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51-473: The acronym ICLR may refer to: Incorporated Council of Law Reporting , a British registered charity International Comparative Literature Association , an international organization dedicated to comparative literature International Conference on Learning Representations , a machine learning conference. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

102-846: A barrister or solicitor ) who acts as a judge in the consistory court of the diocese. The bishop no longer has the right to preside personally, as he formerly did. Appeals lie to the Arches Court (in Canterbury) and the Chancery Court (in York), and from them to the Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved (CECR). From the CECR appeals lie to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . Military courts of

153-469: A bench of magistrates (A.K.A. justices of the peace ), or a legally trained district judge (formerly known as a stipendiary magistrate), sitting in each local justice area . There are no juries . They have jurisdiction to hear minor criminal cases, as well as certain licensing appeals. Youth courts are run on similar lines to adult magistrates' courts but deal with offenders aged between the ages of ten and seventeen inclusive. Youth courts are presided over by

204-456: A case may be heard by a district judge (formerly known as a stipendiary magistrate), who will be a qualified lawyer and will sit singly, but has the same powers as a lay bench. District judges usually sit in the more busy courts in cities or hear complex cases (e.g. extradition). Magistrates and District Judges have the same limited sentencing powers. In the Crown Court , the case is tried before

255-565: A convenient form, at a moderate price, and under gratuitous professional control, of [The Law] Reports of Judicial Decisions of the Superior and Appellate Courts in England and Wales . The ICLR also has a set of criteria for law reporting, originally proposed by Nathaniel Lindley (who later became Master of the Rolls and subsequently a Lord of Appeal ), which said that care should be taken to exclude from

306-633: A criminal and civil appellate court for cases from the subordinate courts. It consists of three divisions: the King's Bench, the Chancery, and the Family divisions. The divisions of the High Court are not separate courts but have somewhat separate procedures and practices adapted to their purposes. Although particular kinds of cases will be assigned to each division depending on their subject matter, each division may exercise

357-542: A recorder (part-time judge), circuit judge or a High Court judge, and a jury. The seniority of the judge depends on the seriousness and complexity of the case. The jury is involved only if the defendant enters a plea of "not guilty". From the magistrates' courts, an appeal can be taken to the Crown Court on matters of fact and law or, on matters of law alone, to the Administrative Court of King's Bench Division of

408-443: A right to compel a jury trial. Defendants under eighteen years of age do not have this right and will be tried in a youth court (similar to a magistrates' court) unless the case is homicide or else is particularly serious. A magistrates' court is made up in two ways. Either a group (known as a "bench") of "lay magistrates", or a district judge, will hear the case. A bench must consist of either two or three magistrates. Alternatively,

459-650: A role previously held by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . The Supreme Court has a separate administration from the other courts of England and Wales, and its administration is under a Chief Executive who is appointed by the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . The Senior Courts of England and Wales were originally created by the Judicature Acts as the "Supreme Court of Judicature". It

510-431: A single County Court for England and Wales where previously there was a series of courts. The County Court is so named after the ancient sheriff's court held in each county, but it has no connection with it nor indeed was the jurisdiction of the county courts based on counties. A County Court hearing is presided over by either a district or circuit judge and, except in a small minority of cases such as civil actions against

561-474: A specially trained subset of experienced adult magistrates or a district judge. Youth magistrates have a wider catalog of disposals available to them for dealing with young offenders and often hear more serious cases against youths (which for adults would normally be dealt with by the Crown Court). Youth courts are not open to the public for observation, only the parties involved in a case being admitted. Prior to

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612-406: A voluntary bill of indictment , and go directly to the Crown Court, but that would be unusual. A criminal case that starts in the magistrates' courts may begin either by the defendant being charged and then being brought forcibly before magistrates or by a summons to the defendant to appear on a certain day before the magistrates. A summons is usually confined to very minor offences. The hearing (of

663-533: Is a choice'." This series is divided into four main sub-series: Additional reports published by the ICLR include The Weekly Law Reports (W.L.R.), started in 1953 and covering what the ICLR describe as "the cases that really matter, which either develop the law in some way or introduce a new point of law"; the Industrial Cases Reports (I.C.R.), started in 1975 and covering cases of employment law heard in

714-500: Is a criminal court of both original and appellate jurisdiction which in addition handles a limited amount of civil business both at first instance and on appeal. It was established by the Courts Act 1971 . It replaced the assizes whereby High Court judges would periodically travel around the country hearing cases, and quarter sessions which were courts held periodically in counties, county boroughs and certain boroughs. The Old Bailey

765-642: Is a single system of employment tribunals for England, Wales, and Scotland but not Northern Ireland. Additionally, the Military Court Service has jurisdiction over all members of the armed forces of the United Kingdom in relation to offences against military law . The Court of Appeal , the High Court , the Crown Court , the County Court , and the magistrates' courts are administered by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service , an executive agency of

816-415: Is an established church (i.e. it is the official state church) and formerly had exclusive or non-exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over marriage and divorce cases, testamentary matters, defamation , and several other areas. Since the 19th century, the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts has narrowed principally to matters of church property and errant clergy. Each diocese has a "chancellor" (either

867-490: Is the unofficial name of London's most famous criminal court, which is now part of the Crown Court. Its official name is the Central Criminal Court. The Crown Court also hears appeals from magistrates' courts . The Crown Court is the only court in England and Wales that has the jurisdiction to try cases on indictment , and when exercising such a role, it is a superior court in that its judgments cannot be reviewed by

918-489: The Court of Appeal . In other circumstances (for example when acting as an appeal court from a magistrates' court) the Crown Court is an inferior court, which means that it is subject to judicial review. When acting as an inferior court, appeals by way of case stated on matters of law may be made to the Administrative Court. Appeals from the High Court, in criminal matters, lie only to the Supreme Court. Appeals from

969-636: The Inland Revenue to the Court of Appeal, who were joint defendants with the Attorney General , it was held that "the Council was established for exclusively charitable purposes since its purpose was to further the development and administration of the law and to make it known or accessible to all members of the community, which was a purpose beneficial to the community and of general public utility." In 1970, then,

1020-677: The Law Terms Act 1830 . The Court of the County of Durham was abolished by section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 . The Stannaries Court was abolished by the Stannaries Court (Abolition) Act 1896. The following courts were merged into the High Court by section 41 of the Courts Act 1971 following the report by Dr. Beeching : Section 42 replaced the Mayor's and City of London Court with

1071-678: The Ministry of Justice . There have been multiple calls from both Welsh academics and politicians for a Wales criminal justice system . The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest appeal court in almost all cases in England and Wales. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 this role was held by the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords . The Supreme Court is also the highest court of appeal for devolution matters,

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1122-647: The Rolls Building , where there are 31 courts and three super courts able to handle the most complex and multi-party trials. There are regional High Court centres at the civil and family courts in the major cities. The Business and Property Courts administer the specialist jurisdictions that had previously been administered in the Queen's Bench Division under the names of the Admiralty Court, the Commercial Court , and

1173-514: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , the United Kingdom does not generally have a single unified legal system— England and Wales have one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland a third. There are additional exceptions to this rule; for example, in immigration law , the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal 's jurisdiction covers the whole of the United Kingdom, while in employment law , there

1224-525: The "multi-track". These "tracks" are labels for the use of the court system – the actual cases will be heard in the County Court or the High Court depending on their value. For personal injury, defamation cases, and in some landlord and tenant disputes, the thresholds for each track have different values. For nearly 300 years, from the time of the Norman Conquest until 1362, French was the language of

1275-477: The Administrative Court of the King's Bench Division of the High Court. The Crown Court is an inferior court in respect of the other work it undertakes, namely among other things, appeals from the magistrates' courts and other tribunals. The most common subordinate courts in England and Wales are The County Court is a national court with a purely civil jurisdiction, sitting in 92 different towns and cities across England and Wales. As of 22 April 2014 there has been

1326-538: The Civil Division hears appeals from the High Court and the County Court and certain superior tribunals, while the Criminal Division may only hear appeals from the Crown Court connected with a trial on indictment (i.e., for a serious offence). Its decisions are binding on all courts, including itself, apart from the Supreme Court . The High Court of Justice functions both as a civil court of first instance and

1377-512: The County Court centres and magistrates courts where family work was previously heard by county courts or family proceedings courts . Family Court judges are now more categories of judges who will be eligible to hear family cases including lay magistrates, district judges, circuit judges, and High Court judges from the Family Division. Magistrates' courts are local criminal courts, where all criminal proceedings start. They are presided over by

1428-419: The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) may also only be taken to the Supreme Court. Appeals to the Supreme Court are unusual in that the court from which appeal is being made (either the High Court or the Court of Appeal) must certify that there is a point of law of general public importance. This additional control mechanism is not present with civil appeals and means that far fewer criminal appeals are heard by

1479-406: The High Court, which is called an appeal "by way of case stated ". The magistrates' courts are also inferior courts and are therefore subject to judicial review . The Crown Court is more complicated. When it is hearing a trial on indictment (a jury trial) it is treated as a superior court, which means that its decisions may not be judicially reviewed and appeal lies only to the Criminal Division of

1530-436: The High Court, which will often be more limited in scope than an appeal. Examples of specialist courts are: The post of coroner is ancient, dating from the 11th century, and coroners still sit today to determine the cause of death in situations where people have died in potentially suspicious circumstances, abroad, or in the care of central authority. They also have jurisdiction over treasure trove . The Church of England

1581-938: The House of Lords, the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Employment Appeal Tribunal and the European Court of Justice , as well as "cases of special interest" from the Privy Council, the Court of Session and employment tribunals ; The Business Law Reports (Bus. L.R.), started in 2007 and covering company , commercial and intellectual property law; and The Public and Third Sector Law Reports (P.T.S.R.), started in 2009 and covering issues such as adoption , charity, ecclesiastical law , education , environmental law , health law , housing , human rights , local government , public health law and social welfare . It also published annual volumes of U.K. legislation from 1866 to 2010. Most of its reports were available electronically on Westlaw and LexisNexis until

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1632-583: The ICLR was successfully registered as a charity in England and Wales. Currently chaired by Richard Fleck CBE, the ICLR's council consists of members nominated by each of the Inns of Court and by the General Council of the Bar , and is based on Chancery Lane , London. According to the company's memorandum of association , the ICLR was established with the following principal aim: The preparation and publication, in

1683-559: The Rolls Building includes asset recovery, banking, commodities, company law, construction, finance, fraud, insolvency and reconstruction. It also covers information technology, insurance, intellectual property (including patents), international trade, mining, oil and gas, partnership, property, public procurement, regulation, shipping, tax and trusts. All matters in this list are heard by judges with particular experience in determining disputes in their particular speciality. The Crown Court

1734-470: The Supreme Court. Under the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 , civil claims under £10,000 are dealt with in the County Court under the "small claims track". This is generally known to the lay public as "small claims court" but does not exist as a separate court. Claims between £10,000 and £25,000 that are capable of being tried within one day are allocated to the "fast track" and claims over £25,000 to

1785-700: The Technology & Construction Court, and under the Chancery Division's lists for Business, Insolvency and Companies, Competition, Intellectual Property, Revenue, and Property, Trusts and Probate. In 2015, the Financial List was created "for financial claims of £50 million or more, or cases that raise issues concerning the domestic and international financial markets: the equity, derivatives, FX and commodities markets." There are also Regional Business and Property Courts. The judicial expertise available in

1836-416: The United Kingdom include There are two kinds of criminal trials: "summary" and "on indictment". For an adult, summary trials take place in a magistrates' court, while trials on indictment take place in the Crown Court. Despite the possibility of two venues for trial, almost all criminal cases, however serious, commence in a magistrates' courts . It is possible to start a trial for an indictable offence by

1887-495: The beginning of 2017, when the ICLR instead published its reports exclusively on its platform. Courts of England and Wales#The Senior Courts of England and Wales The Courts of England and Wales , supported administratively by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service , are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales . Except in constitutional matters, committed to

1938-408: The charge or summons) before the magistrates is known as a "first appearance". Offences are of three categories: indictable only, summary, and either way. Indictable only offences such as murder and rape must be tried on indictment in the Crown Court. On first appearance, the magistrates must immediately refer the defendant to the Crown Court for trial, their only role being to decide whether to remand

1989-499: The county court in whose district the property lay, but in general, any county court in England and Wales could hear any action and claims were frequently transferred from court to court. The Family Court is a national court and has jurisdiction to hear all family cases in England and Wales. Local jurisdictional boundaries have disappeared and there is only one single jurisdiction for all family proceedings. The Family Court sits at many locations in England and Wales, and it usually sits at

2040-666: The courts, rather than English . Until the twentieth century, many legal terms were still expressed in Latin . The Supreme Court of Judicature was formed in 1875 from the merging of various courts then existing, such as the The Court of Appeal in Chancery was merged into the Court of Appeal. Other historical courts include: The courts of session of the County Palatine of Chester and the Principality of Wales were abolished section 14 of by

2091-453: The defendant on bail or in custody. Summary offences, such as most motoring offences, are much less serious and most must be tried in a magistrates' court, although a few may be sent for trial to the Crown Court along with other offences that may be tried there (for example assault). The vast majority of offences are also concluded in a magistrates' court (over 90% of cases). Either way offences are intermediate offences such as theft and, with

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2142-414: The difference in name is meaningless. For example, an employment tribunal is an inferior court of record for the purposes of the law of contempt of court . In many cases, there is a statutory right of appeal from a tribunal to a particular court or specially constituted appellate tribunal. In the absence of a specific appeals court, the only remedy from a decision of a tribunal may be via judicial review to

2193-513: The enactment of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 , some magistrates' courts were also a family proceedings court and heard family law cases including care cases and they had the power to make adoption orders. Family cases are no longer heard by the magistrates' courts, instead being heard by the single Family Court established by the 2013 Act. In addition, there are many other specialist courts. These are often described as "tribunals" rather than courts, but

2244-406: The exception of low-value criminal damage, maybe tried either summarily (by magistrates) or by judge and jury in the Crown Court. If the magistrates consider that an either way offence is too serious for them to deal with, they may "decline jurisdiction" which means that the defendant will have to appear in the Crown Court. Conversely, even if the magistrates accept jurisdiction, an adult defendant has

2295-676: The jurisdiction of the High Court. This also means English High Court puisne judges and above can sit 'cross-bench' meaning they can hear matters normally assigned to another division should they so desire. However, beginning proceedings in the wrong division may result in a cost penalty. The formation of the Business and Property Courts of England & Wales within the High Court was announced in March 2017, and launched in London in July 2017. The courts are based in

2346-417: The police, the judge sits alone as a trier of fact and law without assistance from a jury. The old county courts' divorce and family jurisdiction was passed on 22 April 2014 to the single Family Court. Until unification in 2014, county courts were local courts in the sense that each one has an area over which certain kinds of jurisdiction, for example, proceedings for possession of the land had to be started in

2397-443: The reports those cases that passed without discussion and were valueless as precedents, and those that were substantially repetitions of earlier reports to which was added the following list of valuable (and thus worthy of reporting) categories: The primary series of reports published by the ICLR is The Law Reports , which the council maintains are "'the most authoritative reports' and should always be 'cited in preference where there

2448-472: The title ICLR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICLR&oldid=818660520 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Incorporated Council of Law Reporting The ICLR

2499-497: Was founded in 1865 by W. T. S. Daniel QC , and its first meeting took place on 25 February at Westminster Hall , then the home of the Court of King's Bench , the Court of Common Pleas and the Court of Chancery . The council was incorporated under the Companies Act 1862 in 1870. Largely working "as a private enterprise without state aid or interference", the council "was not intended to be profit making except in so far as it

2550-599: Was necessary to make it self-supporting." Working on this principle, the council applied in 1966 for registration to become an official charity under section 4 of the Charities Act 1960 ( 8 & 9 Eliz. 2 . c. 58). Upon rejection by the Charity Commission the council appealed under section 5(3) of the 1960 act, an action granted by Mr Justice Foster in the Chancery Division of the High Court . On appeal by

2601-597: Was renamed the "Supreme Court of England and Wales" in 1981, and again to the "Senior Courts of England and Wales" by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (to distinguish it from the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ). It consists of the following courts: The Senior Courts of England and Wales, along with the Tribunals and other courts, are administered and supported by HM Courts and Tribunals Service . The Court of Appeal deals only with appeals from other courts or tribunals. The Court of Appeal consists of two divisions:

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