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92-655: Hoylake ( / h ɔɪ ˈ l eɪ k / ) is a seaside town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral , Merseyside , England. It is at the north west of the Wirral Peninsula , near West Kirby and where the River Dee meets the Irish Sea . At the 2001 census , the population of Hoylake was 5,710, while the overall population of the local government ward of Hoylake and Meols was 13,042 (rising to 13,348 in 2011 ). In

184-527: A navy and some form of coast guard . Coasts, especially those with beaches and warm water, attract tourists often leading to the development of seaside resort communities. In many island nations such as those of the Mediterranean , South Pacific Ocean and Caribbean , tourism is central to the economy . Coasts offer recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, surfing, boating, and sunbathing . Growth management and coastal management can be

276-504: A 10,000-strong army to Ireland , where his army was to take part in the Battle of the Boyne . The location of departure remains known as King's Gap. The previous year a large force under Marshal Schomberg had also departed from Hoylake on 12 August, crossing to Ireland to capture Carrickfergus . The present day township grew up in the nineteenth century around the small fishing village of Hoose,

368-478: A challenge for coastal local authorities who often struggle to provide the infrastructure required by new residents, and poor management practices of construction often leave these communities and infrastructure vulnerable to processes like coastal erosion and sea level rise . In many of these communities, management practices such as beach nourishment or when the coastal infrastructure is no longer financially sustainable, managed retreat to remove communities from

460-694: A community based station. The town is served by the local newspapers, Wirral Globe and Liverpool Echo . Hoylake is the home of the Royal Liverpool Golf Club , built in 1869 on the site of the Royal Hotel racecourse. It is the second oldest golf links in England, predated only by the Royal North Devon Golf Club , in Westward Ho! , Devon . It has hosted many major tournaments such as

552-756: A cumulative money list taken from all official European Tour events from the British Masters up to and including the Open de France and including The U.S. Open John Bickerton , Robert Karlsson 8. The leading player, not exempt, in the first 10 and ties of each of the 2006 Open de France , 2006 European Open and the 2006 Scottish Open Marcus Fraser , Andrés Romero , Anthony Wall 9. The U.S. Open Champions for 2002–06 10. The Masters Champions for 2002–06 11. The PGA Champions for 2001–05 Rich Beem , Shaun Micheel 12. The Players Champions for 2004–06 Fred Funk (13,17) 13. First 20 on

644-655: A much higher capacity for carbon sequestration than many terrestrial ecosystems , and as such can play a critical role in the near-future to help mitigate climate change effects by uptake of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide . However, the economic importance of coasts makes many of these communities vulnerable to climate change , which causes increases in extreme weather and sea level rise, as well as related issues like coastal erosion , saltwater intrusion , and coastal flooding . Other coastal issues, such as marine pollution , marine debris , coastal development, and marine ecosystem destruction, further complicate

736-406: A one-shot lead, but with three golfers right on his heels. Ernie Els , in the final pairing, matched Woods with an identical 71. Chris DiMarco and Sergio García were also within one shot. García holed out a 9-iron from 167 yards (153 m) for eagle on the second hole, and took only 29 shots on the outward nine to finish with a seven-under 65. Sunday, 23 July 2006 Woods fought off three of

828-625: A proper name to the coast of the Ligurian Sea , in the form riviera ligure , then shortened to riviera . Historically, the Ligurian Riviera extended from Capo Corvo (Punta Bianca) south of Genoa , north and west into what is now French territory past Monaco and sometimes as far as Marseilles . Today, this coast is divided into the Italian Riviera and the French Riviera , although

920-435: A provider of sediment for coastlines of tropical islands. Like the ocean which shapes them, coasts are a dynamic environment with constant change. The Earth 's natural processes, particularly sea level rises , waves and various weather phenomena, have resulted in the erosion , accretion and reshaping of coasts as well as flooding and creation of continental shelves and drowned river valleys ( rias ). More and more of

1012-497: A quarter of a mile offshore. The town's beach was the venue for the European Sand Yacht Championships in 2007 and 2011 and hosted the 2017 event with Laytown & Bettystown, County Meath. Cricket was played at the now disused Ellerman Lines Cricket Ground from as early as the 1920s, when the then newly formed West Wirral Cricket Club played at the ground. It was later sold to Ellerman Lines , who transformed

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1104-905: A revised plan for 26 properties, were refused. In 2020 a further planning proposal was submitted for 30 semi-detached bungalows and up to 61 assisted living retirement apartments. Hoylake and Manor Road railway stations serve the town. Both are on the West Kirby branch of Merseyrail's Wirral line . Coast Coasts are important zones in natural ecosystems , often home to a wide range of biodiversity . On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as freshwater or estuarine wetlands , which are important for bird populations and other terrestrial animals . In wave-protected areas, they harbor salt marshes , mangroves or seagrasses , all of which can provide nursery habitat for fin fish , shellfish , and other aquatic animals . Rocky shores are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for

1196-456: A shoreline configuration. Swash is the shoreward flow after the break, backwash is the water flow back down the beach. The relative strength of flow in the swash and backwash determines what size grains are deposited or eroded. This is dependent on how the wave breaks and the slope of the shore. Depending on the form of the breaking wave, its energy can carry granular material up the beach and deposit it, or erode it by carrying more material down

1288-425: A slightly different way in discussions of legal and economic boundaries (see territorial waters and international waters ) or when considering the geography of coastal landforms or the ecological systems operating through the continental shelf ( marine coastal ecosystems ). The research on coastal waters often divides into these separate areas too. The dynamic fluid nature of the ocean means that all components of

1380-474: A thirty-nine-year absence. Royal Liverpool's list of champions includes Harold Hilton (1897), Sandy Herd (1902), Arnaud Massy (1907), John Henry Taylor (1913), 11-time major winner Walter Hagen (1924), seven-time major winner and amateur Bobby Jones , Alf Padgham (1936), Fred Daly ( 1947 ), Peter Thomson ( 1956 ), and Roberto De Vicenzo (1967). Lengths of the course for previous Opens (since 1947): 1. First 10 and anyone tying for 10th place in

1472-529: A wide range of sessile animals (e.g. mussels , starfish , barnacles ) and various kinds of seaweeds . In physical oceanography , a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. Along tropical coasts with clear, nutrient-poor water, coral reefs can often be found between depths of 1–50 m (3.3–164.0 ft). According to an atlas prepared by

1564-541: Is a coastline that has experienced a fall in sea level, because of either a global sea-level change, or local uplift. Emergent coastlines are identifiable by the coastal landforms , which are above the high tide mark, such as raised beaches . In contrast, a submergent coastline is one where the sea level has risen, due to a global sea-level change, local subsidence , or isostatic rebound . Submergent coastlines are identifiable by their submerged, or "drowned" landforms, such as rias (drowned valleys) and fjords According to

1656-475: Is an exposed sandstone outcrop consisting of sand dunes , brackish marsh and reed beds . Hoylake is within the parliamentary constituency of Wirral West . The current Member of Parliament is Matthew Patrick , a Labour representative. At local government level, the town is incorporated into the Hoylake and Meols Ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral , in the metropolitan county of Merseyside. It

1748-528: Is connected to marine pollution which can occur from a number of sources: Marine debris (garbage and industrial debris); the transportation of petroleum in tankers , increasing the probability of large oil spills ; small oil spills created by large and small vessels, which flush bilge water into the ocean. Marine pollution occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as industrial , agricultural and residential waste , particles , noise , excess carbon dioxide or invasive organisms enter

1840-415: Is extremely important to geologists. These provide vital clues for reconstructing the geography of ancient continents ( paleogeography ). The locations of these beds show the extent of ancient seas at particular points in geological time, and provide clues to the magnitudes of tides in the distant past. Sediments deposited in the shoreface are preserved as lenses of sandstone in which the upper part of

1932-408: Is more important. Macrotidal coasts lack barrier islands and lagoons , and are characterized by funnel-shaped estuaries containing sand ridges aligned with tidal currents. Wave action is much more important for determining bedforms of sediments deposited along mesotidal and microtidal coasts than in macrotidal coasts. Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy; the larger

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2024-423: Is moved along the coastline by the waves. This forms an abrasion or cliffed coast . Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment located in the case of coastlines that have estuaries. Today, riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, which remove the sediment from the stream by causing it to be deposited inland. Coral reefs are

2116-565: Is one of the oldest in the country. In 2008, the RNLI began to raise £2 million for a new lifeboat station and new generation all-weather lifeboat, to facilitate a faster response time to emergencies and rescues in the Irish Sea and the rivers Dee and Mersey. The building was opened in November 2009. The Kings Gap conservation area has been designated by Wirral Borough Council. Bounded by the coastline and

2208-526: Is represented on Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council by three councillors. The most recent local elections took place on 6 May 2021. Hoylake is a largely residential area and there is an active nightlife in the town centre, which is located at the original village of Hoose. The town supports a permanent lifeboat station, manned by the RNLI . Initially founded in 1803 by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board , it

2300-412: Is the counterintuitive observation that the coastline of a landmass does not have a well-defined length. This results from the fractal curve –like properties of coastlines; i.e., the fact that a coastline typically has a fractal dimension . Although the "paradox of length" was previously noted by Hugo Steinhaus , the first systematic study of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson , and it

2392-550: Is used by Hoylake Golf Club (since 1933), West Hoyle GC and Irby GC. It was used as the 2006 Open Championship practice course. Hoylake RFC rugby club was founded in 1922. They currently play in South Lancs/Cheshire Division One, the seventh tier of English rugby. Its predecessor, connected with the Royal Liverpool Golf Club, had been founded in the 1890s. British Open golf champion Harold Hilton

2484-663: The 2005 Open Championship Michael Campbell (3,4,9,17), Fred Couples (3,17), Sergio García (3,4,13), Retief Goosen (3,4,9,13,17), Bernhard Langer , Colin Montgomerie (3,4), Geoff Ogilvy (3,9), José María Olazábal (3,4), Vijay Singh (3,11,13,17), Tiger Woods (2,3,9,10,13,17) 2. Past Open Champions aged 65 or under on 23 July 2006 Seve Ballesteros , Mark Calcavecchia (21), Ben Curtis , John Daly , David Duval , Ernie Els (3,4), Nick Faldo , Todd Hamilton , Paul Lawrie , Tom Lehman (3), Sandy Lyle , Mark O'Meara , Tom Watson (26) 3. The first 50 players on

2576-452: The 2006 Open Championship . To facilitate safe access into the Hoylake anchorage, two lighthouses were constructed in 1763, at the initiative of William Hutchinson . The lower light was a wooden structure that could be moved according to differing tides and shifting sands to remain aligned to the upper light, which was a permanent brick building. By the start of the 19th century each lighthouse

2668-456: The Aegean Sea . The following articles describe some coastal landforms: "Coastal waters" (or "coastal seas") is a rather general term used differently in different contexts, ranging geographically from the waters within a few kilometers of the coast, through to the entire continental shelf which may stretch for more than a hundred kilometers from land. Thus the term coastal waters is used in

2760-649: The European Tour Final Order of Merit for 2005 Stephen Dodd , Nick Dougherty , Bradley Dredge , Niclas Fasth , Kenneth Ferrie , Ian Poulter 5. The BMW Championship winners for 2004–06 Scott Drummond 6. First 3 and anyone tying for 3rd place, not exempt, in the top 20 of the European Tour Order of Merit for 2006 on completion of the 2006 BMW Championship Paul Broadhurst , Johan Edfors 7. First 2 European Tour members and any European Tour members tying for 2nd place, not exempt, in

2852-452: The US EPA considers this region to extend much further offshore. "Coastal waters" has specific meanings in the context of commercial coastal shipping , and somewhat different meanings in the context of naval littoral warfare . Oceanographers and marine biologists have yet other takes. Coastal waters have a wide range of marine habitats from enclosed estuaries to the open waters of

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2944-610: The United Nations , about 44% of the human population lives within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea as of 2013 . Due to its importance in society and its high population concentrations, the coast is important for major parts of the global food and economic system, and they provide many ecosystem services to humankind. For example, important human activities happen in port cities. Coastal fisheries (commercial, recreational, and subsistence) and aquaculture are major economic activities and create jobs, livelihoods, and protein for

3036-670: The Western Interior Seaway , a shallow sea that flooded central North America during the late Cretaceous Period (about 100 to 66 million years ago). These are beautifully exposed along the Book Cliffs of Utah and Colorado . The following articles describe the various geologic processes that affect a coastal zone: Larger animals that live in coastal areas include puffins , sea turtles and rockhopper penguins , among many others. Sea snails and various kinds of barnacles live on rocky coasts and scavenge on food deposited by

3128-469: The ocean and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although marine transportation significantly contributes as well. It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide. Since most inputs come from land, either via

3220-596: The ocean . Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and on coastlines, frequently washing aground, when it is known as beach litter or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called ocean dumping . Naturally occurring debris, such as driftwood and drift seeds , are also present. With the increasing use of plastic , human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not biodegrade quickly, as would natural or organic materials. The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in

3312-444: The rivers , sewage or the atmosphere, it means that continental shelves are more vulnerable to pollution. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid, nitrogen , silicon, sulfur, pesticides or dust particles into the ocean. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff , wind-blown debris , and dust. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters

3404-455: The 13th time it has returned to the town. This was won by Brian Harman . Hoylake-born amateur golfer John Ball Jnr. won the Open in 1890, becoming the first Englishman to do so. Another local amateur, Harold Hilton became Open champion two years later. He won again in 1897 at his home club of Royal Liverpool. On the other side of Meols Drive and the railway is Hoylake Municipal Golf course which

3496-500: The 2006 Japan PGA Championship up to and including the 2006 Mizuno Open Toshinori Muto , Hideto Tanihara 26. The Senior Open Champion for 2005 27. The Amateur Champion for 2006 Julien Guerrier (a) 28. The U.S. Amateur Champion for 2005 Edoardo Molinari (a) 29. The European Amateur Champion for 2005 Marius Thorp (a) International Final Qualifying Local Final Qualifying (Monday 10 July and Tuesday 11 July) Alternates The OWGR from 9 July

3588-435: The 2006 Western Open Billy Andrade , J. J. Henry 16. The leading player, not exempt having applied (15) above, in the first 10 and ties of each of the 2006 Buick Championship , the 2006 Western Open and the 2006 John Deere Classic Mathew Goggin , Hunter Mahan , John Senden 17. Playing members of the 2005 Presidents Cup teams Mark Hensby , Peter Lonard 18. First and anyone tying for 1st place on

3680-736: The French use the term "Riviera" to refer to the Italian Riviera and call the French portion the "Côte d'Azur". As a result of the fame of the Ligurian rivieras, the term came into English to refer to any shoreline, especially one that is sunny, topographically diverse and popular with tourists. Such places using the term include the Australian Riviera in Queensland and the Turkish Riviera along

3772-895: The OWGR for Week 22, 2006 Robert Allenby , Stephen Ames (12), Stuart Appleby (17), Thomas Bjørn (4), Bart Bryant (13), Ángel Cabrera (4,5,17), Chad Campbell (13), Paul Casey (6), K. J. Choi , Stewart Cink (17), Tim Clark (17), Darren Clarke (4), Ben Crane (13), Chris DiMarco (13,17), Luke Donald (4,13), Jim Furyk (9,13,17), Lucas Glover , Pádraig Harrington (13), Tim Herron , David Howell (4,5), Miguel Ángel Jiménez (4), Brandt Jobe , Zach Johnson , Shingo Katayama (22), Davis Love III (13,17), Paul McGinley (4), Phil Mickelson (10,11,13,17), Arron Oberholser (14), Nick O'Hern (17,19), Rod Pampling (14), Kenny Perry (13,17), Carl Pettersson , Rory Sabbatini (14), Adam Scott (12,13,17,19), Henrik Stenson (4), Scott Verplank (13,17), Mike Weir (10,17) 4. First 20 in

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3864-519: The Official Money List of the Japan Golf Tour for 2005 Keiichiro Fukabori , Yasuharu Imano 24. The leading 4 players, not exempt, in the 2006 Mizuno Open Hur Suk-ho , Tatsuhiko Ichihara , Wayne Perske , David Smail 25. First 2 and anyone tying for 2nd place, not exempt having applied (24) above, in a cumulative money list taken from all official Japan Golf Tour events from

3956-663: The Official Money List of the PGA Tour for 2005 Sean O'Hair 14. First 3 and anyone tying for 3rd place, not exempt, in the top 20 of the Official Money List of the PGA Tour for 2006 on completion of the FedEx St. Jude Classic 15. First 2 PGA Tour members and any PGA Tour members tying for 2nd place, not exempt, in a cumulative money list taken from the Players Championship and the five PGA Tour events leading up to and including

4048-637: The Open Championship and the Walker Cup . The club is often referred to as "Hoylake". It hosted the Open again in July 2006, after a gap of almost 40 years, with Tiger Woods earning the Claret Jug for the second year in a row. The 2014 Open Championship is the 12th time the event was held at Hoylake. This was won by Rory McIlroy . The 2023 Open Championship is the most recent event to be held in Hoylake marking

4140-613: The Order of Merit of the Asian Tour for 2005 Thaworn Wiratchant 19. First 2 and anyone tying for 2nd place on the Order of Merit of the PGA Tour of Australasia for 2005 20. First and anyone tying for 1st place on the Order of Merit of the Sunshine Tour for 2005/2006 Charl Schwartzel 21. The Canadian Open Champion for 2005 22. The Japan Open Champion for 2005 23. First 2 and anyone tying for 2nd place, not exempt, on

4232-470: The Royal Liverpool Golf Club, it consists of large nineteenth and early twentieth century houses, Hoylake Lighthouse and St Hildeburgh's Church . Hoylake includes the independent Kingsmead School , which educates girls and boys from 2 to 16 years old. Hoylake Holy Trinity C of E Primary School is the town's main primary school, educating children from the ages of 3 to 11. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada ,

4324-534: The United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration , but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention. Since coasts are constantly changing, a coastline's exact perimeter cannot be determined; this measurement challenge is called the coastline paradox . The term coastal zone is used to refer to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur. Both

4416-614: The Wirral Peninsula, and is situated on the eastern side of the mouth of the Dee Estuary and adjacent to the Irish Sea . Hoylake is approximately 11 km (6.8 mi) west-south-west of the River Mersey at New Brighton . The centre of Hoylake is situated at an elevation of about 9 m (30 ft) above sea level. To the west of the town at Hilbre Point is Red Rocks , a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest . The area

4508-571: The average sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022. Climate change due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting ice sheets and glaciers accounted for 44% of sea level rise , with another 42% resulting from thermal expansion of water . International attention to address

4600-417: The average wind wave and swell conditions are relatively mild. Low energy coasts typically change slowly, and tend to be depositional environments. High energy coasts are exposed to the direct impact of waves and storms, and are generally erosional environments. High energy storm events can make large changes to a coastline, and can move significant amounts of sediment over a short period, sometimes changing

4692-406: The best golfers in the world to win his third Open Championship title. While Els and García faded, DiMarco made a gritty rally to close with a 68 for a solo runner-up finish, two strokes back. After the clinching putt, Woods buried his head in the shoulder of caddie Steve Williams and sobbed uncontrollably, having won his first major since the passing of his father Earl Woods two months earlier. On

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4784-461: The coast of Wales and other countries. Coastal fish , also called inshore fish or neritic fish, inhabit the sea between the shoreline and the edge of the continental shelf . Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres (660 ft) deep, it follows that pelagic coastal fish are generally epipelagic fish , inhabiting the sunlit epipelagic zone . Coastal fish can be contrasted with oceanic fish or offshore fish , which inhabit

4876-812: The coast. Estuarine and marine coastal ecosystems are both marine ecosystems . Together, these ecosystems perform the four categories of ecosystem services in a variety of ways: The provisioning services include forest products, marine products, fresh water , raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources. Regulating services include carbon sequestration (contributing to climate change mitigation ) as well as waste treatment and disease regulation and buffer zones. Supporting services of coastal ecosystems include nutrient cycling , biologically mediated habitats and primary production . Cultural services of coastal ecosystems include inspirational aspects, recreation and tourism , science and education. According to one principle of classification, an emergent coastline

4968-567: The continental shelf. Similarly, the term littoral zone has no single definition. It is the part of a sea , lake , or river that is close to the shore . In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the high water mark , which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged . Coastal waters can be threatened by coastal eutrophication and harmful algal blooms . The identification of bodies of rock formed from sediments deposited in shoreline and nearshore environments (shoreline and nearshore facies )

5060-475: The corner of Albert Road and Market Street, is due to be converted to a new arts centre, known as The Beacon, with craft workshops, restaurant, and flats above. Kings Gap roundabout is home to a sculpture by Scottish sculptor David Annand . Called 'Knots', it consists of seabirds looping around four poles. It was commissioned by the council as part of the regeneration of Hoylake and was installed in June 2006 in time for

5152-555: The deep seas beyond the continental shelves. Many coastal areas are famous for their kelp beds. Kelp is a fast-growing seaweed that can grow up to half a meter a day in ideal conditions. Mangroves , seagrasses , macroalgal beds, and salt marsh are important coastal vegetation types in tropical and temperate environments respectively. Restinga is another type of coastal vegetation. Coasts also face many human-induced environmental impacts and coastal development hazards . The most important ones are: The pollution of coastlines

5244-400: The first round of the Open Championship at St Andrews in 1995 (the PGA Tour began keeping records in relation to par in 1956). Friday, 21 July 2006 Tiger Woods stormed into the lead at twelve-under with a 65 (−7), which included an eagle from 209 yards (191 m) on the 14th hole, one of the toughest holes at Royal Liverpool. Ernie Els also shot 65 and was one shot behind Woods, who

5336-777: The human uses of the coast and threaten coastal ecosystems. The interactive effects of climate change, habitat destruction , overfishing , and water pollution (especially eutrophication ) have led to the demise of coastal ecosystem around the globe. This has resulted in population collapse of fisheries stocks, loss of biodiversity , increased invasion of alien species , and loss of healthy habitats. International attention to these issues has been captured in Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Life Below Water", which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving marine coastal ecosystems and supporting more sustainable economic practices for coastal communities. Likewise,

5428-599: The local television station TalkLiverpool also broadcasts to the area. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter. With its close proximity with North Wales , BBC Wales and ITV Cymru Wales can also be received from the Moel-y-Parc TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Merseyside , Heart North West , Capital North West & Wales , Smooth North West , Greatest Hits Radio Liverpool & The North West and Wirral Wave Radio,

5520-410: The majority of coastal human populations. Other coastal spaces like beaches and seaside resorts generate large revenues through tourism . Marine coastal ecosystems can also provide protection against sea level rise and tsunamis . In many countries, mangroves are the primary source of wood for fuel (e.g. charcoal ) and building material. Coastal ecosystems like mangroves and seagrasses have

5612-669: The margins of the continental shelves , make up about 7 percent of the Earth's oceans, but at least 85% of commercially harvested fish depend on coastal environments during at least part of their life cycle. As of October 2010, about 2.86% of exclusive economic zones were part of marine protected areas . The definition of coasts varies. Marine scientists think of the "wet" (aquatic or intertidal ) vegetated habitats as being coastal ecosystems (including seagrass, salt marsh etc.) whilst some terrestrial scientists might only think of coastal ecosystems as purely terrestrial plants that live close to

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5704-587: The microplastics go through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates. Between 1901 and 2018,

5796-474: The mid-19th century a racecourse was laid out in the grounds of the hotel. The hotel building was demolished in the 1950s. Hoylake's lido , located on the promenade , was opened in June 1913 and rebuilt in the late 1920s. In 1976, the Hoylake Pool and Community Trust took over the running of the facility from Wirral Borough Council. The baths finally closed in 1981. Hoylake is at the north-western corner of

5888-507: The more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as headlands or outcroppings . Parts of a coastline can be categorised as high energy coast or low energy coast. The distinguishing characteristics of a high energy coast are that the average wave energy is relatively high so that erosion of small grained material tends to exceed deposition, and consequently landforms like cliffs, headlands and wave-cut terraces develop. Low energy coasts are generally sheltered from waves, or in regions where

5980-415: The name of which means "hollows". The 1848 Topographical Dictionary of England described the inhabitants of Hoose as: "...principally boatmen and fishermen, who have frequently evinced the greatest courage and alacrity in rescuing mariners from the horrors of shipwreck; large banks of sand, extending for miles on the northwest, being annually the scene of most fatal disasters to shipping." The name Hoylake

6072-592: The nineteenth century, the town grew up around the small fishing village of Hoose ( lit.   ' hollows ' ), a settlement that was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 within the Hundred of 'Wilaveston' ( historically part of Cheshire ). The town takes its name from 'Hoyle Lake', a nearby channel of water out towards Hilbre Island that provided a safe anchorage for shipping. In 1690, William III set sail from Hoylake, then known as Hyle or High-lake , with

6164-441: The ocean through rivers, but wind-blown debris and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans. Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff, ship pollution , bilge pollution , atmospheric pollution and, potentially, deep sea mining . Marine debris , also known as marine litter, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in seas or

6256-485: The oceans is discarded and lost nets from the fishing industry. Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to fish , seabirds , marine reptiles , and marine mammals , as well as to boats and coasts. A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used,

6348-416: The sandstone is coarser than the lower part (a coarsening upwards sequence ). Geologists refer to these are parasequences . Each records an episode of retreat of the ocean from the shoreline over a period of 10,000 to 1,000,000 years. These often show laminations reflecting various kinds of tidal cycles. Some of the best-studied shoreline deposits in the world are found along the former western shore of

6440-579: The sea. Some coastal animals are used to humans in developed areas, such as dolphins and seagulls who eat food thrown for them by tourists. Since the coastal areas are all part of the littoral zone , there is a profusion of marine life found just off-coast, including sessile animals such as corals , sponges, starfish, mussels, seaweeds, fishes, and sea anemones . There are many kinds of seabirds on various coasts. These include pelicans and cormorants , who join up with terns and oystercatchers to forage for fish and shellfish. There are sea lions on

6532-401: The seashore (see also estuaries and coastal ecosystems ). While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to jurisdiction . Government authorities in various countries may define coast differently for economic and social policy reasons. The coastline paradox

6624-427: The second principle of classification, a concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of varying resistance , so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are eroded by the ocean waves . The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating inlets or bay ;

6716-510: The site into their social club. Cheshire played minor counties cricket there from 1957 to 1968. The ground also held Cheshire's first ever appearance in List A cricket against Surrey in the first round of the 1964 Gillette Cup . The ground was later sold, with the site becoming a nightclub, before being demolished following a fire. In 2011 the site of the ground was selected for construction of 62 affordable homes. Planning permission for this, and

6808-404: The slope than up it. Steep waves that are close together and break with the surf plunging down onto the shore slope expend much of their energy lifting the sediment. The weak swash does not carry it far up the slope, and the strong backwash carries it further down the slope, where it either settles in deeper water or is carried along the shore by a longshore current induced by an angled approach of

6900-747: The terms coast and coastal are often used to describe a geographic location or region located on a coastline (e.g., New Zealand's West Coast , or the East , West , and Gulf Coast of the United States .) Coasts with a narrow continental shelf that are close to the open ocean are called pelagic coast , while other coasts are more sheltered coast in a gulf or bay . A shore , on the other hand, may refer to parts of land adjoining any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore). The Earth has approximately 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats, which extend to

6992-501: The threats of coasts has been captured in Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving marine coastal ecosystems and supporting more sustainable economic practices for coastal communities. Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration , but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention. 2006 Open Championship The 2006 Open Championship

7084-487: The wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves. Coastlines with longer shores have more room for the waves to disperse their energy, while coasts with cliffs and short shore faces give little room for the wave energy to be dispersed. In these areas, the wave energy breaking against the cliffs is higher, and air and water are compressed into cracks in the rock, forcing the rock apart, breaking it down. Sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and

7176-476: The wave-front to the shore. These waves which erode the beach are called destructive waves. Low waves that are further apart and break by spilling , expend more of their energy in the swash which carries particles up the beach, leaving less energy for the backwash to transport them downslope, with a net constrictive influence on the beach. Riviera is an Italian word for "shoreline", ultimately derived from Latin ripa ("riverbank"). It came to be applied as

7268-407: The waves surge up the river estuaries from the ocean. Geologists classify coasts on the basis of tidal range into macrotidal coasts with a tidal range greater than 4 m (13 ft); mesotidal coasts with a tidal range of 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13 ft); and microtidal coasts with a tidal range of less than 2 m (7 ft). The distinction between macrotidal and mesotidal coasts

7360-462: The whole ocean system are ultimately connected, although certain regional classifications are useful and relevant. The waters of the continental shelves represent such a region. The term "coastal waters" has been used in a wide variety of different ways in different contexts. In European Union environmental management it extends from the coast to just a few nautical miles while in the United States

7452-482: The world's people live in coastal regions. According to a United Nations atlas, 44% of all people live within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea. Many major cities are on or near good harbors and have port facilities. Some landlocked places have achieved port status by building canals . Nations defend their coasts against military invaders, smugglers and illegal migrants. Fixed coastal defenses have long been erected in many nations, and coastal countries typically have

7544-469: Was £ 4,000,000, and the winner received £720,000. Using conversion rates at the time of the tournament, the purse was € 5,797,724 for the European Tour 's Order of Merit rankings and $ 7,300,000 for the PGA Tour 's money list. Royal Liverpool first hosted The Open Championship in 1897 and the 2006 Open was the 11th to be held at Royal Liverpool. This was the first Open at Royal Liverpool since 1967 ,

7636-409: Was 6-0 when leading a major after 36 holes. Chris DiMarco , whose mother died suddenly of a heart attack 4 July, emerged from his slump with a 65 and was three shots behind at 135 (−9). Seventy one players made the 36-hole cut at 143 (−1) or better. Amateurs: Thorp (−2), Molinari (−1) , Guerrier (+3), Denison (+10). Saturday, 22 July 2006 Moving day ended with Tiger Woods still holding

7728-475: Was a men's major golf championship and the 135th Open Championship , played from 20 to 23 July at Royal Liverpool Golf Club . Tiger Woods held off Chris DiMarco , Ernie Els , Jim Furyk , and Sergio García for a two-shot victory. The win was his second consecutive Open Championship title and third overall. It was also Woods' first major tournament win since the death of his father, Earl Woods , in May. The purse

7820-677: Was also captain of the rugby team for the 1890–91 season. Hoylake ASC was founded in 1931. The club now trains at the West Kirby Concourse and the Calday Grange Swimming Pool. Hoylake Sailing Club was founded in 1887 and has a clubhouse and boatyard on North Parade. The club hosts an annual regatta and sends a team to the Southport 24 Hour Race . Hoylake is one of the premier sites for sand yachting in Britain, with banks around

7912-571: Was derived from Hoyle Lake, a channel of water between Hilbre Island and Dove Point. Protected by a wide sandbank known as Hoyle Bank and with a water depth of about 20 feet, it provided a safe anchorage for ships too large to sail up the Dee to Chester . The township of Hoose was part of the West Kirby Parish of the Wirral Hundred . It existed as a civil parish between 1866 and 1894 when it

8004-495: Was equipped with a single 3 ft-diameter reflector , built to Hutchinson's design. Both of these structures were rebuilt a century later, and in 1865 new lenses (a pair of fourth-order fixed optics ) were designed and manufactured for the two towers by James Chance . The upper lighthouse, consisting of an octagonal brick tower, last shone on 14 May 1886 and is now part of a private residence in Valentia Road. The building

8096-441: Was expanded upon by Benoit Mandelbrot . Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, tidal bores can erode as

8188-467: Was given Grade II listed status in 1988. The lower lighthouse, closer to the shore in Alderley Road, was deactivated in 1908 and demolished in 1922. The Royal Hotel was built by Sir John Stanley in 1792, with the intention of developing the area as a holiday resort. The numerous steam packet vessels sailing between Liverpool and North Wales which called at the hotel provided valuable patronage. By

8280-719: Was measured at 60 in 1801, 589 in 1851 and 2,701 in 1901. The total population of the Hoylake Urban District (which included West Kirby) was recorded as 19,745 in 1931. The Hoylake and West Kirby War Memorial is a notable local landmark, as it was designed in 1922 by the British sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger who was responsible for a number of war memorials around the world, including the Royal Artillery Memorial at Hyde Park Corner in London . The former Town Hall, on

8372-411: Was merged into Hoylake and West Kirby civil parish. Between 1894 and 1974 Hoylake was governed by its own urban district council based at Hoylake Town Hall . On 1 April 1974, local government reorganisation in England and Wales resulted in most of the Wirral Peninsula, including Hoylake, transfer from the county of Cheshire to the nascent county of Merseyside. The population of the town over time

8464-425: Was used to determine alternates. Four alternates gained places in the field: Thursday, 20 July 2006 Graeme McDowell of Northern Ireland was the opening round leader at 66, which broke the course record set by Roberto De Vicenzo in 1967 . Defending champion Tiger Woods led a group of five others at 67. There were 67 rounds under par, with 32 rounds in the 60s, which broke the record of 59 sub-par rounds in

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