124-702: The Hyatt Terraces Baguio , opened in September of 1976 as the Terraces Plaza Hotel , was a 12-storey hotel located along South Drive in Baguio , Philippines. It was the only five-star International hotel outside the National Capital Region during its time until the hotel was destroyed during the 1990 Luzon earthquake . The Terraces Plaza Hotel was built during the Philippines' "hotel boom," opening in time for
248-525: A highly urbanized city (HUC). It is the largest city in Benguet , serving as the provincial capital from 1901 to 1916, but has since been administered independently from the province following its conversion into a chartered city. Baguio is geographically located within the province of Benguet by the Philippine Statistics Authority for its geographical and statistical purposes only. The city
372-621: A bloodless secret agreement with acting governor-general Fermín Jáudenes , staging a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. On the evening of August 12, the Americans notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila without American permission. On August 13, unaware of
496-530: A brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. On May 24, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator, saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president. Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo's return. Many Filipino enlisted men deserted local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo's command and
620-684: A census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the Philippine Commission as the upper house. Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence. Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed
744-511: A chartered city and nicknamed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines". The succeeding period saw further developments of and in Baguio with the construction of Wright Park in honor of Governor-General Luke Edward Wright , Burnham Park in honor of Burnham, Governor Pack Road , and Session Road . Prior to World War II , Baguio was the summer capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines , and
868-560: A counter-proclamation summarizing American violations of the ethics of friendship, and stated that a takeover of the Visayas by the Americans would lead to hostilities. Within the same day Aguinaldo replaced this proclamation with another that directly protested American infringement on "the sovereignty of these islands". Otis took these two proclamations as a call to arms, and as tensions increased 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within 15 days. Meanwhile, Felipe Agoncillo , who had been commissioned by
992-674: A gold deposit in the area, which he developed with hired workers and slaves. In 1755, the Augustinian Fray Pedro de Vivar established a mission in Tonglo (Tongdo) outside Baguio. Before he was driven out the following year, this rancheria included 220 people, including several baknang families. The Spanish tried to regain the mission in 1759, but were ambushed. This prompted the Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban to send Don Manuel Arza de Urrutia on
1116-637: A government consisting of "a Governor-General appointed by the President; cabinet appointed by the Governor-General; [and] a general advisory council elected by the people." The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace and, on May 8, the revolutionary cabinet headed by Apolinario Mabini was replaced by a new "peace" cabinet headed by Pedro Paterno . At this point, General Antonio Luna arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet, returning Mabini and his cabinet to power. After this,
1240-531: A judicial system, including a supreme court, drew up a legal code, and organized a civil service. The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected provincial governors. During these period, U.S., Spanish, and Mexican monies were all in local circulation. Commonwealth Act No. 1045
1364-494: A key part of Baguio's cultural landscape. Several retail outlets and dining outlets are situated along Bonifacio Street, Session Road , Teacher's Camp , Mines View Park and Baguio Fastfood Center near the market. The areas of Session Road , Harrison Road, Magsaysay Avenue and Abanao Street, comprise the city's trade center, where commercial and business structures such as cinemas, hotels, restaurants, department stores, and shopping centers are concentrated. The City Market offers
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#17328518943161488-572: A large retail industry, with shoppers coming to the city to take advantage of the diversity of competitively priced commercial products on sale. The city is also popular with bargain hunters; some of the most popular bargaining areas include Baguio Market and Maharlika Livelihood Center . The city is home to numerous shopping centers and malls catering to increasing commercial and tourist activity; these include: SM City Baguio , Baguio Center Mall, Abanao Square, and Tiong San. Various food and retail businesses run by local residents proliferate, forming
1612-529: A matter of hours. The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish. While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps, Dewey dispatched the cutter USRC McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after
1736-499: A politically bowdlerized version had been sent to Aguinaldo, published it in both Spanish and Tagalog. Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy he had received from Otis, he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to "Military Governor of the Philippines" from "... in the Philippines". Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration, which Otis had made without authorization from Washington. On January 5, Aguinaldo issued
1860-495: A punitive expedition, which resulted in the mission being burned to the ground. During Spanish rule in 1846, the Spaniards established a command post or a comandancia in the nearby town of La Trinidad , and organized Benguet into 31 rancherías , one of which was Kafagway, a wide grassy area where the present Burnham Park is situated. Kafagway was then a minor rancheria consisting of only about 20 houses; most of
1984-588: A significant reputation as a tourism venue and earning significantly from tourism even though it ceased to be the official "Summer Capital of the Philippines" in 1976. In the wake of the Snap Presidential elections of 1986 , antidictatorship organizers were based largely in the Azotea Building midway up Session Road, and in Cafe Amapola further up Session, on its intersection with Governor Pack Road. Because
2108-542: A strain on the city's budget. In early 2018, the city government started using its garbage transfer station in the city outskirts near Marcos Highway , drawing protests from residents of the nearby town of Tuba , who cited the facility poses health hazards to their communities. As of 2019, the Philippine National Oil Company has offered to test a waste-to-energy technology as a possible solution to its garbage woes. Baguio's waste water treatment plant
2232-513: A wide array of locally sourced goods and products, usually from Benguet province, which includes colorful woven fabrics and hand-strung beads to primitive wood carvings, cut flowers, strawberries and "Baguio" vegetables. The term 'Baguio vegetables' often denotes vegetable types that thrive in the cooler growing climate. Strawberries and string beans —referred to as Baguio beans across the Philippines—are shipped to major urban markets across
2356-522: Is Masjid Al-Maarif , which is a centre of Islamic studies in the Philippines. The city also has smaller numbers of Buddhists and atheists , along with members of other faiths. Poverty incidence of Baguio Source: Philippine Statistics Authority As a melting pot of different peoples and cultures in the Cordillera Administrative Region , numerous investments and business opportunities are lured to Baguio. Baguio has
2480-407: Is a predominantly Christian city, as of 2015; Roman Catholics at 74% (254,716), Evangelicals ( Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches ) at 7% (24,236), National Council of Churches in the Philippines at 5% (17,968), and Iglesia ni Cristo at 4% (13,897). As of 2015, Muslims comprise 1% (3,269) of the city's total population. The largest mosque in the area
2604-460: Is also eyed for an expansion as it has been unable to fully cater to the city's needs; wastewater which the plant could not accommodate were dumped in the Balili River , leading to its high coliform levels —even higher than that of Manila Bay 's. Baguio is also a planned city. American Architect and Urban Planner Daniel Burnham was commissioned to design the new capital; his design for the city
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#17328518943162728-548: Is composed of 129 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . A proposed merging of the city's 129 barangays had not been implemented since its inception in 2000. Several local officials stressed that many of the city's barangays did not comply with the minimum requirements in the Local Government Code of the Philippines that a highly urbanized city must have a certified population of least 5,000 inhabitants. According to Mayor Mauricio Domogan, in
2852-440: Is mostly of contemporary architecture. Baguio's contemporary architecture is largely of American build, since Americans were the ones to establish a station here. A few examples include those built at Teacher's Camp and Camp John Hay, previous American installations in the city as well as the current Baguio City Hall. Some buildings are also influenced by Spanish building concepts, such as Porta Vaga Mall and La Azotea . One of
2976-536: Is one of the cities with the dirtiest air in the Philippines, according to a 2014 WHO report; a slight improvement in the city's air quality was cited in 2017 by the DENR 's Environmental Management Bureau. In a 2018 WHO report, the city was listed as having the most polluted air among 8 other local cities ( Cebu , Dagupan , Davao , Manila , San Carlos, Urdaneta and Zamboanga ). Eco-vehicles and Euro 4 compliant vehicles have been tested whether or not they are suited for
3100-555: Is the center of business, commerce, and education in northern Luzon, as well as the most populous and seat of government of the Cordillera Administrative Region . According to the 2020 census, Baguio has a population of 366,358. Baguio was called Kafagway by indigenous peoples. The name Baguio originated in the American period and is derived from the Ibaloi word bagiw ( moss ), which was then Hispanicized as Baguio. A demonym for natives of
3224-477: The City of Baguio ( Ibaloi : Siudad ne Bagiw ; Ilocano : Siudad ti Baguio ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Baguio ), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Cordillera Administrative Region , Philippines . It is known as the "Summer Capital of the Philippines", owing to its cool climate since the city is located approximately 4,810 feet (1,470 meters) above mean sea level, often cited as 1,540 meters (5,050 feet) in
3348-568: The Cordillera Central mountain range in northern Luzon . While the downtown core ranges from 1400 to 1500 meters above sea level, elevations within Baguio's administrative boundaries extend from about 900 meters (along the Bued River ) to almost 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) (around the Busol watershed). Mountain peaks on the outskirts of Baguio reach over 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) above sea level,
3472-538: The Imperial Japanese Army used Camp John Hay , an American installation in Baguio, as a military base. The nearby Philippine Constabulary base, Camp Holmes , was used as an internment camp for about 500 civilian enemy aliens, mostly Americans, between April 1942 and December 1944. President José P. Laurel of the Second Philippine Republic , a puppet state established in 1943, departed
3596-615: The Luzon tropical pine forests ecoregion , which also makes it conducive for the growth of mossy plants, orchids and pine trees, to which it attributes its other moniker as the "City of Pines". Baguio was established as a hill station by the United States in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway . It was the United States' only hill station in Asia. Baguio is classified as
3720-685: The Philippine Senate to ratify the law. Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did. Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act except in minor details. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate. The law provided for
3844-536: The Spanish–American War , Baguio was selected to become the summer capital of the then Philippine Islands . American zoologist Dean Conant Worcester headed an expedition in 1900 after convincing U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root to order an expedition to a cool place in the northern mountains of the Philippines. Governor-General William Taft , on his first visit in 1901, noted the "air as bracing as Adirondacks or Murray Bay ..." On November 11, 1901,
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3968-643: The United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. The interim U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of great political turbulence, characterized by the Philippine–American War . Beginning in 1906,
4092-514: The United States Armed Forces . After the appointment of a civil governor-general , the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilians. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil governor-general became the sole executive authority in
4216-493: The American colonial government expropriated lands in Baguio owned by the Ibaloi people, who were forced to sell their lands. In 1903, Filipinos , Japanese and Chinese workers were hired to build Kennon Road , the first road directly connecting Baguio with the lowlands of La Union and Pangasinan . Before this, the only road to Benguet was Naguilian Road , and it was largely a horse trail at higher elevations. Camp John Hay
4340-547: The City Hall as a national heritage site. The construction of the City Hall park was finished in May 2019 as was said to define the city's new moniker as a creative center for crafts and folk arts. The original inhabitants of Baguio are the Ibaloi people (natively pronounced as "Ivadoi"). When the Americans established the city in the early 1900s, early settlers in the city included members of other Igorot tribes ( Igudut in Ibaloi ),
4464-540: The Filipino Nation" is handwritten by Lt. Col. Jose Bañuelo. On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government (and naming himself as president). On July 15, Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines. The first contingent of American troops arrived on June 30 under
4588-487: The First World War and supported the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor. On March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature passed a "Declaration of Purposes", which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign. A Commission of Independence was created to study ways and means of attaining liberation ideal. This commission recommended
4712-572: The Hanazono Japanese Buffet. The hotel also had three bars: The Fireplace Bar, Gold Mine Disco Bar and The Kaili Bar located near the casino. In addition, the hotel had a casino, located at the other side of the atrium lobby, a swimming pool, jacuzzi, golf club, and a spa. Baguio Baguio ( UK : / ˈ b æ ɡ i oʊ / BAG -ee-oh , US : / ˈ b ɑː ɡ i oʊ , ˌ b ɑː ɡ i ˈ oʊ / BAH -ghee-oh, - OH , Tagalog: [ˈbaɡjo] ), officially
4836-461: The Philippine Commission, and also stipulated that the bicameral Philippine Legislature would be established composed of an elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly , and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house. The act also provided for extending the U.S. Bill of Rights to the Philippines. On July 2, 1902, the secretary of war telegraphed that the insurrection against
4960-622: The Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed, capturing many cities and some entire provinces. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo . The "Acta de la Proclamacion de Independencia del Pueblo Filipino" in Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista 's penmanship was signed by 98 natives on June 12, 1898, thereat. The only copy thereof, "The Birth Certificate of
5084-586: The Philippine revolutionary government as minister plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments, filed a request in Washington for an interview with the president to discuss affairs in the Philippines. At the same time Aguinaldo protested against General Otis styling himself "Military Governor of the Philippines", and Agoncillo, along with Filipino committees in London, Paris, and Madrid, issued statements to
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5208-462: The Philippines , the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military completed the recapture of the Philippines after Japan's surrender and spent nearly a year dealing with Japanese troops who were not aware of the war's end, leading up to U.S. recognition of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato , a ceasefire between
5332-687: The Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.—the so-called Thomasites . Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley. Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed. An anti-sedition law was established in 1901, followed by an anti-brigandage law in 1902. The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 approved, ratified, and confirmed McKinley's executive order establishing
5456-520: The Philippines to fall into Japanese hands. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence. The law, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law , served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines. Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to
5580-478: The Philippines was to come under the sovereignty of the United States, with American forces instructed to declare themselves as friends rather than invaders. On December 21, 1898, President McKinley issued a proclamation of benevolent assimilation . General Otis delayed its publication until January 4, 1899, then publishing an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms "sovereignty", "protection", and "right of cessation" which were present in
5704-456: The Philippines. Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in Baliuag, Bulacan . Elections were held by
5828-515: The Public Lands Act which modeled the Homestead Acts of the United States, and allowed individuals to claim land on the basis of a five-year residency. Both of these systems benefited larger landowners who were more able to take advantage of the bureaucracy, and only one tenth of homestead claims were ever approved. While Philippine ports remained open to Spanish ships for a decade following
5952-480: The Spaniards as Baguio . During the Philippine Revolution in July 1899, Filipino revolutionary forces under Pedro Paterno liberated La Trinidad from the Spaniards and took over the government, proclaiming Benguet as a province of the new Philippine Republic . Baguio was converted into a "town", with Mateo Cariño being the presidente (mayor). When the United States occupied the Philippines after
6076-506: The Spanish arrived in the Philippines, the area was never fully subjugated by Spain due to the intensive defense tactics of the indigenous Igorots of the Cordilleras . Igorot oral history states the Benguet upper class, baknang , was founded between 1565 and the early 1600s, by the marriage of a gold trader, Amkidit, and a Kankanaey maiden gold panning in Acupan. Their son, Baruy, discovered
6200-482: The Spanish colonial governor-general Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo that was signed on December 15, 1897. The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender. Other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong . Concurrently,
6324-582: The U.S. Congress, which passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill on December 30, 1932. U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, and the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act became U.S. law. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. The law also required
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#17328518943166448-439: The United States noting a refusal for the Philippines to come under American sovereignty. Filipino forces were ready to assume the offensive, but instead sought to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot. On January 31, 1899, The Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic, Teodoro Sandiko, signed a decree saying that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for
6572-817: The United States' Armed Forces Radio and Television Network station at Camp John Hay was transmitting news from Manila, they learned early on that the People Power Revolution had begun in Manila. Deciding that their locations were too unsafe, they encamped in the courtyard of the Baguio Cathedral , which was located on higher ground. They were later joined by Lt. Benjamin Magalong , of the Philippine Constabulary detachment in Buguias, Benguet, who had defected from
6696-519: The United States. A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes, including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished. Cultural developments strengthened the continuing development of a national identity, and Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages. Two years after completion and publication of
6820-664: The World Bank- International Monetary Fund 1976 meeting of the Board of Governors, held in Manila. The architecture of Hyatt Terraces Plaza was characterized by a unique stepped design, with terraced levels cascading down, taking inspiration from the Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao . The Terraces wing also featured a wide open atrium, with lush plants cascading down. This design not only provided panoramic views of
6944-518: The archipelago. History of the Philippines (1898%E2%80%931946) Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American colonial period , and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies , and concluded when
7068-489: The capture of Malolos on March 31, 1899, and were driven into northern Luzon. Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo's cabinet failed in May when the American commander, General Ewell Otis, demanded an unconditional surrender. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States, marking one end to the war. Casualties during the war were much greater among Filipinos than among Americans. Almost 4,000 American soldiers died, out of about 125,000 that fought on
7192-589: The city on March 22 and reached Taiwan eight days later, on March 30. The remainder of the Second Republic government, along with Japanese civilians, were ordered to evacuate Baguio on March 30. General Tomoyuki Yamashita and his staff then relocated to Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya . By late March 1945, Baguio was within range of the American and Filipino military artillery . Between March 4 and 10, United States Fifth Air Force planes dropped 933 tons of bombs and 1,185 gallons of napalm on Baguio, reducing much of
7316-433: The city on September 15. The Battle of Manila marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration. On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines , with General Merritt acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as commander-in-chief of
7440-612: The city to rubble. A major offensive to capture Baguio did not occur until April 1945, when the USAFIP-NL 's 1st Battalion of the 66th Infantry, attached with the United States Army's 37th Infantry Division , the USAFIP-NL's 2nd Battalion of 66th Infantry, attached with the US 33rd Infantry Division , and the USAFIP-NL's 3rd Battalion of the 66th Infantry, converged on Baguio. By April 27, 1945,
7564-417: The city was liberated and the joint force proceeded to liberate the La Trinidad valley. In September 1945, the Japanese forces in the Philippines, headed by General Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi, formally surrendered at Camp John Hay's American Residence in the presence of lieutenant generals Arthur Percival and Jonathan Wainwright . With the end of World War II, Baguio recovered quickly, earning
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#17328518943167688-445: The city's population has swelled to 366,358 persons as of May 2020. The city has a very young age structure as 65.5 percent of its total population is below thirty years old. Females comprise 51.3 percent of the population as against 48.7 percent for males. The household population comprises 98 percent of the total population, or 245,000 persons. With an average of 4.6 members per household, a total of 53,261 households are gleaned. During
7812-411: The city's steep slopes in line with efforts to modernize its Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs). PUVs, specifically jeepneys , have been pushed for its modernization, in line with President Duterte 's PUV modernization initiative . Another problem that plagues Baguio is its garbage and waste disposal. The city has been dumping its garbage in a landfill in Urdaneta City, but rising costs are putting
7936-418: The city, however U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila. On August 12, 1898, a peace protocol was signed in Washington between the U.S. and Spain. The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: "The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine
8060-438: The city, Ibagiw, is also derived from it. It is also the name for the city's annual arts festival. Baguio used to be a vast mountain zone with lush highland forests, teeming with various wildlife such as the indigenous deer, cloud rats , Philippine eagles , Philippine warty pigs , and numerous species of flora. The area was a hunting ground of the indigenous peoples, notably the Ibalois and other Igorot ethnic groups. When
8184-453: The command of Brigadier General Thomas McArthur Anderson . Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo, requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces. Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson, but saying nothing about military cooperation. General Anderson did not renew the request. American generals suspected Aguinaldo was attempting to take Manila without American assistance, had restricted supplies to American forces, and
8308-435: The commission concluded that "... The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation, but only a collection of different peoples." Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a bicameral legislature , autonomous governments on
8432-564: The condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence, declaring that, this having been done, the duty of the U.S. was to grant the Philippines independence. The Republican Party then controlled Congress, and the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded. After the first independence mission, public funding of such missions was ruled illegal. Subsequent independence missions in 1922, 1923, 1930, 1931, 1932, and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions. Numerous independence bills were submitted to
8556-430: The conflict. An estimated 250,000 to 1 million civilians died during the war, mostly due to famine and disease. On April 9, 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar , and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in
8680-462: The control, disposition, and government of the Philippines." General Merritt received news of the peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the president of the United States had directed that the United States should have full control over Manila, with no joint occupation permissible. After further negotiations, insurgent forces withdrew from
8804-483: The countryside, still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols. American troops and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913. Some of this resistance was from a claimed successor to the Philippines Republic. A 1907 law prohibited the display of flags and other symbols "used during the late insurrection in the Philippine Islands". Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of
8928-408: The draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States, since they feared that too-rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause
9052-451: The election date, and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30. The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935, approved by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt on March 23, and ratified by popular vote on May 14. The first election under the constitution was held on September 17, and on November 15, 1935, the commonwealth was put into place. It
9176-408: The establishment of a stable government. The law maintained the governor-general of the Philippines, appointed by the president of the United States, but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly (lower house); it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission (upper house) with an elected senate. The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during
9300-509: The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in Cuba as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the Spanish–American War . President William McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain on April 19, 1898. Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe, but nevertheless declared war ; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war. Theodore Roosevelt , who
9424-415: The fallen buildings were built on or near fault lines; local architects later admitted structural building codes should have been followed more religiously, particularly regarding concrete and rebar standards, and "soft stories." Baguio has been rebuilt with aid from the national government and international donors such as Japan , Singapore and the United States . Baguio is a highland city nestled within
9548-643: The government, gone to the nearby Central Police Station in Baguio, and disarmed its personnel to prevent any untoward incidents while Baguio residents continued to gather at the cathedral to protest the abuses of the Marcos administration . The Baguio Cathedral, and Session Road adjacent to it, thus became the center of the People Power revolution in Baguio - paralleling similar protests in Cebu , Davao , Bacolod , Manila , and other major Philippine cities, eventually leading to
9672-426: The granting of Philippine independence by 1946. The Tydings–McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a constitution , for a 10-year " transitional period " as the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence . On May 5, 1934, the Philippine legislature passed an act setting the election of convention delegates. Governor-General Frank Murphy designated July 10 as
9796-541: The highest being Mount Santo Tomas in Tuba . Enclosed by the province of Benguet , the city covers a small area of 57.5 square kilometres (22.2 sq mi). Most of the developed part of the city is built on uneven, hilly terrain of the northern section. When Daniel Burnham drew plans for the city, he made the City Hall a reference point where the city limits extend 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from east to west and 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi) from north to south. Baguio
9920-411: The historic buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated or otherwise left to deteriorate. The 1990 Luzon earthquake further devastated Baguio's old buildings, which include 28 collapsed buildings such as hotels, factories, government and university buildings, and many private homes and establishments. Baguio's current landscape
10044-594: The home of the Philippine Military Academy . As such, it was very important in military and political terms. Philippine President Manuel Quezon was even in Baguio when the war began. On December 8, 1941, 17 Japanese bombers attacked Camp John Hay , as part of the first Japanese air raid on Luzon. Baguio was declared an open city in December 27. Following the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941,
10168-435: The hotel during the 1990 Luzon earthquake . It sustained the most serious damage among buildings in Baguio, with the hotel's terraced front wing collapsing and falling into the lobby area which caused the deaths of at least 80 people, including 50 guests and 30 employees. The site of the hotel was subsequently vacated and fenced off. The hotel had three restaurants including a coffee shop: The Kaili Cafe, The Copper Gill, and
10292-455: The inadequate honorarium of barangay officials. As a city with varying terrain, Baguio features a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification : Am ) and a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cwb ), depending on the local elevation. The city is known for its mild climate owing to its generally high elevation. The temperature in the city is usually about 7 to 10 °C (13 to 18 °F) cooler than
10416-407: The island. About 20,000 Filipino soldiers combatants died, as well as 250,000 to a million non-combatants. Causes of non-combatant deaths included a cholera epidemic as well as killings by the United States military, including specific attacks on civilians and the creation of concentration camps. President McKinley had appointed a five-person group on January 20, 1899, to investigate conditions in
10540-530: The islands and make recommendations. The three civilian members of the Philippine Commission arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899, a month after the Battle of Manila which had begun armed conflict between U.S. and revolutionary Filipino forces. After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives, the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan. McKinley authorized an offer of
10664-454: The lands in Kafagway were owned by a prominent Ibaloi, Mateo Cariño , who served as its chieftain. The Spanish presidencia , which was located at Bag-iw at the vicinity of Guisad Valley was later moved to Cariño's house where the current city hall stands. Bag-iw was the Ibaloi toponym of the town, an Ibaloi term for "moss" which was historically abundant in the area. This name was spelled by
10788-464: The lowland temperatures near sea level. Average temperature ranges from 15 to 23 °C (59 to 73 °F), with the lowest temperatures occurring between November and February. The lowest recorded temperature was 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) on January 18, 1961; in contrast, the all-time high of 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) was recorded on March 15, 1988, during the 1988 El Niño season. The temperature seldom exceeds 26 °C (78.8 °F) even during
10912-440: The lowlander Ilocanos ( Iduko ), Americans ( Merikano ), and mestizos . A significant number of Chinese (both Cantonese and Hokkien ) and Japanese laborers were also hired to build Kennon Road , many of whom later settled in the city. Baguio is an overpopulated city, having a population density of more than 6,000 people per square kilometer. Originally planned by Daniel Burnham to accommodate 25,000 to 30,000 people,
11036-464: The major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners. Under the Treaty of Paris, the U.S. agreed to respect existing property rights. They introduced a Torrens title system to track ownership in 1902, and in 1903 passed
11160-555: The military government was replaced by a civilian government—the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands —with William Howard Taft serving as its first governor-general . A series of insurgent governments that lacked significant international and diplomatic recognition also existed between 1898 and 1904. Following the passage of the Philippine Independence Act in 1934, a Philippine presidential election
11284-472: The more modern buildings in the city is SM City Baguio , established in 2003. Moves by various groups with the goal to preserve these buildings have been made. As a historic building, the Baguio City Hall has faced opposition to renovation of its grounds, since that may be against laws on national cultural heritage sites; the renovations, however, continued as there has been no documentation supporting
11408-633: The ouster of President Ferdinand Marcos on February 25, 1986. On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region, and made the highly urbanized city of Baguio its seat of government. Various attempts at legally turning the Cordillera Administrative Region into an autonomous region have been pursued, but failed to gather enough public support in two separate autonomy plebiscites . The 1990 Luzon earthquake ( M s = 7.7) destroyed some parts of Baguio and
11532-559: The past, benefits granted to local governments were based on the number of existing barangays; this led former local officials to create as many barangays as possible in the city in order to acquire additional benefits from the national government. The proposed merger, which will reduce the barangays from 130 to about 40 to 50 by merging adjacent ones, is believed to solve several issues concerning barangay boundary disputes, seemingly biased allocation of funds for larger barangays in relation to barangays with lesser area and population, as well as
11656-479: The peace protocol signing, U.S. forces began the Battle of Manila by capturing Spanish positions in the city. While the plan was for a mock battle and simple surrender, the insurgents made an independent attack of their own, which led to confrontations with the Spanish in which some American soldiers were killed and wounded. The Spanish formally surrendered Manila to U.S. forces. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of
11780-496: The peak of the annual tourist influx, particularly during the Lenten period , transients triple the population. Crime in Baguio is concentrated in theft and vehicular accidents. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The illegal drug trade is also a problem of the city as 24 of its 129 barangays are considered as drug affected as of December 2017. In 2018, Baguio
11904-507: The people, in view of impending war with the Americans. An outbreak of gunfire between an insurgent patrol and an American outpost on February 4 set off open hostilities between the two forces. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic issued a declaration of war on the United States. As before when fighting the Spanish, the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field. Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after
12028-494: The province of Batangas and in the cities of Batangas , Lipa , and Tanauan . The Kiram–Bates Treaty secured the Sultanate of Sulu . American forces also established control over interior mountainous areas that had resisted Spanish conquest. Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade, since bands of guerrillas, quasi-religious armed groups and other resistance groups continued to roam
12152-491: The provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools. The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900, and headed by William Howard Taft , was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers. On September 1, the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions. Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws, established
12276-412: The report of the Philippine legislature as to a stable government. The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919. The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to U.S. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker . U.S. President Woodrow Wilson , in his 1921 farewell message to Congress, certified that the Filipino people had performed
12400-637: The revolutionary government between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress . In a session between September 15 and November 13, 1898, the Malolos Constitution was adopted. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the First Philippine Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. While the initial instructions of the American commission undertaking peace negotiators with Spain
12524-545: The sending of an independence mission to the United States. The "Declaration of Purposes" referred to the Jones Law as a veritable pact, or covenant, between the American and Filipino peoples whereby the United States promised to recognize the independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government should be established. U.S. Governor-General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison had concurred in
12648-430: The sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end, and provincial civil governments having been established, the office of military governor was terminated. On July 4, Theodore Roosevelt , who had succeeded to the U.S. presidency on September 14, 1901, after the assassination of President McKinley , proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in
12772-476: The state religion. The U.S. government, in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican. The church agreed to sell the friars' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904, the administration bought for $ 7.2 million
12896-463: The summer to escape Manila's heat. The Mansion was designed by architect William E. Parsons based on preliminary plans by architect Daniel Burnham . Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern city planners , designed the mountain retreat following the tenets of the City Beautiful movement . In 1904, the rest of the city was planned out by Burnham. On September 1, 1909, Baguio was declared as
13020-403: The surrounding mountains and city, but also integrated the hotel seamlessly into the hilly terrain. General Manager Heinrich Maulbecker of Hyatt Bangkok was tasked in 1978 to study the viability of converting the hotel to a Hyatt. Hyatt assumed management in 1979 and the hotel was rebranded as Hyatt Terraces Baguio. Maulbecker became the general manager of the Baguio hotel until the destruction of
13144-476: The surrounding province of Benguet on the afternoon of July 16, 1990. A significant number of buildings and infrastructure were damaged, including the Hyatt Terraces Plaza, Nevada Hotel, Baguio Park Hotel, FRB Hotel and Baguio Hilltop Hotel; major highways were temporarily blocked due to landslides and pavement breakup; and a number of houses were leveled or severely shaken with numerous casualties. Some of
13268-552: The unabridged version. Meanwhile, on December 26, 1898, the Spanish yielded Iloilo to the insurgents. American forces under General Marcus P. Miller arriving in Iloilo were refused permission to land by the insurgents, who stated that landing required "express orders from the central government of Luzon". Unknown to Otis, the War Department had also sent a copy of McKinley's proclamation to General Miller in Iloilo who, unaware that
13392-406: The war, the U.S. began to integrate the Philippine economy with its own. In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. The 1909 U.S. Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act provided for free trade with the Philippines. Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with
13516-508: The war. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government, as the U.S. civil administration was known. This was a form of territorial government that reported to the Bureau of Insular Affairs . The act provided for a governor-general appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly . It also disestablished the Catholic Church as
13640-418: The warmest part of the year. Like many other cities with a subtropical highland climate , Baguio receives noticeably less precipitation during its dry season. However, the city has an extraordinary amount of precipitation during the rainy season from June to October. The city averages over 3,914 mm (154 in) of rainfall annually, the highest in the country. Baguio suffers from air pollution and
13764-648: Was also faced with agrarian unrest, an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines. Amid growing landless peasant unrest in the late 1930s, the Commonwealth opened public lands in Mindanao and northeastern Luzon for resettlement. In 1939–1940, the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore
13888-577: Was at that time Assistant Secretary of the Navy , had ordered Commodore George Dewey , commanding the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy , to Hong Kong before the declaration of war. From there, Dewey's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines, reaching Manila Bay on the evening of April 30. The Battle of Manila Bay took place on May 1, 1898, with American victory being achieved in
14012-520: Was based on the City Beautiful movement , which features broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles. During the Second World War, Baguio was razed to the ground during the Japanese forces' invasion and the subsequent shelling by American forces during the liberation. After the liberation, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of
14136-420: Was clarified through the Treaty of Washington of 1900 , which stated that Spanish territories in the archipelago which lay outside the geographical boundaries noted in the Treaty of Paris were also ceded to the U.S. On December 21, 1898, President McKinley proclaimed a policy of benevolent assimilation with regards to the Philippines. This was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. Under this policy,
14260-411: Was designated the national language , women's suffrage was introduced , and land reform mooted. The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense, greater control over the economy, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the colonization of the island of Mindanao, and the promotion of local capital and industrialization. The commonwealth however,
14384-590: Was established in October 1903, after President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order setting aside land in Benguet for a military reservation for the United States Army to rest and recuperate from the lowland heat. It was named after Roosevelt's Secretary of State , John Milton Hay . The Mansion , built in 1908, served as the official residence of the American Governor-General during
14508-504: Was held in 1935. Manuel L. Quezon was elected and inaugurated as the second president of the Philippines on November 15, 1935. The Insular Government was dissolved and the Commonwealth of the Philippines , intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence in 1946, was brought into existence. After the World War II Japanese invasion in 1941 and subsequent occupation of
14632-416: Was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the civil governor. Later, on February 3, 1903, the U.S. Congress would change the title of Civil Governor to Governor-General . A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901, using English as the medium of instruction. This created a heavy shortage of teachers, and the Philippine Commission authorized the secretary of public instruction to bring to
14756-503: Was listed as one of the safest cities both in the ASEAN region, ranking sixth with a crime index of 40.57 and safety index of 59.43. The Baguio City Police Office also has the highest crime solution efficiency nationwide of 84%, compared to the national 77% and the region's 70%. In May 2019 BCPO also reported a drop of 27% in crimes, from 1,150 in 2018 to 834 in 2019. The BCPO was awarded as the country's best city police station in 2018. Baguio
14880-404: Was planned that the period 1935–1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence, a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime. Instead there was war with Japan, which postponed any plans for Philippine independence. On May 14, 1935, an election to fill the newly created office of president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
15004-635: Was promulgated in order to provide parity between these. On March 3, 1901, the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing (along with the Platt Amendment on Cuba) the Spooner Amendment which provided the president with legislative authority to establish a civil government in the Philippines. Up until this time, the president had been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers. On July 1, 1901, civil government
15128-531: Was secretly negotiating with Spanish authorities while informing them of American troop movements. Aguinaldo warned that American troops should not disembark in places conquered by the Filipinos without first communicating in writing, and did not offer his full service to arriving American forces. By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of Intramuros . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out
15252-481: Was to seek only Luzon and Guam , which could serve as harbours and communication links, President McKinley later wired instructions to demand the entire archipelago. The resultant Treaty of Paris , signed in December 1898, formally ended the Spanish–American War. Its provisions included the cession of the archipelago to the United States, for which $ 20 million would be paid as compensation. This agreement
15376-484: Was won by Manuel L. Quezon ( Nacionalista Party ), and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the U.S. Constitution . The commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive, a unicameral national assembly , and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901. Quezon's priorities were defense, social justice, inequality and economic diversification, and national character. Tagalog
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