99-411: 1934–1991: Serhii Kirov st. Mykhailo Hrushevskyi Street or simply Hrushevskyi Street ( Ukrainian : вулиця Михайла Грушевського , romanized : vulytsia Mykhaila Hrushevskoho ) is a street in central Kyiv , the capital of Ukraine . The street is named after Ukrainian academician, politician, historian, and statesman Mykhailo Hrushevsky . Hrushevsky wrote his first academic book on
198-587: A Politburo member, it would have been ordered verbally by Stalin to NKVD director Genrikh Yagoda . Many cities, streets, and factories were named or renamed after Kirov in Russia, including the cities of Kirov (formerly Vyatka) and Kirov Oblast , Kirovsk ( Murmansk Oblast ), Kirov ( Kaluga Oblast ), Kirovohrad (formerly Zinovyevsk, now Kropyvnytskyi) and Kirovohrad Oblast ( Ukrainian SSR ; now Ukraine ), Kirovabad ( Azerbaijani SSR ; now Ganja, Azerbaijan ), Kirovakan ( Armenian SSR ; now Vanadzor, Armenia ),
297-637: A bourgeois was caught hiding his own furniture, Kirov ordered him shot." In 1921, Kirov became First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan , the Bolshevik party organization in the Azerbaijan SSR . Kirov was a loyal supporter of Joseph Stalin , the successor of Vladimir Lenin , and in 1926 was rewarded with command of the Leningrad party organization. Kirov was a close personal friend of Stalin, and
396-918: A developed nation would do. The orphanages and institutions remaining in Europe tend to be in Eastern Europe and are generally state-funded. There are estimated to be about 31,000 orphans (0–14 years old) in Albanian orphanages. (2012 statistics) In most cases they were abandoned by their parents. At 14 they are required, by law, to leave their orphanage and live on their own. There are approximately 10 small orphanages in Albania; each one having only 12-40 children residing there. The larger ones would be state-run. SOS Children's Villages giving support to 240 orphaned children. The Bulgarian government has shown interest in strengthening children's rights. In 2010, Bulgaria adopted
495-568: A flood of children poured in from country workhouses . Parliament soon came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued. The hospital adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums. This practice was finally stopped in 1801, and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received. By the early nineteenth century, the problem of abandoned children in urban areas, especially London , began to reach alarming proportions. The workhouse system, instituted in 1834 , although often brutal,
594-464: A friend he wanted to kill the head of the party control commission that had expelled him. Nikolayev's friend reported this to the NKVD. Ivan Zaporozhets then allegedly enlisted Nikolayev's friend to contact him, giving him money and a loaded 7.62 mm Nagant M1895 revolver. Nikolayev's first attempt at killing Kirov failed. On 15 October 1934, Nikolayev packed his Nagant revolver in a briefcase and entered
693-538: A front to get foreigners to pay school fees of orphanage directors' extended families. Alternatively the children whose upkeep is being funded by foreigners may be sent to work, not to school, the exact opposite of what the donor is expecting. The worst even sell children. In Cambodia, from 2005 to 2017, the number of orphanages increased by 75%, with many of these orphanages renting children from poor families for $ 25/month. Families are promised that their children can get free education and food here, but what really happens
792-637: A group of wealthy benefactors provided a scholarship for Kirov to attend an industrial school at Kazan . After gaining his degree in engineering , Kirov moved to Tomsk , a city in Siberia , where he became a Marxist and joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1904. Kirov was a participant in the 1905 Russian Revolution and was arrested, joining with the Bolsheviks soon after being released from prison. In 1906, he
891-431: A national strategic plan for the period 2010–2025 to improve the living standards of the country's children. Bulgaria is working hard to get all institutions closed within the next few years and find alternative ways to take care of the children. "Support is sporadically given to poor families and work during daytime; correspondingly, different kinds of day centers have started up, though the quality of care in these centers
990-430: A number of historians concluded that the assassination was ordered by Stalin. According to Orlov, Stalin ordered Yagoda to arrange the assassination of Kirov. Orlov said that Yagoda ordered Medved's deputy, Vania Zaporozhets, to undertake the job. Zaporozhets returned to Leningrad in search of an assassin; in reviewing the files he found the name of Leonid Nikolayev. According to another Soviet defector, Grigori Tokaev ,
1089-651: A party leader such as Stalin to have done. He said: "Comrade Stalin personally directed the investigation of Kirov's assassination. He questioned Nikolayev at length. The leaders of the Opposition placed the gun in Nikolayev's hand!" Other speakers duly rose to purge the Communist Party of any opposition: "The Central Committee must be pitiless—the Party must be purged... the record of every member must be scrutinized...." No one at
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#17328594221191188-529: A practice common among Russian revolutionaries of the time. Kirov began using the pen name Kir, first publishing under the pseudonym Kirov on 26 April 1912. One account states that he chose the name Kir, the Russian version of Cyrus (from the Greek Kūros), after a Christian martyr in third-century Egypt from an Orthodox calendar of saints' days, and Russifying it by adding an -ov suffix . A second story
1287-559: A real oppositionist underground group assassinated Kirov. Author and Menshevik scholar Boris Nikolaevsky argued: "One thing is certain: the only man who profited by the Kirov assassination was Stalin." The idea of Stalin's complicity in Kirov's assassination has been backed by Robert Conquest and Amy Knight but challenged by revisionist historians who argued that this theory relies primarily on circumstantial evidence and Khrushchev-era investigations. Robert W. Thurston argued that Kirov
1386-487: A significant decrease from about 100,000 in 1990. There are many state orphanages "where several thousand children are kept and which are still part of an outdated child care system". The conditions for them are bad because the government does not pay enough attention in improving the living standards for disabled children in Serbia's orphanages and medical institutions. The committee made recommendations, such as proposals for
1485-678: A special concoction of opium and treacle , to soothe baby colic . Orphaned children were placed in either prisons or the poorhouse / workhouse , as there were so few places in orphanages, or else they were left to fend for themselves on the street. Such openings in orphanages as were available could only be obtained by collecting votes for admission, placing them out of reach of poor families. Known orphanages are: The majority of African orphanages (especially in Sub-Saharan Africa ) appear to be funded by donors, often from Western nations, rather than by domestic governments. "For example, in
1584-474: A strong supporter of industrialisation and forced collectivisation . At the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1930, Kirov stated: "The General Party line is to conduct the course of our country industrialization. Based on the industrialisation, we conduct transformation of our agriculture . Namely, we centralise and collectivise." In 1934, at the 17th Congress of
1683-429: A surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty. It is speculated that flush with money, orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died. Visitors to developing countries can be taken in by orphanage scams, which can include orphanages set up as
1782-478: A variety of occupations, typically for seven years. There was a small benevolent fund for adults. In 1756, the House of Commons resolved that all children offered should be received, that local receiving places should be appointed all over the country, and that the funds should be publicly guaranteed. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital; the maximum age for admission was raised from two months to twelve, and
1881-608: A willing accomplice when the full force of Stalin's terror was unleashed in Leningrad. Knight's contention is supported by the fact that whereas most of the elite tried to anticipate what Stalin desired and to act accordingly, Kirov did not always do what Stalin wanted. In 1934, Stalin wanted Kirov to come to Moscow permanently. Whereas all the other members of the Politburo would have complied, Stalin accepted that, as Kirov had no desire to leave Leningrad, he would not come to Moscow until 1938. When Stalin wanted Filipp Medved moved from
1980-536: Is disputed. One significant study carried out by Duke University concluded that institutional care in America in the 20th century produced the same health, emotional, intellectual, mental, and physical outcomes as care by relatives, and better than care in the homes of strangers. One explanation for this is the prevalence of permanent temporary foster care . This is the name for a long string of short stays with different foster care families. Permanent temporary foster care
2079-454: Is highly disruptive to the child and prevents the child from developing a sense of security or belonging. Placement in the home of a relative maintains and usually improves the child's connection to family members. Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children's development by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in
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#17328594221192178-523: Is poorly measured and difficult to monitor. A smaller number of children have also been able to be relocated into foster families". There are 7000 children living in Bulgarian orphanages wrongly classified as orphaned. Only 10 percent of these are orphans, with the rest of the children placed in orphanages for temporary periods when the family is in crisis. As of 2009, there are 35 different orphanages. A comprehensive national strategy for strengthening
2277-644: Is reputed to have been a scandal, when Kirov topped the poll in elections to the Central Committee, and Stalin's acolyte, Lazar Kaganovich ordered a number of ballots be destroyed so that Stalin and Kirov could share top billing. Amy Knight , a historian of the Soviet Union, suggests that whereas Kirov "might have toed the line as others did, on the other hand, he might have acted as a rallying point for those who wanted to oppose his [Stalin's] dictatorship." Furthermore, Knight suggests that Kirov would not have been
2376-916: Is that Kirov based it on the name of the Persian king Cyrus the Great . Kirov became commander of the Bolshevik military administration in Astrakhan and fought for the Red Army in the Russian Civil War until 1920. Simon Sebag Montefiore writes: "During the Civil War, he was one of the swashbuckling commissars in the North Caucasus beside Ordzhonikidze and Mikoyan . In Astrakhan he enforced Bolshevik power in March 1919 with liberal bloodletting; more than 4,000 were killed. When
2475-601: Is that they are used as props to garner donations. Some are also bought from their parents for very little and passed on to westerners who pay a large fee to adopt them. This also happens in China. In Nepal, orphanages can be used as a way to remove a child from their parents before placing them for adoption overseas, which is equally lucrative to the owners who receive a number of official and unofficial payments and "donations". In other countries, such as Indonesia , orphanages are run as businesses, which will attract donations and make
2574-942: The Kirovskaya station of the Moscow Metro (now Chistye Prudy station), the Kirov Ballet (now the Mariinsky Ballet), the massive Kirov Plant in Saint Petersburg, Kirov Square in Yekaterinburg , the Kirov Islands in the Kara Sea , and various small settlements. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the locations and buildings named after Kirov have been renamed, especially outside of Russia . In order to comply with Ukrainian decommunization laws , Kirovohrad
2673-706: The Lord Shaftesbury were also set up to provide pauper children with basic education. Orphanages were also set up in the United States from the early 19th century; for example, in 1806, the first private orphanage in New York (the Orphan Asylum Society, now Graham Windham ) was co-founded by Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , widow of Alexander Hamilton , one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . Under
2772-628: The Pechersk and Lypky neighborhoods. At the European Square this street connects to Old Kyiv . There is a noticeable ascent that starts at the European Square and continues on all the way to the intersection with Garden Street next to the Government Building . The street was established sometime in the 1810s as part of the greater Alexander Street which included such modern streets as Sahaidachny Street, Volodymyr Descent, Museum Lane. The street
2871-1084: The Politburo . On 1 December 1934, Kirov was shot and killed by Leonid Nikolaev at his offices in the Smolny Institute . Nikolaev and several alleged accomplices were convicted in a show trial and executed less than 30 days later. Kirov's assassination was used by Stalin as a reason for starting the Moscow trials and the Great Purge . Sergei Mironovich Kostrikov was born on 27 March [ O.S. 15 March] 1886 in Urzhum in Vyatka Governorate , Russian Empire , as one of seven children born to Miron Ivanovich Kostrikov and Yekaterina Kuzminichna Kostrikova ( née Kazantseva). Their first four children had died young, while Anna (born 1883), Sergei (1886), and Yelizaveta (1889) survived. Miron, an alcoholic , abandoned
2970-411: The Smolny Institute offices and made his way to the third floor unopposed, waiting in a hallway until Kirov and his bodyguard Borisov stepped into the corridor. Borisov appeared to have stayed some 20 to 40 paces behind Kirov, with some sources alleging Borisov parted company with Kirov in order to prepare his lunch. Kirov turned a corner and passed Nikolayev, who then drew his revolver and shot Kirov in
3069-781: The burning of the Reichstag in Nazi Germany in 1933. The fire at the Reichstag was often said to have been organized by the Nazis as a pretext for the mass persecution of the Communists and Social Democrats in Germany. The physical removal of Kirov meant the elimination of a future potential rival for Stalin; the principal objective, as with the fire at the Reichstag, was to manufacture an excuse for repression and control. Based on circumstantial evidence ,
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3168-689: The show trial called The Trial of the Twenty-One accused of Kirov's death, while Tomsky committed suicide expecting his arrest by the NKVD . After his assassination, Kirov acquired a reputation for having repeatedly stood up to Stalin in private and for becoming so popular that he was a threat to Stalin's supremacy, as he displayed some independence from Stalin. In an alleged example from 1932, Stalin wanted to have Martemyan Ryutin executed for writing an attack on his leadership but Kirov and Sergo Ordzhonikidze talked him out of it. Alexander Orlov , who defected to
3267-584: The "education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children." The first children were admitted into a temporary house located in Hatton Garden . At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, but a distinguishing token was put on each child by the parent. On reception, children were sent to wet nurses in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old. At sixteen, girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years; at fourteen, boys were apprenticed into
3366-412: The 1930s; this was the same Pospelov who had drafted the famous Secret Speech for Khrushchev at the 20th Congress . Khrushchev stated: There are reasons for the suspicion that the killer of Kirov, Nikolayev, was assisted by someone from among the people whose duty it was protect the person of Kirov. A month and a half before the killing, Nikolayev was arrested on the grounds of suspicious behavior, but he
3465-599: The All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) , Kirov delivered the speech called "The Speech of Comrade Stalin Is the Program of Our Party", which refers to Stalin's speech delivered at the Congress earlier. Kirov praised Stalin for everything he had done since the death of Lenin. Moreover, Kirov personally named and ridiculed Nikolai Bukharin , Alexei Rykov , and Mikhail Tomsky —former party allies of Stalin. Bukharin and Rykov were later tried in
3564-555: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is often cited as demonstrating that residential institutions negatively impact the wellbeing of children. The BEIP selected orphanages in Bucharest, Romania that raised abandoned children in socially and emotionally deprived environments in order to study the changes in development of infants and children after they had been placed with specially trained foster families in
3663-624: The Jerusalem Association Children's Home (JACH), only 160 children remain of the 785 who were in JACH's three orphanages." / "Attitudes regarding the institutional care of children have shifted dramatically in recent years in Ethiopia. There appears to be a general recognition by MOLSA and the NGOs with which Pact is working that such care is, at best, a last resort and that serious problems arise with
3762-527: The Leningrad NKVD to Minsk , Kirov refused to agree; in a rare move for Stalin, he had to accept defeat. In the first days when Leningrad was orphaned, Stalin rushed there. He went to the place where the crime against our country was committed. The enemy did not fire at Kirov personally. No! He fired at the proletarian revolution. — Pravda , 5 December 1934 On the afternoon of Saturday, 1 December 1934, Kirov's assassin, Leonid Nikolayev , arrived at
3861-629: The London orphanages. Clamour for change led to the birth of the orphanage movement. In England, the movement really took off in the mid-19th century although orphanages such as the Orphan Working Home in 1758 and the Bristol Asylum for Poor Orphan Girls in 1795, had been set up earlier. Private orphanages were founded by private benefactors; these often received royal patronage and government oversight. Ragged schools , founded by John Pounds and
3960-507: The NKVD in protecting such a high party official was without precedent in the Soviet Union." Kirov was cremated and his ashes interred in the Kremlin Wall necropolis in a state funeral , with Stalin and other prominent members of the CPSU personally carrying his coffin . After Kirov's death, Stalin called for swift punishment of the traitors and those found negligent in Kirov's death. Nikolayev
4059-527: The NKVD officers were executed in the aftermath, and none actually served time in prison. Instead, they were transferred to executive posts in Stalin's Gulag labour camps for a period of time—in effect, a demotion. According to Nikita Khrushchev , the same NKVD officers were later shot in 1937. Lajos Magyar , a Hungarian communist and refugee from the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919 ,
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4158-511: The People's Supply System. In his deposition, Kirchakov wrote that he had discussed Kirov's murder and the role of Fyodor Medved with Olsky. Olsky was of the firm opinion that Medved, Kirov's friend and NKVD security chief of the Leningrad branch, was innocent of the murder. Olsky also told Kirchakov that Medved had been barred from the NKVD Kirov assassination investigation. Instead, the investigation
4257-533: The Smolny Institute and then left. On 1 December 1934, the usual guard post at the entrance to Kirov's offices was supposedly left unmanned, even though the building housed the chief offices of the Leningrad party apparatus and was the seat of the local government. According to some reports, only a single friend, Commissar Borisov, an unarmed bodyguard of Kirov's, remained. Given the circumstances of Kirov's death, Alexander Barmine stated that "the negligence of
4356-529: The Smolny Institute where Kirov now worked. Although Nikolayev was initially passed by the main security desk at Smolny, he was arrested after an alert guard asked to examine his briefcase, which was found to contain the revolver. A few hours later, Nikolayev's briefcase and loaded revolver were returned to him, and he was told to leave the building. With Stalin's approval, the NKVD had previously withdrawn all but four police bodyguards assigned to Kirov. These four guards accompanied Kirov each day to his offices at
4455-517: The Soviet Union to review the Kirov murder case was made by the Politburo Commission headed by Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev in 1989. After two years of investigations, the working team of the Commission concluded that no materials were found to support Stalin's or NKVD's participation in Kirov's murder. Kirov's assassination became a major event in the history of the Soviet Union because it
4554-417: The United States began in the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tann 's Tennessee Children's Home Society ). In Romania, a decree was established that aggressively promoted population growth, banning contraception and abortions for women with fewer than four children, despite the wretched poverty of most families. After Ceausescu
4653-576: The West, listed a series of incidents in which Kirov allegedly clashed with Stalin, based on rumours he must have heard from fellow NKVD officers. Kirov's reputed rivalry is a major theme of the historical novel Children of the Arbat , by Anatoli Rybakov , who wrote: In his hunger for popularity, Kirov opted for the simple style. He lived on Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt in a large house , inhabited by all sorts of people, he walked to work, wandered on his own around
4752-639: The adoption of a new "national 14" action plan for children for at least the next five years, and the creation of an independent institution for the protection of child rights. One of the first orphanages in Sweden was the Stora Barnhuset (1633-1922) in Stockholm, which remained the biggest orphanage in Sweden for centuries. In 1785, however, a reform by Gustav III of Sweden stipulated that orphans should first and foremost always be placed in foster homes when that
4851-432: The back of the neck. Nikolayev was well known to the NKVD , which had arrested him for various petty offences in recent years. Various accounts of his life agree that he was an expelled party member and a failed junior functionary, with a murderous grudge and an indifference to his own survival. Nikolayev was unemployed, with a wife and child, and in financial difficulties. According to Orlov, Nikolayev had allegedly told
4950-426: The care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption. Foster care operates by taking in children from their homes due to the lack of care or abuse of their parents, where orphanages take in children with no parents or children whose parents have dropped them off for a better life, typically due to income. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on
5049-562: The child from the care of the state and transfer the legal responsibility for that child's care to the adoptive parent completely and irrevocably, whereas, in the case of foster care, the child would remain a ward of the state with the foster parent acting only as a caregiver. Orphanages, especially larger ones, have had some well publicised examples of poor care. In large institutions children, but particularly babies, may not receive enough eye contact, physical contact, and stimulation to promote proper physical, social or cognitive development. In
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#17328594221195148-708: The child/children. More than 8800 children are being raised in state institutions, but only three percent of them are orphans. The Romanian child welfare system is in the process of being revised and has reduced the flow of infants into orphanages . According to Baroness Emma Nicholson, in some counties Romania now has "a completely new, world class, state of the art, child health development policy." Dickensian orphanages remain in Romania, but Romania seeks to replace institutions by family care services, as children in need will be protected by social services. As of 2018, there were 17,718 children in old-style residential centers,
5247-509: The cities of England and encouraged by the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury and the 1st Earl Cairns , he opened the first of the "Dr. Barnardo’s Homes" in 1870. By his death in 1905, he had established 112 district homes, which searched for and received waifs and strays, to feed, clothe and educate them. The system under which the institution was carried on is broad as follows: the infants and younger girls and boys were chiefly "boarded out" in rural districts; girls above fourteen years of age were sent to
5346-738: The city of Baku , the capital of Azerbaijan, erected on a hill in 1939. The statue was dismantled in January 1992, shortly after Azerbaijan gained its independence. The Kirov Prize, a speedskating match in the city of Kirov, was named for him. The Kirov Prize is the oldest annual organised race in speedskating, apart from the World Speed Skating Championships and the European Speed Skating Championships . The English communist poet John Cornford wrote an eponymous poem in his honour. The Soviet Navy cruiser Kirov
5445-433: The commission, Olga Shatunovskaya , as having knowledge of the Kirov murder. Kirchakov confirmed that he did talk to Shatunovskaya and Trunina about some of the unexplained aspects of the Kirov murder case and agreed to provide the commission with a written deposition. He stressed that his statement was based on the testimony of one Comrade Yan Olsky, a former NKVD officer who was demoted after Kirov's murder and transferred to
5544-405: The committee sessions, Olsky said he was present when Stalin asked Leonid Nikolayev why Comrade Kirov had been killed. To this Nikolayev replied that he carried out the instruction of the " Chekists " (meaning the NKVD) and pointed towards the group of "Chekists" (NKVD officers) standing in the room; Medved was not among them. Khrushchev's report, "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences",
5643-539: The day after Kirov's assassination, allegedly falling from a moving truck while riding with a group of NKVD agents. According to Orlov, Borisov's wife was committed to an insane asylum , while Nikolayev's mysterious friend and alleged provocateur, who had supplied him with the revolver and money, was later shot on Stalin's personal orders. Several NKVD officers from the Leningrad branch were convicted of negligence for not adequately protecting Kirov and sentenced to prison terms of up to ten years. According to Barmine, none of
5742-469: The emotional wellbeing of children, and government support goes instead towards supporting the family unit. A few large international charities continue to fund orphanages, but most are still commonly founded by smaller charities and religious groups. Especially in developing countries , orphanages may prey on vulnerable families at risk of breakdown and actively recruit children to ensure continued funding. Orphanages in developing countries are rarely run by
5841-447: The family around 1890, and Yekaterina died of tuberculosis in 1893. Sergei and his sisters were raised for a brief time by their paternal grandmother, Melania Avdeyevna Kostrikova, but she could not afford to take care of them all on her small pension of 3 rubles per month. Through her connections, Melania succeeded in having Sergey placed in an orphanage at the age of seven, but he saw his sisters and grandmother regularly. In 1901,
5940-416: The former Soviet archives, went as far as to claim that "the conventional narratives are almost entirely myth". Edvard Radzinsky argued in his biography of Stalin that written documents about Stalin ordering the assassination of Kirov were never found simply because they never existed and could not exist. Radzinsky believes that Stalin was behind the assassination, but given the prominent status of Kirov as
6039-411: The history of Bar, Ukraine , titled Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV-XVIII . Mykhailo Hrushevskyi Street is located in the government quarter Lypky neighborhood of the Pecherskyi District . It houses the Supreme Council Building , Government Building and the Parliamentary Library. It is adjacent to Mariinskyi Park which contains Constitution Square . The street acts as a border between
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#17328594221196138-543: The industrial training homes, to be taught useful domestic occupations; boys above seventeen years of age were first tested in labor homes and then placed in employment at home, sent to sea, or emigrated; boys of between thirteen and seventeen years of age were trained for the various trades for which they might be mentally or physically fitted. Evidence from a variety of studies supports the vital importance of attachment security and later development of children. Deinstitutionalization of orphanages and children's homes program in
6237-461: The influence of Charles Loring Brace , foster care became a popular alternative from the mid-19th century. Later, the Social Security Act of 1935 improved conditions by authorizing Aid to Families with Dependent Children as a form of social security . A very influential philanthropist of the era was Thomas John Barnardo , the founder of the charity Barnardos . Becoming aware of the great numbers of homeless and destitute children adrift in
6336-453: The institution, they lagged behind their peers in growth by 1 month. Further, a meta-analysis of research on the IQs of children in orphanages found lower IQs among the children in many institutions, but this result was not found in the low-income country setting. Worldwide, residential institutions like orphanages can often be detrimental to the psychological development of affected children. In countries where orphanages are no longer in use,
6435-403: The local community. This study demonstrated how the loving attention typically provided to children by their parents or caregivers is pivotal for optimal human development, specifically of the brain; adequate nutrition is not enough. Further research of children who were adopted from institutions in Eastern European countries to the US demonstrated that for every 3.5 months that an infant spent in
6534-418: The long-term care of unwarded children by the state has been transitioned to a domestic environment, with an emphasis on replicating a family home. Many of these countries, such as the United States, utilize a system of monetary stipends paid to foster parents to incentivize and subsidize the care of state wards in private homes. A distinction must be made between foster care and adoption, as adoption would remove
6633-437: The management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still." The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages , to monasteries . As soon as they were old enough, children were often given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and to learn an occupation. In medieval Europe, care for orphans tended to reside with the Church . The Elizabethan Poor Laws were enacted at
6732-524: The meeting mentioned the initial theory that fascist agents had been responsible for the assassination. Barmine asserts Stalin even used the Kirov assassination to eliminate the remainder of the Opposition leadership, accusing Grigory Zinoviev , Lev Kamenev , Abram Prigozhin, and others who had stood with Kirov in opposing Stalin (or who had simply failed to acquiesce to Stalin's views), of being "morally responsible" for Kirov's murder, and therefore guilty of complicity. Barmine also claimed that Stalin arranged
6831-413: The murder with the Soviet secret police, the NKVD, who armed Nikolayev and sent him to assassinate Kirov. In his Secret Speech in 1956, Khrushchev said that the murder of Kirov was organized by NKVD agents who were tasked with protecting Kirov and were eventually shot in 1937. Khrushchev entrusted Pyotr Pospelov , Secretary of the Central Committee, to form a commission to investigate the repression of
6930-405: The orphan crisis because it is cheaper to financially help extended families in taking in an orphaned child than it is to institutionalize them. While many orphanages are run as not for profit institutions, some orphanages are run as for profit ventures. This has been criticized as incentivizing against the welfare of the orphans. Most of the children living in institutions around the world have
7029-634: The orphans. Another alternative is group homes which are used for short-term placements. They may be residential treatment centers , and they frequently specialize in a particular population with psychiatric or behavioral problems, e.g., a group home for children and teens with autism , eating disorders , or substance abuse problems or child soldiers undergoing decommissioning. Most children who live in orphanages are not orphans ; four out of five children in orphanages have at least one living parent and most having some extended family. Developing countries and their governments rely on kinship care to aid in
7128-412: The owners rich; often the conditions orphans are kept in will deliberately be poor to attract more donations. Developing nations are lacking in child welfare and their well-being because of a lack of resources. Research that is being collected in the developing world shows that these countries focus purely on survival indicators instead of a combination of their survival and other positive indicators like
7227-420: The parent may simply be unwilling to care for the child. The legal responsibility for the support of abandoned children differs from country to country, and within countries. Government-run orphanages have been phased out in most developed countries during the latter half of the 20th century but continue to operate in many other regions internationally. It is now generally accepted that orphanages are detrimental to
7326-700: The re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European Community, and Romania, in particular, has struggled greatly to reduce the visibility of its children's institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union . Some have stated it is important to understand the reasons for child abandonment, then set up targeted alternative services to support vulnerable families at risk of separation such as mother and baby units and day care centres. Research from
7425-810: The rights of children was adopted by Parliament in 2007 and will run until 2032. Child flow to orphanages has been stopped and children are now protected by social services. Violation of children's rights leads to litigation. In Lithuania there are 105 institutions. 41 percent of the institutions each have more than 60 children. Lithuania has the highest number of orphaned children in Northern Europe. Children's rights enjoy relatively strong protection in Poland . Orphaned children are now protected by social services. Social Workers' opportunities have increased by establishing more foster homes and aggressive family members can now be forced away from home, instead of replacing
7524-478: The social reintegration of children who grow up in institutions, and deinstitutionalization through family reunification and independent living are being emphasized." A 2007 survey sponsored by Africa (previously Orphan Aid Africa) and carried out by the Department of Social Welfare came up with the figure of 4,800 children in institutional care in 148 orphanages. The government is currently attempting to phase out
7623-733: The state. However, not all orphanages that are state-run are less corrupted; the Romanian orphanages, like those in Bucharest, were founded due to the soaring population numbers catalyzed by dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu , who banned abortion and birth control and incentivized procreation in order to increase the Romanian workforce. Today's residential institutions for children, also described as congregate care , include group homes , residential child care communities , children's homes, refuges, rehabilitation centers , night shelters , and youth treatment centers . The Romans formed their first orphanages around 400 AD. Jewish law prescribed care for
7722-518: The streets of the city, took his children for rides in his car and played hide-and-seek with them in the yard ... as if to emphasize that Stalin lived in the Kremlin, with guards, didn't wander the streets or play hide-and-seek with his children, thus underlining the idea that Stalin was afraid of the people, whereas Kirov was not. At the end of the Communist Party's Seventeenth Congress in February 1934, there
7821-492: The time of Kirov's assassination, and who had no demonstrable connection to Nikolayev, were found guilty of complicity in the "fascist plot" against Kirov, and summarily executed; however, a few days later, during a subsequent Communist Party meeting of the Moscow District, the party secretary announced in a speech that Nikolayev had been personally interrogated by Stalin the day after the assassination, something unheard-of for
7920-570: The time of the Reformation and placed public responsibility on individual parishes to care for the indigent poor. The growth of sentimental philanthropy in the 18th century led to the establishment of the first charitable institutions that would cater to orphans. The Foundling Hospital was founded in 1741 by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram in London , England , as a children's home for
8019-424: The traces of the organizers of Kirov's killing. Pospelov's committee came to the conclusion that Kirov’s murder was facilitated by NKVD officers who were responsible for his security, and that NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda was declared a hero, instead of holding him responsible. Pospelov spoke to Dr. Kirchakov and former nurse Trunina, former members of the party, who had been mentioned in a letter by another member of
8118-455: The widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen . Plato ( Laws , 927) says: "Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in
8217-487: The worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect. Children living in orphanages for prolonged periods get behind in development goals, and have worse mental health. Orphanage children are not included in statistics making it easy to traffic them or abuse them in other ways. There are campaigns to include orphanage children and street children in progress statistics. The benefit of foster care over orphanages
8316-564: Was a Russian and Soviet politician and Bolshevik revolutionary. Kirov was an early revolutionary in the Russian Empire and a member of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party . Kirov became an Old Bolshevik and personal friend to Joseph Stalin , rising through the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ranks to become head of the party in Leningrad and a member of
8415-420: Was a famous tank company commander and World War II veteran. Orphanage An orphanage is a residential institution , total institution or group home , devoted to the care of orphans and children who, for various reasons, cannot be cared for by their biological families. The parents may be deceased, absent, or abusive. There may be substance abuse or mental illness in the biological home, or
8514-450: Was an attempt at the time to house orphans as well as other vulnerable people in society who could not support themselves in exchange for work. Conditions, especially for the women and children, were so bad as to cause an outcry among the social reform –minded middle-class ; some of Charles Dickens ' most famous novels, including Oliver Twist , highlighted the plight of the vulnerable and the often abusive conditions that were prevalent in
8613-587: Was arrested once again, but this time jailed for over three years, charged with printing illegal literature. Soon after his release, Kirov again took part in revolutionary activity, once again being arrested for printing illegal literature. After a year in custody, Kirov moved to the Caucasus , where he stayed until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II after the February Revolution in March 1917. By this time, Kirov had shortened his last name from Kostrikov to Kirov,
8712-522: Was carried out by a senior NKVD chief, Yakov Agranov , and later by another NKVD bureau officer whose name he did not remember. The other NKVD official may have been Yefim Georgievich Yevdokimov (1891–1939), a Stalin crony, mass-killing specialist, and architect of the Shakhty purge trials , who continued to lead a secret police team within the NKVD even after technically retiring from the OGPU in 1931. During one of
8811-602: Was established along an old Ruthenian path called "Ivanivsky Road". After the return of the Soviets to Kyiv in 1919, the whole of Alexander Street was renamed Revolution Street. After the transfer of the capital from Kharkiv to Kyiv in 1934, the street was split and today's Hrushevskyi portion was renamed as Kirov Street. It was one of the main sites of the Euromaidan protests in 2014. Sergey Kirov Sergei Mironovich Kirov (born Kostrikov ; 27 March 1886 – 1 December 1934)
8910-441: Was falsely accused of complicity in Kirov's assassination. Magyar was convicted as a " Zinovievite -Terrorist" and sent to a Gulag, where he died in 1940. A Communist Party communiqué initially reported that Nikolayev had confessed his guilt as an assassin in the pay of a " fascist power," having received money from an unidentified " foreign consul " in Leningrad. The same author claims 104 defendants who were already in prison at
9009-554: Was in agreement with Stalin on all major issues and that on the Seventeenth Party Congress, at least 86,5% of voting delegates were in favour of Stalin's membership of the Central Committee; hence, Stalin had little to fear from Kirov. Moreover, nothing in Nikolaev's personal diary indicates that he did not carry out the assassination on his own. Alla Kirilina and Oleg Khlevniuk , who did not find any orders of assassination in
9108-473: Was later read at closed-door Party meetings. Afterwards, new material was received by the Pospelov Committee, including the assertion by Kirov's chauffeur, Kuzin, that Commissar Borisov, Kirov's friend and bodyguard, who was responsible for Kirov's round-the-clock security at the Smolny Institute, was intentionally killed, and that his death in a road accident was not an accident at all. The last attempt in
9207-475: Was named after him, and by extension the Kirov -class cruiser . The Kirov name was again used for the battlecruiser Kirov and the Kirov -class battlecruiser . The Khai-3 tailless airplane was also named after him. Kirov was married to Maria Lvovna Markus (1885–1945) since 1911, although they never formally registered their relationship. Yevgenia Kostrikova (1921–1975), who claimed to be Kirov's daughter,
9306-418: Was overthrown, he left a society unable and unwilling to take care of its children. Researchers conducted a study to see what the implications of this early childhood neglect were on development. Typically reared Romanian children showed high rates of secure attachment. Whereas the institutionally raised children showed huge rates of disorganized attachment. Many countries accepted the need to de-institutionalize
9405-487: Was possible. In Sweden, there are 5,000 children in the care of the state. None of them are currently living in an orphanage, because there is a social service law which requires that the children reside in a family home. During the Victorian era , child abandonment was rampant, and orphanages were set up to reduce infant mortality. Such places were often so full of children that nurses often administered Godfrey's Cordial ,
9504-546: Was released and not even searched. It is an unusually suspicious circumstance that when the Chekist [Borisov] assigned to protect Kirov was being brought for an interrogation, on 2 December 1934, he was killed in a car "accident" in which no other occupants of the car were harmed. After the murder of Kirov, top functionaries of the Leningrad NKVD were relieved of their duties and were given very light sentences, but in 1937 they were shot. We can assume that they were shot in order to cover
9603-630: Was renamed Kropyvnytskyi by the Ukrainian Parliament on 14 July 2016. In 2019, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine approved the change of the oblast's name to Kropyvnytskyi Oblast, or Kropyvnychchyna. The S. M. Kirov Forestry Academy in Leningrad was named after him but renamed the Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University. For many years, a huge granite and bronze statue of Kirov dominated
9702-578: Was tried alone and secretly by Vasili Ulrikh , Chairman of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR . He was sentenced to death by shooting on 29 December 1934, and the sentence was carried out that very night. The Soviet government , led by Stalin, stated that their investigation proved that the assassin was acting on behalf of a secret Zinovievist group. The hapless Commissar Borisov died
9801-505: Was used by Stalin to justify Moscow trials and his campaign of terror known as the Great Purge . At the time of Kirov's murder, Maxim Litvinov , the Soviet Foreign Minister, was out of the country; his daughter Tanya implied that Litvinov realised this event might be an excuse for Stalin to unleash a reign of terror. This view was confirmed by Anastas Mikoyan's son, who stated that the murder of Kirov had certain similarities to
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