. It would be launched vertically by rocket, taking it to an apogee of 95 km (59 mi); after re-entering the atmosphere it would enter a supersonic glide phase, when its single ramjet would be ignited. It was hoped that this would provide 15 to 20 minutes of cruise at 2,900 km/h (1,800 mph) and would allow the aircraft to return to its base and make

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4200-473: The Jung München newspaper. Kaspar Braun , who published the satirical newspapers, Münchener Bilderbogen (Picture Sheets from Munich) and Fliegende Blätter (Flying Leaves), proposed a collaboration with Busch. This association provided Busch with sufficient funds to live. An existing self-caricature suggests that at this time he had an intense relationship with a woman from Ammerland . His courtship with

4300-500: The Munich Academy of Fine Arts were not met. His life became aimless; there were occasional return visits to Lüthorst, but contact with his parents had been broken off. In 1857 and 1858, as his position seemed to be without prospects, he contemplated emigration to Brazil to keep bees. Busch made contact with the artist association, Jung München (Young Munich), met several notable Munich artists, and wrote and provided cartoons for

4400-564: The United States, to work directly for the U.S. Army through Operation Paperclip , developing the V-2 into the weapon for the United States. IRBMs are currently operated by the People's Republic of China, India, Israel, North Korea, and Russia. The United States, USSR, Pakistan, United Kingdom, and France were former operators. There is no clearly agreed-upon distinction between an intermediate-range and

4500-667: The absence of a supersonic wind tunnel . Hellmuth Walter also made models of the A5m which included a hydrogen peroxide motor, with potassium permanganate as a catalyst, and were test launched in March 1939. The final fin configuration was wider, curved outward to accommodate the expanding exhaust gases, included external air vanes, but no ring antenna. The A-5, like the A-3, was fueled with ethanol with liquid oxygen as an oxidant . The first successful guided flights were made in October 1939, with three of

4600-994: The age of 26, with her three children to Stümpe dying as infants. About 1830 Friedrich Wilhelm Busch, the illegitimate son of a farmer, settled in Wiedensahl after completing a business apprenticeship in the nearby village of Loccum . He took over the Kleine shop in Wiedensahl, which he completely modernised. He married Henriette Kleine Stümpe. Wilhelm Busch was born on 14 April 1832, the first of seven children to Henriette Kleine Stümpe and Friedrich Wilhelm Busch. His six siblings followed shortly after: Fanny (1834), Gustav (1836), Adolf (1838), Otto (1841), Anna (1843), and Hermann (1845); all survived childhood. His parents were ambitious, hard-working and devout Protestants who later, despite becoming relatively prosperous, could not afford to educate all three sons. Busch's biographer Berndt W. Wessling suggested that Friedrich Wilhelm Busch invested heavily in

4700-514: The artist association was temporarily disbanded. In June 1867 Busch met his brother Otto for the first time, in Frankfurt . Otto was working as a tutor to the family of a wealthy banker and industrialist, Kessler. Busch became friends with Kessler's wife, Johanna, a mother of seven and an influential art and music patron of Frankfurt. She regularly opened salons at her villa, frequented by artists, musicians, and philosophers. She believed Busch to be

4800-478: The autumn of 1846, Busch moved with the Kleines to Lüthorst , where, on 11 April 1847, he was confirmed . In September 1847 Busch began studying mechanical engineering at Hannover Polytechnic . Busch's biographers are not in agreement as to why his Hanover education ended; most believe that his father had little appreciation of his son's artistic inclination. Biographer Eva Weissweiler suspects that Kleine played

4900-459: The autumn. He described the "transformation to sausage " as "dreadfully compelling", leaving a lasting impression; pork nauseated him throughout his life. In the autumn of 1841, after the birth of his brother Otto, Busch's education was entrusted to the 35-year-old clergyman, Georg Kleine, his maternal uncle at Ebergötzen , where 100 children were taught within a space of 66 m (710 sq ft). This probably through lack of space in

5000-502: The codename Prüfstand XII (German for "Test Rig XII"). Work on the containers was carried out by the Vulkanwerft , and a single example was completed by the end of the war, but never tested with a rocket launch. In anticipation of the possibility that launch sites might be forced back into the Reich itself, von Braun and his colleagues were pressured to develop a longer-range version of

5100-470: The collection of 81 poems was mainly poor; it was criticized for its focus on marriage and sexuality. His long-time friend Paul Lindau called it "very serious, heartfelt, charming poems". Dutch writer Marie Anderson was one of few people who enjoyed his Kritik des Herzens , and she even planned to publish it in a Dutch newspaper. Notwithstanding the hiatus after moving from Frankfurt, the 1870s were one of Busch's most productive decades. In 1874 he produced

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5200-462: The correction of his neighbor, And sees, through frequent admonition, To his improvement through contrition. Or: A good person likes to pay attention, if the other has evil intention, and strives by frequent didactic incursion, after his improvement and conversion. Many details from Helen Who Couldn't Help It criticize the way of life of the Kesslers. Johanna Kessler was married to

5300-548: The cultural life of Frankfurt, the 'Frankfurter Years' were the most artistically productive for Busch. At this time he and Otto discovered the philosophical works of Arthur Schopenhauer . Busch did not remain in Frankfurt. Toward the end of the 1860s he alternated between Wiedensahl and Lüthorst, and Wolfenbüttel where his brother Gustav lived. The association with Johanna Kessler lasted five years, and after his return to Wiedensahl in 1872 they communicated by letter. This contact

5400-415: The design was subsequently modified to replace the wings with fuselage strakes , as the tests showed that these provided better lift at supersonic speeds and also solved the problem of transonic shift of the center of lift. Development was suspended in 1941, but in 1944 several V2s were modified to an approximation of the A9 configuration under the designation A4b. It was calculated that by fitting wings,

5500-471: The education of his sons partly because his own illegitimacy held significant stigma in rural areas. The young Wilhelm Busch was a tall child, with a delicate physique. The coarse boyishness of his later protagonists, " Max and Moritz " was not his own. He described himself in autobiographical sketches and letters as sensitive and timid, someone who "carefully studied fear", and who reacted with fascination, compassion, and distress when animals were killed in

5600-448: The engine had been successfully test fired, the first flight attempt blew up on the launching pad on 21 December 1933, half a second after ignition. The cause was a buildup up of propellants before ignition of its engine. Since the design was thought to be unstable, no further attempts were made, and efforts moved to the A2 design. The A1 was too nose-heavy, and to compensate, the gyroscope system

5700-404: The family. Busch renovated the house, which Fanny looked after even though Busch was a rich man, and became "father" to his three young nephews. She would, however, have preferred to live in a more urban area for the education of her sons. For Fanny and her three sons, Busch could not replace their former idyllic life. The years around 1880 were psychically and emotionally exhausting for Busch, who

5800-481: The first four flights using a Kreiselgeräte complete guidance and control system called SG-52. This used a 3-gyro stabilized platform for attitude control and a tilt program, whose signals were mixed with rate gyros, and fed to a control system connected to the jet vanes by aluminium rods. The Siemens Vertikant control system first flew on 24 April 1940. The Siemens system used three gyros, particularly 3 rate gyros providing stabilization, and hydraulic servomotors to move

5900-429: The fuel tank and insulated with a fiberglass material. The rocket was stabilized by a 40 kg (88 lb) 3 axes gyroscope system in the nose, supplied by Kreiselgeräte GmbH. The rocket could not be rotated for stability as with a ballistic shell , as centrifugal force would force the liquid fuel to rise up along the walls of their tanks, which made feeding propellants to the combustion chamber difficult. Although

6000-423: The idea of a towable watertight container which could hold an A4 rocket. This suggestion progressed to the design of a container of 500 tons displacement to be towed behind a U-boat. Once in firing position, the containers would be trimmed to drop their aft end to a vertical position for launch. The project was dubbed Projekt Schwimmweste (German for "Project Life Jacket") and the containers themselves referred to by

6100-440: The inadequate design of the rocket's experimental inertial guidance system and minor instabilities in the body and fin design. The control system was found to be unable to keep the rocket from turning with a wind greater than 3.7 metres per second (12 ft/s). The stable platform gyros were limited to a 30 degree range of motion, and when the platform tumbled, the parachutes deployed. The jet vanes needed to move faster, and have

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6200-431: The jet vanes rotated in the same direction for pitch and yaw control, and in opposite directions for roll control. The guidance and control system was designed by Fritz Mueller , based on Johannes Maria Boykow's ideas, the technical director of Kreiselgeräte GmbH ("Gyro Instruments Limited"). The A3 engine was a scaled-up version of the A2, but with a mushroom-shaped injector at the top of the combustion chamber, based on

6300-430: The jet vanes to correct pitch and yaw, and control roll. The Möller Askania, or Rechlin system, first flew on 30 April 1940, and used position gyros, a mixing system and a servo system. A-5 testing included a guide plane system for lateral control, and a radio system for propulsion cutoff at a preselected speed, after which the rocket followed a ballistic trajectory . The A-5s reached a height of 12 km (7.5 mi) and

6400-574: The later Saturn I rocket of the Apollo program . The A12 stage itself would have weighed around 3,500 tonnes fully fueled, and would have stood 33 m (108 ft) high. It was to have been propelled by 50 A10 engines, fueled by liquid oxygen and ethanol. Wilhelm Busch Heinrich Christian Wilhelm Busch (14 April 1832 – 9 January 1908) was a German humorist, poet, illustrator, and painter. He published wildly innovative illustrated tales that remain influential to this day. Busch drew on

6500-531: The misery of French people in Paris, which is occupied by Prussian troops". It depicts an increasingly desperate French citizen who at first eats a mouse during the German siege , then amputates his dog's tail to cook it, and finally invents an explosion pill which kills his dog and two fellow citizens. Weissweiler believes that Busch wrote with irony. In Eginhard and Emma (1864), a fictional family story that takes place in

6600-604: The night of 8–9 January 1908 Busch slept uneasily, taking camphor , and a few drops of morphine as a tranquilizer. Busch died the following morning before his physician, called by Otto Nöldeke, came to assist. During the Frankfurt period Busch published three self-contained illustrated satires. Their anti-clerical themes proved popular during the Kulturkampf . Busch's satires typically did not address political questions, but exaggerated churchiness, superstition, and philistine double standards. This exaggeration made at least two of

6700-513: The pen would rather Spare the Stage, whose thrills excite Handsome mother, honest father, As they amble home at night Couples couple and redouble With a blithe and thoughtless air, But the children get in trouble If the parents do not care. The character of Mr. Schmock – the name based on the Yiddish insult " schmuck " – shows similarities with Johanna Kessler's husband, who

6800-536: The publisher. Also aimed at anti-Catholic taste and buyers, it criticizes the Jesuit Order . Kraus felt it was the weakest of all three anti-clerical works. Some satires refer to contemporary events, such as Monsieur Jacques à Paris during the Siege of 1870 (Monsieur Jacques à Paris während der Belagerung von 1870). Busch biographer Michaela Diers declares the story "tasteless work, drawing on anti-French emotions and mocking

6900-436: The rocket stable at supersonic velocities were finalized later that year. The shape of the rocket was based on the 8-mm rifle bullet, in anticipation of supersonic flight. The rocket was 6.7 metres (22 ft) in length, 0.70 metres (2.3 ft) feet in diameter, and weighed 750 kg (1,650 lb) when fueled. Fins were included, for "arrow stability", structurally anchored by an antenna ring. The stabilized platform used

7000-554: The rocket. The missile testing ground at Blizna was quickly located by the Polish resistance movement, the Home Army ( Armia Krajowa ), thanks to reports from local farmers. Armia Krajowa field agents managed to obtain pieces of the fired rockets by arriving on the scene before German patrols. In early March 1944, British Intelligence Headquarters received a report of an Armia Krajowa agent (code name: "Makary" ) who had covertly surveyed

7100-524: The sales of Max and Moritz were slow, but sales figures improved after the 1868 second edition. Overall there were 56 editions and more than 430,000 copies sold up to Busch's death in 1908. Despite at first being ignored by critics, teachers in the 1870s described Max and Moritz as frivolous and an undesirable influence on the moral development of young people. Increasing economic success allowed Busch to visit Wiedensahl more frequently. Busch had decided to leave Munich, as only few relatives lived there and

7200-568: The same dimensions as the A1, and the same engine, but separate propellant tanks. The cylindrical regeneratively cooled combustion chamber was welded inside the ethanol tank. The mushroom-shaped injector system consisted of fuel and oxidizer jets pointing at one another. Propellants were pressurized from a nitrogen tank, a system which was also used for the A3 and A5. Development of the A3 can be traced at least to February 1935 when Major Ernst Ritter von Horstig sent General der Artillerie Karl Becker

7300-408: The sea. According to another source, one A3 reached a maximum downrange of 12 km (7.5 mi) and maximum altitude of 18 km (11 mi). With each launch a failure, von Braun and Dornberger looked for the cause. At first there was some thought of an electrostatic charge that prematurely set off the parachute, but this was largely disproved. Ultimately, the failures were attributed to

7400-409: The son of a wealthy Ebergötzen miller . Both became friends, according to Busch the strongest friendship of his childhood. This friendship was echoed in the 1865 story, Max and Moritz . A small pencil portrait by the 14-year-old Busch depicted Bachmann as a chubby, confident boy, and showed similarities with Max. Busch portrayed himself with a "cowlick", in the later "Moritzian" perky style . Kleine

7500-414: The takeoff point. The second launch on 6 December 1937 suffered similar problems. The parachute was disabled in the third and fourth rockets launched on 8 and 11 December 1937, but these, too, experienced engine failures, though the lack of parachute drag allowed them to crash further from the launch site. They reached altitudes between 2,500 feet (760 m) and 3,000 feet (910 m), before falling into

7600-573: The target by radio beacons on U-boats and by automatic weather stations landed in Greenland and Labrador . The final design of the A10 booster was approximately 20 m (66 ft) in height. Powered by a 1,670 kN (380,000 lb f ) thrust rocket burning diesel oil and nitric acid, during its 50-second burn it would have propelled its A9 second stage to a speed of about 4,300 km/h (2,700 mph). The A9 would then ignite and accelerate an additional 5,760 km/h (3,580 mph), reaching

7700-454: The target the A-4b was intended to enter a near vertical dive, leaving little time for interception. The A4b concept was tested by fitting swept back wings to two A4s launched from Blizna. Little development work had been carried out, and the first launch on 27 December 1944 was a complete failure. The second launch attempt, on 24 January 1945, was partially successful, in that the wing broke off, but

7800-400: The third was composed by Georg Kremplsetzer . Busch's Liebestreu und Grausamkeit , a romantic opera in three acts, Hansel und Gretel , and Der Vetter auf Besuch , an opera buffa of sorts, were not particularly successful. There was a dispute between Busch and Kremplsetzer during the staging of Der Vetter auf Besuch , leading to the removal of Busch's name from the production; the piece

7900-475: The time, the 165 km (103 mi) journey between Wiedensahl and Ebergötzen took three days by horse. His father visited Ebergötzen two to three times a year, while his mother stayed in Wiedensahl to look after the other children. The 12-year-old Busch visited his family once; his mother at first did not recognize him. Some Busch biographers think that this early separation from his parents, especially from his mother, resulted in his eccentric bachelorhood. In

8000-506: The time, they were issued after his death. During the Nazi era Busch was known as an "ethnic seer". After Busch had spent six months with his uncle Kleine at Lüthorst , he expressed a desire to continue to study in Munich . This request caused a rift with his father who, however, eventually funded this move; – see for comparison Busch's illustrated story of Painter Klecksel . Busch's expectations of

8100-447: The tropes of folk humour as well as a profound knowledge of German literature and art to satirize contemporary life, any kind of piety, Catholicism, Philistinism , religious morality, bigotry , and moral uplift. His mastery of drawing and verse became deeply influential for future generations of comic artists and vernacular poets. Among many notable influences, The Katzenjammer Kids was inspired by Busch's Max and Moritz . Today,

8200-439: The water. The second launch reached an altitude of 11 kilometers (7 mi) before exploding. The third rocket, launched on 3 October 1942, followed its trajectory perfectly. It landed 193 kilometers (120 mi) away, and reached a height of 83 kilometers (52 mi) . The highest altitude reached during the war was 174.6 kilometres (108.5 miles) on 20 June 1944. Production started in 1943 on

8300-492: The works historically erroneous. The third illustrated satire, Father Filucius (Pater Filucius), described by Busch as an "allegorical mayfly ", has greater historical context. In German, Eine Bubengeschichte in sieben Streichen , Max and Moritz is a series of seven illustrated stories concerning the mischievous antics of two boys, who are eventually ground up and fed to ducks. In Saint Antonius of Padua (Der Heilige Antonius von Padua) Busch challenges Catholic belief. It

8400-595: Was a philologist , his lessons not held in contemporary language, and it is not known for certain all subjects Busch and his friend were taught. Busch did learn elementary arithmetic from his uncle, although science lessons might have been more comprehensive, as Kleine, like many other clergymen, was a beekeeper , and published essays and textbooks on the subject,  – Busch demonstrated his knowledge of bee-keeping in his future stories. Drawing, and German and English poetry, were also taught by Kleine. Busch had little contact with his natural parents during this period. At

8500-429: Was a purely experimental missile." Similarly, the A5 was to be "for research purposes only." The A5 played a vital role in testing the aerodynamics and technology of the A4. Its rocket motor was identical to the A-3, but with a new control system provided by Siemens , was 5.825 m (19.11 ft) long, with a diameter of 0.78 m (2 ft 7 in) and a takeoff weight of 900 kg (2,000 lb). The A5

8600-508: Was a set of ballistic missile designs developed in 1933–1945 by a research program of Nazi Germany 's Army ( Heer ). Its greatest success was the A4, more commonly known as the V2 . The A1 was the first rocket design in the Aggregat series. It was designed in 1933 by Wernher von Braun at the German Army research program at Kummersdorf headed by Colonel Dr Walter Dornberger . The A1

8700-535: Was completed on 29 June 1940. Hermann Oberth worked on the design during 1941, and in December 1941 Walter Thiel proposed that the A10 use an engine composed of six bundled A4 engines, which it was thought would give a total thrust of 180 tonnes. Work on the A10 was resumed in late 1944 under the Projekt Amerika codename, and the A10's design was amended to incorporate a cluster of 6 A4 combustion chambers feeding into

8800-774: Was fitted with a Brennschluss receiving set, a parachute recovery system, could stay afloat in water for up to two hours, and was painted yellow and red, aiding recovery. New tail surfaces were tested in the Zeppelin Aircraft Works subsonic tunnel and the supersonic tunnel in Aachen. The internal vanes were now made of graphite instead of molybdenum . Uncontrolled A5s were launched from Griefswalder Oie in late 1938. Models that were 1.5 meters (5 ft) long and 20 centimeters (8 in) in diameter were dropped from Heinkel He 111s starting in September 1938, testing supersonic speeds in

8900-934: Was interrupted between 1877 and 1891, after which it was revived with the help of Kessler's daughters. Biographer Weissweiler does not dismiss the possibility that Busch's increasing alcohol dependence hindered self-criticism. He refused invitations to parties, and publisher Otto Bassermann sent him to Wiedensahl to keep his alcohol problem undetected from those around him. Busch was also a heavy smoker, resulting in symptoms of severe nicotine poisoning in 1874. He began to illustrate drunkards more often. Dutch writer Marie Anderson corresponded with Busch. More than fifty letters were exchanged between January and October 1875 in which they discussed philosophy, religion, and ethics. Although only one Anderson letter survives, Busch's letters are in manuscripts . They met in Mainz in October 1875, after which he returned to Bassermann at Heidelberg in

9000-521: Was moved to the middle of the A2, between the oxygen and ethanol tanks. Static tests and assembly were completed by 1 October 1934. Two A2s were built for a full-out test, and were named after a Wilhelm Busch cartoon, Max and Moritz . On 19 and 20 December 1934, they were launched in front of senior Army officers on Borkum island in the North Sea . They reached altitudes of 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi). The A2s had

9100-455: Was published by Otto Friedrich Bassermann, a friend whom Busch met in Munich. Helen Who Couldn't Help It , which was soon translated into other European languages, satirizes religious hypocrisy and dubious morality: Ein guter Mensch gibt gerne acht, Ob auch der andre was Böses macht; Und strebt durch häufige Belehrung Nach seiner Beß'rung und Bekehrung A saintly person likes to labor For

9200-429: Was ravaged by disease, and for five months spent time painting and collecting folk tales , legends, songs, ballads, rhymes, and fragments of regional superstitions. Busch's biographer, Joseph Kraus, saw these collections as useful additions to folklore , as Busch noted the narrative background to tales and the idiosyncrasies of storytellers. Busch tried to release the collections, but as a publisher could not be found at

9300-504: Was released by the publisher Moritz Schauenburg at the time Pope Pius IX proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility that was harshly criticized by Protestants. The publisher's works were heavily scrutinized or censored, and the state's attorney in Offenburg charged Schauenberg with "vilification of religion and offending public decency through indecent writings" – a decision which affected Busch. Scenes of Antonius accompanied by

9400-470: Was renamed, Singspiel von Georg Kremplsetzer . However, German composer Elsa Laura Wolzogen set several of his poems to music. In 1873 Busch returned several times to Munich, and took part in the intense life of the Munich Art Society as an escape from provincial life. In 1877, in a last attempt to be a serious artist, he took a studio in Munich. He left Munich abruptly in 1881, after he disrupted

9500-771: Was still reliant on alcohol. He would not invite visitors to Wiedensahl; because of this Fanny lost contact with her friends in the village, and whenever she questioned his wishes, Busch became furious. Even his friends Otto Friedrich Bassermann, Franz von Lenbach , Hermann Levi and Wilhelm von Kaulbach were not welcome at the house; he would meet them in Kassel or Hanover . Busch stopped painting in 1896 and signed over all publication rights to Bassermann Verlag for 50,000 gold marks . Busch, now aged 64, felt old. He needed spectacles for writing and painting, and his hands trembled slightly. In 1898, together with his aging sister Fanny Nöldeke, he accepted Bassermann's suggestion to move into

9600-442: Was sufficiently impressed to lend his support to the rocket program. Like the earlier A1 and A2 rockets, the A3 used a pressure-fed propellant system, and the same liquid oxygen and 75% ethanol mixture as the earlier designs. It generated its 14.7 kN (3,300 lb f ) for 45 seconds. It used a three-gyroscope system to deflect tungsten alloy jet vanes. The design was finished in early 1936 and further modifications that made

9700-417: Was the grandfather of most modern rockets. The rocket was 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) long, 30.5 centimetres (12 in) in diameter, and had a takeoff weight of 150 kilograms (330 lb). The engine, designed by Arthur Rudolph , used a pressure-fed rocket propellant system burning ethanol and liquid oxygen , and produced 2.9 kN (660 lbf ) of thrust for 16 seconds. The LOX tank was located within

9800-482: Was to build a missile capable of hitting New York, when launched from France or Spain (see Amerika Bomber ). A4b rockets were tested a few times in December 1944 and January and February 1945. All of these rockets used liquid propellant . The A4b used an inertial guidance system , while the A9 would have been controlled by a pilot. They started from a non-mobile launch pad . Following World War II, von Braun and other lead Nazi scientists were secretly transferred to

9900-432: Was uninterested in art and culture. In the second part of Helen Who Couldn't Help It Busch attacks Catholic pilgrimages . The childless Helen goes on a pilgrimage, accompanied by her cousin and Catholic priest Franz. The pilgrimage is successful, as later Helen gives birth to twins, who resemble Helen and Franz. Franz is later killed by a jealous valet, Jean, for his interest in female kitchen staff. The now widowed Helen

10000-516: Was worked on between 1940 and 1943 at Peenemünde for the Kriegsmarine . The A7 was similar in structure to the A5, but had larger tail unit fins (1.621 m ) in order to obtain greater range in gliding flight. Two unpowered models of the A7 were dropped from aeroplanes in order to test flight stability; no powered test was ever performed. The finished rocket should have produced a takeoff thrust of 15 kN and

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