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60-545: Hung Shing Temples or Tai Wong Temples are temples dedicated to Hung Shing Tai Wong ( Chinese : 洪聖大王 ). Hung Shing temples have been widely built in southern China, especially Guangdong province and in Hong Kong . There are several Hung Shing Temples in Hong Kong, including 6 on Lantau Island and one only in urban Kowloon . The table provides a partial list of these temples. Hung Shing Festivals ( 洪聖誕 ) are celebrated on

120-426: A lacquered , two-sided board with astronomical sightlines. The earliest examples of liuren astrolabes have been unearthed from tombs that date between 278 BC and 209 BC. Along with divination for Da Liu Ren the boards were commonly used to chart the motion of Taiyi (Pole star) through the nine palaces. The markings on a liuren/shi and the first magnetic compasses are virtually identical. The magnetic compass

180-507: A central courtyard. 22°32′29″N 114°26′12″E  /  22.541289°N 114.436646°E  / 22.541289; 114.436646  ( Tin Hau Temple, Ping Chau ) Partly dedicated to Hung Shing. Built in 1765. In addition to Tin Hau, two other deities are worshipped at its side altars: Hung Shing and Tai Sui . Hung Shing His festival ( 洪聖誕 ) is held on the 13th day of

240-777: A cluster of 6 temples built on a flattened hilltop by the Shau Kei Wan Kaifong Advancement Association ( 筲箕灣街坊福利促進會 ), it is adjacent to a Fuk Tak Temple. Originally located at Aldrich Village ( 愛秩序村 ), it was moved to the present location when the village was demolished. (It is on the right on the picture) 22°16′36″N 114°13′39″E  /  22.276739°N 114.227538°E  / 22.276739; 114.227538  ( Hung Shing Temple, Ngoi Man Street ) 22°14′42″N 114°09′21″E  /  22.244921°N 114.155888°E  / 22.244921; 114.155888  ( Hung Shing Temple, Ap Lei Chau ) Built by local residents in 1773, it

300-442: A compass) Others Traditional feng shui was a system designed to aid rural villages from the effects of weather and natural disaster. As a set of consistent rules, feng shui can facilitate collective consensus on development without the need of centralized leadership. Understanding that one's actions could damage the feng shui and fortunes of the entire village, individuals were incentivized to know these rules and carefully manage

360-575: A craggy terrain. Subsequent to a number of land reclamations , it is now surrounded by modern commercial and residential buildings. Management of the temple delegated to the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals by the Chinese Temples Committee . 22°16′33″N 114°13′42″E  /  22.275828°N 114.228202°E  / 22.275828; 114.228202  ( Hung Shing Temple, Shau Kei Wan temple cluster ) Built in 1980. Part of

420-518: A large plaza. It stands on a north–south axis with another building that apparently housed communal activities. Regional communities may have used the complex. A grave at Puyang (around 4000 BC) that contains mosaics— a Chinese star map of the Dragon and Tiger asterisms and Beidou ( the Big Dipper, Ladle or Bushel )— is oriented along a north–south axis. The presence of both round and square shapes in

480-442: A paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It exhibits a number of classic pseudoscientific aspects, such as making claims about the functioning of the world that are not amenable to testing with the scientific method . The Yangshao and Hongshan cultures provide the earliest known evidence for the use of feng shui. Until the invention of the magnetic compass , feng shui relied on astronomy to find correlations between humans and

540-645: A place with ideal qi . It also considers the time of important events such as the birth of the resident and the building of the structure. The Compass branch is a collection of more recent feng shui techniques based on the Eight Directions, each of which is said to have unique qi. It uses the Luopan , a disc marked with formulas in concentric rings around a magnetic compass. The Compass Branch includes techniques such as Flying Star and Eight Mansions . More recent forms of feng shui simplify principles that come from

600-515: A political institution and instead became an increasingly private affair. Many feng shui experts and diviners sold their services to the public market, allowing feng shui to quickly grow in popularity. During the Late Qing dynasty , feng shui became immensely popular. Widespread destitution and increasing government despotism led to feng shui becoming more widely practiced in rural areas. The Qing dynasty attempted to crack down on heterodoxy following

660-648: Is a traditional form of geomancy that originated in Ancient China and claims to use energy forces to harmonize individuals with their surrounding environment. The term feng shui means, literally, "wind-water" (i.e., fluid). From ancient times, landscapes and bodies of water were thought to direct the flow of the universal Qi – "cosmic current" or energy – through places and structures. More broadly, feng shui includes astronomical , astrological , architectural , cosmological , geographical , and topographical dimensions. Historically, as well as in many parts of

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720-405: Is an emphasis on continual compromise and balance in order to maintain harmony. Feng shui has been observed to play an important role in the mediation of rural conflict. Through its amoral explanation of differential fortunes, feng shui provides a universal set of cosmic rules communities seek to abide by. This can promote community unity while also creating numerous points of polarization. Through

780-463: Is dedicated to Hung Shing and Che Kung . 22°25′56″N 114°01′29″E  /  22.432357°N 114.024733°E  / 22.432357; 114.024733  ( Tai Wong Temple, Tin Liu Tsuen ) Main shrine of a walled village . It is dedicated to Tai Wong, who is considered to be the protective deity of the village. Rebuilt in 1935, it lies on the central axis of the village together with

840-404: Is inherently a form of ancestor worship . Popular in farming communities for centuries, it was built on the idea that the ghosts of ancestors and other independent, intangible forces, both personal and impersonal, affected the material world, and that these forces needed to be placated through rites and suitable burial places. For a fee, a Feng shui practitioner would identify suitable locations for

900-551: Is mainly for the worship of Hung Shing and Yeung Hau deities. Renovation was carried out in 1924. It still acts as an alliance temple of the Tung Tau Alliance ( 東頭約 ) formed by the seven villages next to Yuen Long Kau Hui . In the old days, the temple operated a credit society serving the alliance villages. 22°27′16″N 114°01′40″E  /  22.45435°N 114.02778°E  / 22.45435; 114.02778  ( I Shing Temple, Wang Chau ) Built in 1718. It

960-674: Is the centre of the Four Yeuk ( 四約 ; 'Four Villages Alliance'), namely Loi Tung , Lung Yeuk Tau , Lin Ma Hang and Tan Chuk Hang . 22°30′33″N 114°06′28″E  /  22.509291°N 114.107842°E  / 22.509291; 114.107842  ( Hung Shing Temple and Pai Fung Temple, Ho Sheung Heung ) 22°30′34″N 114°07′20″E  /  22.509442°N 114.122267°E  / 22.509442; 114.122267  ( Hung Shing Temple, Wai Loi Tsuen ) Completely modern renovation. The temple comprises two halls and

1020-824: Is the oldest branch of feng shui. Qing Wuzi in the Han dynasty describes it in the Book of the Tomb and Guo Pu of the Jin dynasty follows up with a more complete description in The Book of Burial . The Form branch was originally concerned with the location and orientation of tombs ( Yin House feng shui ), which was of great importance. The branch then progressed to the consideration of homes and other buildings ( Yang House feng shui ). The "form" in Form branch refers to

1080-814: Is the oldest temple in the Aberdeen and Ap Lei Chau areas. Managed by the Chinese Temples Committee . The interior of the temple can be explored with Google Street View . 22°14′59″N 114°08′50″E  /  22.249861°N 114.147337°E  / 22.249861; 114.147337  ( Tai Wong Kung Kung Temple, Tin Wan Hill Road ) 22°14′44″N 114°08′54″E  /  22.245565°N 114.148221°E  / 22.245565; 114.148221  ( Tai Wong Kung Temple, Ap Lei Chau ) 22°14′50″N 114°09′23″E  /  22.247261°N 114.156269°E  / 22.247261; 114.156269  ( Tai Wong Kung Temple, Aberdeen ) Part of

1140-609: Is the only Hung Shing temple in urban Kowloon . 22°19′01″N 114°13′02″E  /  22.316935°N 114.217261°E  / 22.316935; 114.217261  ( Tai Wong Temple, Ngau Tau Kok ) 22°20′06″N 114°12′34″E  /  22.335028°N 114.209444°E  / 22.335028; 114.209444  ( Tai Wong Temple, Ngau Chi Wan Village ) 22°21′20″N 114°07′46″E  /  22.355434°N 114.12941°E  / 22.355434; 114.12941  ( Tin Hau Temple, Kwai Chung ) Partly dedicated to Hung Shing. Built prior to 1828,

1200-401: Is to balance yin and yang in the body, the goal of feng shui has been described as aligning a city, site, building, or object with yin-yang force fields. Eight diagrams known as bagua loom large in feng shui, and both predate their mentions in the I Ching . The Lo (River) Chart was developed first, and is sometimes associated with Later Heaven arrangement of the bagua . This and

1260-465: Is to take advantage of vital qi by appropriate siting of graves and structures. Polarity is expressed in feng shui as yin and yang theory. That is, it is of two parts: one creating an exertion and one receiving the exertion. The development of this theory and its corollary, five phase theory (five element theory) , have also been linked with astronomical observations of sunspot . The Five Elements or Forces ( wu xing ) – which, according to

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1320-678: The Yellow River Chart ( Hetu , sometimes associated with the Earlier Heaven bagua ) are linked to astronomical events of the sixth millennium BC, and with the Turtle Calendar from the time of Yao. The Turtle Calendar of Yao (found in the Yaodian section of the Shangshu or Book of Documents ) dates to 2300 BC, plus or minus 250 years. In Yaodian , the cardinal directions are determined by

1380-525: The Ming ). The astronomical history of feng shui is evident in the development of instruments and techniques. According to the Zhouli , the original feng shui instrument may have been a gnomon . Chinese used circumpolar stars to determine the north–south axis of settlements. This technique explains why Shang palaces at Xiaotun lie 10° east of due north. In some of the cases, as Paul Wheatley observed, they bisected

1440-599: The Tang Clan of Kam Tin more than 500 years ago. It was rebuilt in 1984. 22°26′39″N 114°00′29″E  /  22.444081°N 114.008144°E  / 22.444081; 114.008144  ( Hung Shing Temple, Ping Shan ) Constructed by the Tang Clan residing in Ping Shan. It was first erected in 1764 during the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty . The existing structure

1500-658: The White Lotus Rebellion and Taiping Revolt , but feng shui's decentralization made it difficult to suppress in popular and elite circles. Under China's Century of Humiliation , feng shui began to receive implicit government encouragement as a method of colonial resistance. Through the militarization of the countryside, the local gentry used feng shui to justify and promote popular attacks against missionaries and colonial infrastructure. This allowed local elites and government officials to bypass foreign extraterritoriality and maintain local sovereignty. This, in addition to

1560-453: The "Guardians of Aberdeen" group of small temples and shrines. 22°14′39″N 114°11′18″E  /  22.24409°N 114.18835°E  / 22.24409; 114.18835  ( Tai Wong Kung Kung Temple, Deep Water Bay ) 22°13′08″N 114°12′38″E  /  22.218757°N 114.210442°E  / 22.218757; 114.210442  ( Tai Wong Temple, Stanley ) Dedicated to Tai Wong. The date of construction of

1620-589: The 13th day of the 2nd month in Chinese calendar at the Hung Shing Temples in Ap Lei Chau , Tai Kok Tsui , Cheung Chau , Sha Lo Wan and Kau Sai Chau . Note 1: A territory-wide grade reassessment of historic buildings is ongoing. The grades listed in the table are based on these updates [1] [2] (8 June 2023). The temples with a "Not listed" status in the table below are not graded and do not appear in

1680-501: The 2nd month in the Chinese calendar . The popular tale is that Hung Hei was a righteous government official who won approbation from the people. During his tenure in office, he promoted the study and application of astronomy, geography and mathematics, and established an observatory to observe the meteorological changes, thus contributing to the well-being of people under his governance, especially fishermen and sea traders. Unfortunately, he died young. After his death, an Emperor of

1740-614: The Chinese countryside. Feng shui experts remained highly sought after, in spite of numerous campaigns to suppress the practice. It was only after China's Reform and Opening-Up that feng shui would see a complete resurgence. As economic liberalization promoted social competition and individualism, feng shui was able to find new footing due to its focus on individualism and amoral justification of social differences. Feng shui views good and bad fortune as tangible elements that can be managed through predictable and consistent rules. This involves

1800-419: The Chinese, are metal, earth, fire, water, and wood – are first mentioned in Chinese literature in a chapter of the classic Book of History . They play a very important part in Chinese thought: ‘elements’ meaning generally not so much the actual substances as the forces essential to human life. Earth is a buffer, or an equilibrium achieved when the polarities cancel each other. While the goal of Chinese medicine

1860-648: The Entrance Gate. 22°25′13″N 113°58′45″E  /  22.420324°N 113.979252°E  / 22.420324; 113.979252  ( Sam Shing Temple, Tuen Tsz Wai ) Dedicated to the Marshal Yuen Tan Fuk Fu ( 玄壇伏虎元帥 ; 'Tiger Suppressing General'), Hung Shing and Hau Wong . It was rebuilt in 1993. 22°30′49″N 114°10′00″E  /  22.513583°N 114.166569°E  / 22.513583; 114.166569  ( Hung Shing Temple, Hung Leng ) Probably built in 1763. It

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1920-536: The Puyang tomb, at Hongshan ceremonial centers and at the late Longshan settlement at Lutaigang, suggests that gaitian cosmography (heaven-round, earth-square) existed in Chinese society long before it appeared in the Zhoubi Suanjing . Cosmography that bears a resemblance to modern feng shui devices and formulas appears on a piece of jade unearthed at Hanshan and dated around 3000 BC. Archaeologist Li Xueqin links

1980-676: The Tang dynasty disseminated his virtues to the whole country and bestowed upon him the posthumous title of Nam Hoi Kwong Li Hung Shing Tai Wong ( 南海廣利洪聖大王 ), lit. the Saint King Hung the Widely Beneficial of South Sea. It is usually shortened to Hung Shing or Tai Wong . Legend has it that Hung Shing continued to guard the people against natural disasters on numerous occasions after his death, and showed his presence to save many people during tempests. The government as well as fishermen in

2040-510: The angle between the directions of the rising and setting sun to find north. This technique provided the more precise alignments of the Shang walls at Yanshi and Zhengzhou . Rituals for using a feng shui instrument required a diviner to examine current sky phenomena to set the device and adjust their position in relation to the device. The oldest examples of instruments used for feng shui are liuren astrolabes, also known as shi . These consist of

2100-651: The building is unknown. The Temple enjoys a good feng shui setting with its entrance oriented to the South, facing the Stanley Bay and backed by a forested knoll. The Temple consists of a row of three small houses which were built in line with the shape of the feng shui rock behind. A small separate To Tei Temple ( 土地廟 ) is located to its left. 22°19′19″N 114°09′49″E  /  22.322036°N 114.163503°E  / 22.322036; 114.163503  ( Hung Shing Temple, Tai Kok Tsui ) Originally built in 1881 in

2160-608: The contemporary Chinese world, feng shui was used to choose the orientation of buildings, dwellings, and spiritually significant structures such as tombs . One scholar writes that in contemporary Western societies, however, "feng shui tends to be reduced to interior design for health and wealth. It has become increasingly visible through 'feng shui consultants' and corporate architects who charge large sums of money for their analysis, advice and design." Feng shui has been identified as both non-scientific and pseudoscientific by scientists and philosophers, and it has been described as

2220-441: The cultural aspects of feng shui, made the practice a powerful expression of demarcation between foreign and Chinese identities. Following the rise of Communist China, religion and traditional cosmology were suppressed more than ever, in the name of ideological purity. Decentralized heterodoxies, like feng shui, were best adapted to survive this period. As a result, feng shui became one of the only alternative forms of thought within

2280-597: The design to the liuren astrolabe , zhinan zhen and luopan . Beginning with palatial structures at Erlitou , all capital cities of China followed rules of feng shui for their design and layout. During the Zhou era, the Kaogong ji ( Chinese : 考工記 ; "Manual of Crafts") codified these rules. The carpenter's manual Lu ban jing ( 魯班經 ; "Lu ban's manuscript") codified rules for builders. Graves and tombs also followed rules of feng shui from Puyang to Mawangdui and beyond. From

2340-684: The development of their land and resources. This served to prevent the Tragedy of the Commons . When conflict did erupt during development, feng shui experts played an important role in balancing interests and enforcing orderly development. Different branches of feng shui were developed and embraced in response to differing local geographies. In southern China , this often resulted in villages located on high hills safe from flooding and erosion, with pooling streams that allow for easy irrigation and drainage, fields downstream fertilized by sewage, and graves located on

2400-502: The earliest records, the structures of the graves and dwellings seem to have followed the same rules. Some of the foundations of feng shui go back more than 3,500 years before the invention of the magnetic compass. It originated in Chinese astronomy . Some current techniques can be traced to Neolithic China, while others were added later (most notably the Han dynasty , the Tang , the Song , and

2460-420: The full title "South Sea Guangli Hongsheng Zhaoshun Weixian Lingfu Wang" ( 南海廣利洪聖昭順威顯靈孚王 ). Feng shui Model humanity: Main philosophical traditions: Ritual traditions: Devotional traditions: Salvation churches and sects : Confucian churches and sects: Feng shui ( / ˈ f ʌ ŋ ˌ ʃ uː i / or / ˌ f ʌ ŋ ˈ ʃ w eɪ / ), sometimes called Chinese geomancy ,

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2520-566: The god of the southern seas predates the Tang dynasty: one temple dedicated to the "South Sea God" in Guangzhou dates from the preceding Sui dynasty . The title "South Sea God" was conferred by Emperor Wen of Sui . Emperor Xuanzong of Tang conferred on the South Sea God the title "Guangli DaWang" ( 廣利大王 ), and additional titles were conferred during the Song and Yuan dynasties, resulting eventually in

2580-461: The highest hills far from water and on otherwise unvaluable farmland. To this degree, feng shui could help communities manage their spaces to match their physical, environmental, and aesthetic needs. A core aspect of feng shui has been its understanding of polarity. As opposed to western dualism , in which concepts are completely oppositional and irreconcilable, Chinese polarity sees opposing concepts as constantly changing and inseparable. The result

2640-483: The hiring of feng shui experts, disputes between villagers can be peaceably resolved without losing face. In addition, these impersonal cosmic rules help regulate local jealousies over wealth and prestige. As early as the Tang dynasty , the Chinese state recognized the disruptive power popular expressions of feng shui had over government authority. At the community level, feng shui could play an important role in community mobilization and political protest. By elevating

2700-421: The list of historic buildings considered for grading. Note 2: While most probably incomplete, this list is tentatively exhaustive. 22°16′32″N 114°10′15″E  /  22.275431°N 114.170831°E  / 22.275431; 114.170831  ( Hung Shing Temple, Wan Chai ) Constructed before 1847, it used to overlook the sea front. The tile-roofed temple was built on large boulders against

2760-402: The living and the dead to achieve shū fú . The primary underlying value was material success for the living. According to Stuart Vyse , feng shui is "a very popular superstition." The PRC government has also labeled it as superstitious. Feng shui is classified as a pseudoscience since it exhibits a number of classic pseudoscientific aspects such as making claims about the functioning of

2820-438: The management of qi, an imagined form of cosmic "energy." In situating the local environment to maximize good qi , one can optimize their own good fortune. Feng shui holds that one's external environment can affect one's internal state. A goal of the practice is to achieve a "perfect spot", a location and an axis in time that can help one achieve a state of shū fú ( 舒服 ) or harmony with the universe. Traditional feng shui

2880-535: The marker-stars of the mega-constellations known as the Four Celestial Animals: The diagrams are also linked with the sifang (four directions) method of divination used during the Shang dynasty. The sifang is much older, however. It was used at Niuheliang, and figured large in Hongshan culture 's astronomy. And it is this area of China that is linked to Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) who allegedly invented

2940-513: The original temple was relocated to the present site in 1966 to make way for the port reclamation in Kwai Chung. 22°22′05″N 114°07′02″E  /  22.368131°N 114.117094°E  / 22.368131; 114.117094  ( Hung Shing Temple, Shek Pik New Village ) At the time of the construction of the Shek Pik Reservoir on Lantau Island , in the late 1950s, most of

3000-424: The shape of the environment, such as mountains, rivers, plateaus, buildings, and general surroundings. It considers the five celestial animals (vermillion phoenix, azure dragon, white tiger, black turtle, and the yellow snake), the yin-yang concept and the traditional five elements ( Wu Xing : wood, fire, earth, metal, and water). The Form branch analyzes the shape of the land and flow of the wind and water to find

3060-521: The south-pointing spoon (see compass ). Traditional feng shui is an ancient system based upon the observation of heavenly time and earthly space. Literature, as well as archaeological evidence, provide some idea of the origins and nature of feng shui techniques. Aside from books, there is also a strong oral history. In many cases, masters have passed on their techniques only to selected students or relatives. Modern practitioners of feng shui draw from several branches in their own practices. The Form Branch

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3120-477: The surrounding area built many temples to worship him as the God of Southern Sea. Hung Shing temples have been widely built in southern China, especially Guangdong province and in Hong Kong . In Hong Kong, they are named Hung Shing Miu ( 洪聖廟 ) or Tai Wong Miu ( 大王廟 ). Modern scholars however believe that Hung Shing is derived from the worship of Zhurong , the fire deity and god of the southern seas. Worship of Zhurong as

3180-548: The traditional branches, and focus mainly on the use of the bagua . The Eight Life Aspirations style of feng shui is a simple system which coordinates each of the eight cardinal directions with a specific life aspiration or station such as family, wealth, fame, etc., which come from the Bagua government of the eight aspirations . Life Aspirations is not otherwise a geomantic system. San Yuan Method , 三元派 (Pinyin: sān yuán pài) San He Method , 三合派 (environmental analysis using

3240-618: The universe. In 4000 BC, the doors of dwellings in Banpo were aligned with the asterism Yingshi just after the winter solstice —this sited the homes for solar gain . During the Zhou era, Yingshi was known as Ding and it was used to indicate the appropriate time to build a capital city, according to the Shijing . The late Yangshao site at Dadiwan (c. 3500–3000 BC) includes a palace-like building (F901) at its center. The building faces south and borders

3300-505: The village of Fuk Tsun Heung ( 福全鄉 ) which was located at the intersection of Boundary Street and Tai Kok Tsui Road. In 1928, the Government developed the area and the Village was cleared. In 1930, the temple was rebuilt at the present site, which was named after the Village, and it has since been managed by the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals , by delegation from the Chinese Temples Committee . It

3360-675: The villagers of Shek Pik Village moved into five-storey apartment blocks in the urban Shek Pik New Village ( 石碧新村 ) in Tsuen Wan. The two temples, Hau Wong Temple and Hung Shing Temple, were combined into the current Hung Hau Temple. 22°22′01″N 114°07′45″E  /  22.366914°N 114.129168°E  / 22.366914; 114.129168  ( Tin Hau Temple, Kwai Chung Estate ) Partly dedicated to Hung Shing. 22°26′47″N 114°03′39″E  /  22.446344°N 114.060933°E  / 22.446344; 114.060933  ( Hung Shing Temple, Shui Tau Tsuen ) Built by

3420-459: The world which are not amenable to testing with the scientific method . It has been identified as both non-scientific and pseudoscientific by scientists and philosophers, and has been described as a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. Qi ( 气 , pronounced "chee") is a movable positive or negative life force which plays an essential role in feng shui. The Book of Burial says that burial takes advantage of "vital qi ". The goal of feng shui

3480-572: Was probably built between 1662 and 1722. It is the main temple of Nam Pin Wai as well as Yuen Long Kau Hui. It was built for the worship of Hung Shing and Yeung Hau . Other than for worship, the temple was a venue for solving disputes and discussing market affairs among the villagers. It also once served as a yamen and the officials lived there. 22°26′54″N 114°02′17″E  /  22.448398°N 114.037999°E  / 22.448398; 114.037999  ( Yi Shing Temple, Wong Uk Tsuen ) It

3540-522: Was rebuilt in 1866, followed by a substantial renovation in 1963. It is part of the Ping Shan Heritage Trail . 22°27′54″N 113°59′35″E  /  22.4649°N 113.993132°E  / 22.4649; 113.993132  ( Hung Shing Temple, Sha Kong Wai ) 22°26′50″N 114°01′57″E  /  22.447353°N 114.032434°E  / 22.447353; 114.032434  ( Tai Wong Temple, Cheung Shing Street ) It

3600-503: Was used for feng shui since its invention. Traditional feng shui instrumentation consists of the Luopan or the earlier south-pointing spoon ( 指南針 zhinan zhen )—though a conventional compass could suffice if one understood the differences. Not to be confused with the South-pointing chariot which was used for navigation. A feng shui ruler (a later invention) may also be employed. After the Song dynasty, divination began to decline as

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