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41-518: The site which would be occupied by the Hunters Point Power Plant was first used to build ships and barges in the early 1900s; it is bounded approximately by Jennings (to the northwest), Pier 96 (to the northeast), Evans (on the southwest), and San Francisco Bay / India Basin (on the southeast), although there were numerous fuel storage tanks near the intersection of Jennings and Evans, outside these nominal site boundaries. The first unit used

82-523: A sic' , emerged in 1889, E. Belfort Bax 's work in The Ethics of Socialism being an early example. On occasion, sic has been misidentified as an acronym (and therefore sometimes misspelled with periods): s.i.c. is said to stand for "spelled/said in copy/context", "spelling is correct", "spelled incorrectly", and other such folk etymology phrases. These are all incorrect and are simply backronyms from sic . Use of sic greatly increased in

123-411: A large generation facility. This makes withholding capacity to artificially create an electricity shortage rational, forcing introduction of price caps by the regulation authority. The caps in turn can create a missing money problem . Load pockets provide good examples of market friction : Load pockets also create reliability concerns. An extremely simplified example can be used to illustrate

164-441: A parenthetical sentence only when used after a complete sentence, like so: ( Sic. ) Some guides, including The Chicago Manual of Style , recommend "quiet copy-editing " (unless where inappropriate or uncertain) instead of inserting a bracketed sic , such as by substituting in brackets the correct word in place of the incorrect word or by simply replacing an incorrect spelling with the correct one. Alternatively, to show both

205-528: A partnership with two private companies; PG&E stated it intended to auction the sites to the highest bidder instead, and the City then threatened to begin eminent domain proceedings on Hunters Point. The California Public Utilities Commission ruled an environmental impact report would be required before PG&E could accept bids, shutting down the planned auction. In July 1998, the City of San Francisco entered an agreement with PG&E to shut down HPPP "as soon as

246-566: A steam turbine drawing from a fuel oil-fired boiler; it was built in 1928–29 by the Great Western Power Company . Great Western Power advertised a construction contract in September 1928 for US$ 150,000 (equivalent to $ 2,660,000 in 2023) to build the foundations for an electric generating plant "between Evans, Jennings and Burke avenues, India and Hawes streets". By December, a "new building near Hunter's [ sic ] Point"

287-433: Is an area of electric grid (typically small) that has limited ability to import electricity due to either very high concentration of demand or insufficient transmission capabilities ( transmission congestion ) and therefore cannot be entirely provided with power without participation of local electricity generation providers. A typical load pocket includes a major city (e.g., New York City , San Francisco , San Diego in

328-403: Is most often inserted into quoted or reprinted material to indicate meticulous accuracy in reproducing the preceding text, despite appearances to the reader of an incorrect or unusual orthography ( spelling , punctuation , grammar, syntax, fact, logic, etc.). Several usage guides recommend that a bracketed sic be used primarily as an aid to the reader, not as an indicator of disagreement with

369-426: Is to inform the reader that any errors in a quotation did not arise from editorial errors in the transcription, but are intentionally reproduced as they appear in the source text being quoted; thus, sic is placed inside brackets to indicate it is not part of the quotation. Sic can also be used derisively to direct the reader's attention to the writer's spelling mistakes and erroneous logic, or to show disapproval of

410-462: The US). Load pocket's existence usually indicates difficulties with building of either new generation or new transmission, or both due to the area constraints or political pressure and despite the pocket being an attractive place for investment (market congestion pricing strongly incentivizes new generation inside the pocket). The load pockets represent a problem for the deregulated electricity markets , as in

451-513: The absence of regulation the captive customers are forced to accept the prices set by the local providers. In the restructured electricity markets load pockets create a new problem absent in the "traditional" ( vertically integrated ) electricity markets: maintaining enough transmission/generation capacity for a competitive market to work is prohibitively inefficient, so local generators might gain oligopolic market power and ability control prices, especially at peak load or during an outage at

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492-438: The block east of the intersection; and (3) 5, 6, 7, and 9 south of Evans. Tank 3 was identified in aerial photographs as early as 1935 and may have been part of the original construction. Tanks 1, 2, and 4 were built in 1948 and 1949, when Units 2 and 3 were added. Tanks 5, 6, and 7 were added in 1958 with Unit 4. Tank 8 was identified in a 1975 aerial photograph, and Tank 9 was identified in a 1977 aerial photograph. Tank 3 also

533-656: The content or form of the material. In the English language, the Latin adverb sic is used as an adverb, and derivatively as a noun and as a verb. The adverb sic , meaning 'intentionally so written', first appeared in English c.  1856 . It is derived from the Latin adverb sīc , which means 'so', 'thus', 'in this manner'. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the verbal form of sic , meaning 'to mark with

574-399: The correct form when using recte . A third alternative is to follow an error with sic , a comma or colon, "read", and the correct reading, all within square brackets, as in the following example: Item 26 - 'Plan of space alongside Evinghews [sic: read Evening News] Printing Works and overlooked by St. Giles House University Hall', [Edinburgh] Reliability Must Run A load pocket

615-614: The credibly [ sic ] and veracity of any such source. Irin Carmon quoting a law firm The Latin adverb sic ( / s ɪ k / ; thus , so , and in this manner ) inserted after a quotation indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated as found in the source text, including erroneous, archaic, or unusual spelling, punctuation , and grammar . Sic also applies to any surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might be interpreted as an error of transcription . The typical editorial usage of Sic

656-591: The demand for San Francisco could not be met by transmission alone so generation was still required within the "electrical island" to ensure system reliability. PG&E announced its intent to sell both Hunters Point and Potrero in June 1997, as part of a second auction of fossil-fired and geothermal assets to start in March 1998, also including Contra Costa , Pittsburg , and The Geysers . The City of San Francisco began negotiations with PG&E to purchase HPPP and Potrero, forming

697-669: The facility is no longer needed to sustain electric reliability in San Francisco and the surrounding area and the FERC authorizes PG&E to terminate the Reliability Must Run agreement for the facility". In return, the City agreed to not interfere with the sale of Potrero; the uncertainty caused by San Francisco's negotiations had been causing some prospective buyers to hold or delay their bids. Activists continued to hold protests at HPPP until on May 15, 2006, PG&E permanently shut down

738-494: The following example from Fred Rodell 's 1955 book Nine Men : [I]n 1951, it was the blessing bestowed on Judge Harold Medina 's prosecution [ sic ] of the eleven so-called 'top native Communists,' which blessing meant giving the Smith Act the judicial nod of constitutionality. Where sic follows the quotation, it takes brackets : [ sic ]. The word sic is often treated as a loanword that does not require italics, and

779-401: The lagoon in a once-through cooling scheme; cooling water was chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite , circulated through the condenser, then de-chlorinated with sodium bisulfate before being discharged into India Basin. A breakwater was built in 1969 to prevent the heated discharge water from mixing with the lagoon intake; the lagoon was completely enclosed by 1975, when a dike was built between

820-433: The largest power plant owned by PG&E. Units 2 and 3 and were shut down permanently in 2001. PG&E filed a permit application to construct what would become Unit 4 in 1955. Unit 4 drew steam from a single large boiler (designated S7) with a thermal power of 1,720 million British thermal units per hour (500  MW ) and generated 170 MW electric output. S7 was permitted to burn natural gas or fuel oil , but

861-627: The mid-20th century. For example, in United States state-court opinions before 1944, sic appeared 1,239 times in the Westlaw database; in those from 1945 to 1990, it appeared 69,168 times, over 55 times as many. Its use as a form of ridicule has been cited as a major factor in this increase. The immoderate use of sic has created some controversy, leading some editors, including bibliographical scholar Simon Nowell-Smith and literary critic Leon Edel , to speak out against it. The bracketed form [ sic ]

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902-399: The need to compensate the providers in the load pocket beyond the level defined by the wide market pricing: Under these conditions, the north is a load pocket; an attempt to create a separate market for it would fail due to monopolistic power the local provider would have, while sweeping both north and south into a single market will cause this market to clear at the price that does not cover

943-490: The north side of Evans, and the parcel known as Area I, north of the intersection of Evans and Jennings, which previously was the site of Tanks 1 and 2. Developers were slow to propose new uses for the site. By 2017, the shoreline path around the former power plant site had been incorporated into the San Francisco Bay Trail . The site is used currently as a pop-up community space hosting neighborhood events. In 1996,

984-412: The oil-burning capability was deleted in the 2004 permit application, since continued oil burning would have required the boiler to be retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction equipment to meet tightening NOx emissions requirements beyond 2005. Unit 4 began operation in 1958. PG&E was granted permits to build four peaking power plant units in San Francisco in 1975; one was built at HPPP and

1025-461: The operating costs in the north. Therefore, some mechanism of compensation for the north's generator that does not depend on the market price is required. "Reliability Must Run" (RMR) contracts were created as a tool to temporarily keep an ageing plant in operation in a case it is needed for the reliability reasons despite its high operating costs. RMR is a relatively long-term contract (a year or more) between an independent system operator (ISO) and

1066-547: The original and the suggested correction (as they often are in palaeography ), one may give the actual form, followed by recte , then the correct form, in brackets. The Latin adverb recte means rightly . An Iraqi battalion has consumed [ recte assumed] control of the former American military base, and our forces are now about 40 minutes outside the city. According to the Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music Style Sheet , there should be no punctuation, for example no colon, before

1107-424: The other three were built at Potrero. HPPP Unit 1 was reused as the collective designation for the two diesel-fired peaking turbines (designated S1 and S2), each rated at 364 million British thermal units per hour (107 MW) thermal power and 26 MW electric. The redesignated Unit 1 began operation in 1976. Sic We are prepared, under appropriate circumstances, to provide information bearing on

1148-401: The plant from Great Western Power on June 1, 1929. Units 2 and 3 were added in 1948/49 along with three aboveground fuel storage tanks, and some additional land was reclaimed from San Francisco Bay in the southeast part of the site. Unit 4 was added in 1958, along with three more aboveground fuel tanks. A breakwater was added to separate the cooling water intake and outfall in 1968, and a dike

1189-423: The plant had two diesel-fired aeroderivative combustion turbines (collectively known as Unit 1) and three steam turbine-generators (Units 2, 3, and 4) using steam from five boilers (Boilers 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) that burned natural gas, but which historically had operated on no. 6 fuel oil . The three steam turbines used approximately 400 × 10 ^  US gal/d (1.5 × 10 ^  m/d) of water drawn from

1230-521: The plant; the shutdown had been delayed pending a reliable source of replacement power, which had required upgrades to transmission lines along the Peninsula (Jefferson-Martin Transmission Project) and under San Francisco Bay ( Trans Bay Cable ). It was demolished in 2008 and cleanup of the site was nearing completion in 2014. PG&E has retained the former switchyard (now used as a substation) along

1271-490: The site and Pier 96. The site was expanded through extensive filling of the Bay north of Evans and east of Jennings between 1947 and 1958, adding approximately 80 to 100 acres (32 to 40 ha) of land. Aboveground tanks were used to store fuel oil on-site in three closely-spaced sites near the intersection of Evans and Jennings: (1) containing Tanks 1 and 2, in the block north of the intersection; (2) containing Tanks 3, 4, and 8, in

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1312-420: The source. Sic may show that an uncommon or archaic expression is reported faithfully, such as when quoting the U.S. Constitution : "The House of Representatives shall chuse [ sic ] their Speaker ..." However, several writing guidebooks discourage its use with regard to dialect, such as in cases of American and British English spelling differences . The appearance of a bracketed sic after

1353-816: The state and was a major source of pollution; studies showed that neighborhood residents were more than twice as likely to suffer from asthma, congestive heart failure, and certain cancers. In the 1990s, the state began studying Hunters Point as a potential site for a new power plant; the San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted to block development of the new plant in June 1996, which Mayor Willie Brown hailed, saying "the people of Bayview–Hunters Point have been dumped on enough." Residents and community activists next pushed to have HPPP shut down. California utilities were requested to voluntarily divest at least 50% of their fossil fuel-fired generating assets as that state began deregulation of its electric market in 1996, and HPPP

1394-533: The style manuals of New Zealand, Australian and British media outlets generally do not require italicisation. However, italicization is common in the United States, where authorities including APA Style insist upon it. Because sic is not an abbreviation, placing a full stop /period inside the brackets after the word sic is erroneous, although the California Style Manual suggests styling it as

1435-440: The word analyse in a book review led Bryan A. Garner to comment, "all the quoter (or overzealous editor) [sic] demonstrated was ignorance of British usage". Occasionally a writer places [ sic ] after their own words, to indicate that the language has been chosen deliberately for special effect, especially where the writer's ironic meaning may otherwise be unclear. Bryan A. Garner dubbed this use of sic "ironic", providing

1476-440: Was 235 MW (315 × 10 ^  hp), including two smaller turbines designated to serve "house" loads associated with power plant operation. PG&E first announced plans to expand Station P in 1946; although plans for expansion had dated back to 1941, they were delayed by wartime material shortages. Units 2 and 3 were constructed in 1948 and 1949; when they were completed and dedicated on February 8, 1949, they were collectively

1517-512: Was Tank 9; Tanks 1-8, previously used for fuel oil storage, had been empty since 1994. The original Unit 1 was commissioned on December 3, 1929 as Station P , with a generating capacity of 46 megawatts (62 × 10 ^  hp); the two boilers which served the original Unit 1 were abandoned in place in 1972. Units 2 and 3 drew from four boilers (designated S3 through S6) with a collective thermal power of 2,680 million British thermal units per hour (790 MW); their collective electric output

1558-569: Was being built for Great Western Power, as mentioned in a news article, the contract for the building was advertised at US$ 630,000 (equivalent to $ 11,180,000 in 2023) in March 1929. The total cost of the San Francisco Bay Steam Plant , scheduled for completion in summer 1929, was US$ 3,500,000 (equivalent to $ 62,100,000 in 2023); as completed, the plant had a capacity of 35 MW electric power and plans were being prepared to expand generation to 170 MW. PG&E purchased

1599-425: Was completed between the breakwater and Pier 96 in 1975, completing an enclosed cooling water intake lagoon. Tanks 8 and 9 were built in 1975 and 1977, respectively; in between, a new Unit 1, using two diesel-fired gas turbines for peaking operations, was added in 1976, replacing the original (1929) Unit 1, which had been decommissioned in the early 1970s. It was one of the oldest and dirtiest oil-fired power plants in

1640-583: Was one of the first four plants that PG&E intended to sell, along with Morro Bay , Moss Landing , and Oakland . However, HPPP was dropped from the list when the auction began in September 1997. Because San Francisco is at the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula , its grid was designed to be isolated from the rest of the PG&;E system by opening breakers at a substation in Daly City ; PG&E argued that

1681-434: Was used to store dielectric oil waste, possibly containing PCBs , from HPPP and other PG&E sites in the 1970s; overflow from Tank 3 was sent to Tank 8 and potentially could have been burned during power plant operation. Prior to 1986, fuel was shipped to Pier 90 by oil tankers and transported to the site through an underground steel pipeline along Cargo Way. By 1996, the only tank still being used for (diesel) fuel storage

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