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26-476: ICA , Ica , or ica may refer to: [REDACTED] Look up ICA , ica , or -ica in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Companies and organizations [ edit ] Empresas ICA , a Mexican construction company ICA AB , a Swedish retail food business, formerly named ICA Ahold AB Indoor Cricket Australia Informatics Corporation of America ,

52-1031: A Swedish retail food business, formerly named ICA Ahold AB Indoor Cricket Australia Informatics Corporation of America , a private health information technology company Innovative Communications Alliance , between Microsoft and Nortel Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications , in Winnipeg, Canada Institute of Cultural Affairs International , an international non-profit organization Insulation Council of Australia and New Zealand , an industry trade group Interbank Card Association, now known as Mastercard Interfaculty Committee Agraria , an association of over 60 biological science universities Intermuseum Conservation Association ICA AG  [ ru ] , Internationale Camera Actiengesellschaft , German camera maker that became Zeiss Ikon International Cartographic Association International Chiropractors Association International Clarinet Association International Co-operative Alliance ,

78-852: A city in southern Peru Ica Province , containing the city Ica Region , containing the province Ica River , passing through the city Içá River, Brazil, also known as the Putumayo River , a tributary of the Amazon Schools [ edit ] Immaculate Conception Academy , Philippines Instituto Coreano Argentino , Buenos Aires, Argentina International Christian Academy , an American boarding school in Bouaké, Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Irlam and Cadishead Academy , England Islamitisch College Amsterdam , Netherlands Ivy Collegiate Academy , Taiwan Sports [ edit ] ICA, official team code for Israel Start-Up Nation ,

104-691: A city in southern Peru Ica Province , containing the city Ica Region , containing the province Ica River , passing through the city Içá River, Brazil, also known as the Putumayo River , a tributary of the Amazon Schools [ edit ] Immaculate Conception Academy , Philippines Instituto Coreano Argentino , Buenos Aires, Argentina International Christian Academy , an American boarding school in Bouaké, Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Irlam and Cadishead Academy , England Islamitisch College Amsterdam , Netherlands Ivy Collegiate Academy , Taiwan Sports [ edit ] ICA, official team code for Israel Start-Up Nation ,

130-849: A private health information technology company Innovative Communications Alliance , between Microsoft and Nortel Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications , in Winnipeg, Canada Institute of Cultural Affairs International , an international non-profit organization Insulation Council of Australia and New Zealand , an industry trade group Interbank Card Association, now known as Mastercard Interfaculty Committee Agraria , an association of over 60 biological science universities Intermuseum Conservation Association ICA AG  [ ru ] , Internationale Camera Actiengesellschaft , German camera maker that became Zeiss Ikon International Cartographic Association International Chiropractors Association International Clarinet Association International Co-operative Alliance ,

156-494: A professional cycling team, formerly Israel Cycling Academy Intercontinental A , a kart racing class for top drivers aged 15 and up International Cycling Association , the first international body for cycle racing Technology [ edit ] Independent component analysis , in signal processing and statistical data analysis Independent Computing Architecture , a proprietary protocol for an application server system Other uses [ edit ] ICa (card) ,

182-494: A professional cycling team, formerly Israel Cycling Academy Intercontinental A , a kart racing class for top drivers aged 15 and up International Cycling Association , the first international body for cycle racing Technology [ edit ] Independent component analysis , in signal processing and statistical data analysis Independent Computing Architecture , a proprietary protocol for an application server system Other uses [ edit ] ICa (card) ,

208-566: A smart card ticketing system for public transport in Kanazawa, Japan Ica language , a Magdalenic Chibchan language International Contract Agency, a fictional contract killing organization in the Hitman video game franchise Islet cell antibodies test , a test for latent autoimmune diabetes See also [ edit ] Immaculate Conception Academy (disambiguation) International Christian Academy (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

234-468: A smart card ticketing system for public transport in Kanazawa, Japan Ica language , a Magdalenic Chibchan language International Contract Agency, a fictional contract killing organization in the Hitman video game franchise Islet cell antibodies test , a test for latent autoimmune diabetes See also [ edit ] Immaculate Conception Academy (disambiguation) International Christian Academy (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

260-574: A utility and a customer International Coffee Agreement , a UN pact establishing the International Coffee Organization International Court of Arbitration Interstate Commerce Act , US legislation establishing the regulatory Interstate Commerce Commission Investment Canada Act Islamic Consultative Assembly , the main legislative body of the Iranian government Places [ edit ] Ica, Peru ,

286-428: A utility and a customer International Coffee Agreement , a UN pact establishing the International Coffee Organization International Court of Arbitration Interstate Commerce Act , US legislation establishing the regulatory Interstate Commerce Commission Investment Canada Act Islamic Consultative Assembly , the main legislative body of the Iranian government Places [ edit ] Ica, Peru ,

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312-571: A widespread public outcry, states passed numerous pieces of legislation. Through the 1870s various constituencies, notably the Grange movement representing farmers, lobbied Congress to regulate railroads. While the Senate would investigate and report its findings and recommendations in 1874, Congress declined to step in, mirroring the lack of consensus in approach. In the 1886 decision on Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois however,

338-406: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages ICA ICA , Ica , or ica may refer to: [REDACTED] Look up ICA , ica , or -ica in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Companies and organizations [ edit ] Empresas ICA , a Mexican construction company ICA AB ,

364-449: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Interstate Commerce Act With the passage of the Act, the railroad industry became the first industry subject to federal regulation by a regulatory body. It was later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce. The act was passed in response to rising public concern with

390-642: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws regulating interstate railroads were unconstitutional because they violated the Commerce Clause of the Constitution , which gives Congress the exclusive power "to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." With many of those questions of approach decided, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act

416-555: The 1970s and 1980s. The Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (often called the "4R Act") gave railroads more flexibility in pricing and service arrangements. The 4R Act also transferred some powers from the ICC to the newly formed United States Railway Association , a government corporation, regarding the disposition of bankrupt railroads. The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 further reduced ICC authority by allowing railroads to set rates more freely and become more competitive with

442-516: The ICC to organize a Bureau of Valuation that would assess the value of railroad property. This information would be used to set freight shipping rates. In 1935, Congress passed the Motor Carrier Act, which amended the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate bus lines and trucking as common carriers . Congress enacted simplifying and reorganizing amendments in 1978, 1983 and 1994. Congress passed various railroad deregulation measures in

468-527: The act, its jurisdiction was limited to companies that operated across state lines. Over time the courts would further narrow the agency's authority, and in 1903 Congress established the Department of Commerce and Labor and its Bureau of Corporations to study and report on wider industries and their monopolistic practices. By 1906, the Supreme Court had ruled in favor of a railroad company in fifteen out of

494-598: The amount of money promised to them, and competition was therefore "bad." The act also created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), the first independent regulatory agency of the US government. As part of its mission, the ICC heard complaints against the railroads and issued cease and desist orders to combat unfair practices. While the ICC was empowered to investigate and prosecute railroads and other transportation companies that were alleged to have violated

520-567: The following year; it was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on February 4, 1887. The act worked to keep rates and railroad revenue up on routes where competition existed. It did this by attempting to force publicity about rates and make rebates and discrimination illegal. ('Discrimination' meant lower rates for certain customers, e.g. politicians, large customers, sharp bargainers, long haul shippers, shippers in competitive markets, low season travelers.) Railroads saw that competition made it hard to pay their stockholders and bondholders

546-552: The growing power and wealth of corporations, particularly railroads, during the late nineteenth century. Railroads had become the principal form of transportation for both people and goods, and the prices they charged and the practices they adopted greatly influenced individuals and businesses. In some cases, the railroads were perceived to have abused their power as a result of too little competition. Railroads also banded together to form pools and trusts that fixed rates at higher levels than they could otherwise command. Responding to

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572-442: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ICA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICA&oldid=1220302617 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

598-442: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ICA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICA&oldid=1220302617 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

624-633: The sixteen cases over which it presided. Congress passed a minor amendment to the Act in 1903, the Elkins Act . Major amendments were enacted in 1906 and 1910. The Hepburn Act of 1906 authorized the ICC to set maximum railroad rates, and extended the agency's authority to cover bridges, terminals, ferries, sleeping cars, express companies and oil pipelines. The Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 strengthened ICC authority over railroad rates and expanded its jurisdiction to include regulation of telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. The Valuation Act of 1913 required

650-968: The worldwide umbrella body for co-operatives International Commission for Acoustics International Communication Association International Congress of Actuaries International Congress of Americanists International Cooperation Administration , a United States government agency concerned with international development International Council on Archives Irish Citizen Army , an organization which lasted up to 1916 to rid Ireland of British rule Irish Countrywomen's Association Islamic Cultural Association (Hong Kong) Cultural centres and museums [ edit ] Institute of Contemporary Art (disambiguation) , several cultural centres and museums, including: Institute of Contemporary Arts , London, UK Government and law [ edit ] Immigration and Checkpoints Authority , in Singapore Interconnect agreement , between

676-903: The worldwide umbrella body for co-operatives International Commission for Acoustics International Communication Association International Congress of Actuaries International Congress of Americanists International Cooperation Administration , a United States government agency concerned with international development International Council on Archives Irish Citizen Army , an organization which lasted up to 1916 to rid Ireland of British rule Irish Countrywomen's Association Islamic Cultural Association (Hong Kong) Cultural centres and museums [ edit ] Institute of Contemporary Art (disambiguation) , several cultural centres and museums, including: Institute of Contemporary Arts , London, UK Government and law [ edit ] Immigration and Checkpoints Authority , in Singapore Interconnect agreement , between

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