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59-538: Otto Rehnig, the architect responsible for the similarly fated Hotel Esplanade Berlin , was commissioned to design a hotel to accommodate the floods of passengers arriving at the Anhalter Bahnhof across the street. When the Excelsior first opened on the 2nd of April 1908 after over two years of construction work it accommodated a modest 200 rooms, but when an additional section was built on Anhalter Strasse 6 in 1912/13

118-422: A Registration Examination or a series of exams is required prior to licensure. Professionals who engaged in the design and supervision of construction projects before the late 19th century were not necessarily trained in a separate architecture program in an academic setting. Instead, they often trained under established architects. Prior to modern times, there was no distinction between architects and engineers and

177-403: A building or several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building. Throughout the project (planning to occupancy), the architect coordinates a design team. Structural , mechanical , and electrical engineers are hired by the client or architect, who must ensure that the work is coordinated to construct

236-532: A short time in 1919 working as an advisor and front man to the politician and industrialist Hugo Stinnes , when the latter was elected to parliament in Berlin before Elschner finally took the reins of the Excelsior. Under Elschner's management, the 1920s witnessed the Excelsior transformed into a 7,500 square metres (81,000 sq ft) hotel complex. Using contemporary deluxe US hotels as inspiration, Elschner installed new power and water systems and gas heating, and

295-493: A title attached to a person's name was regulated by law in some countries. Architects' fee structure was typically based on a percentage of construction value, as a rate per unit area of the proposed construction, hourly rates, or a fixed lump sum fee. Combination of these structures were also common. Fixed fees were usually based on a project's allocated construction cost and could range between 4 and 12% of new construction cost for commercial and institutional projects, depending on

354-421: A vital part of the current design, and in some jurisdictions, design reports and records are required to include ongoing considerations of materials and contaminants, waste management and recycling, traffic control, and fire safety. Previously, architects employed drawings to illustrate and generate design proposals. While conceptual sketches are still widely used by architects, computer technology has now become

413-564: A warranty which specifies the expected life and other aspects of the material, product, or work. In most jurisdictions prior notification to the relevant authority must be given before commencement of the project, giving the local authority notice to carry out independent inspections. The architect will then review and inspect the progress of the work in coordination with the local authority. The architect will typically review contractor shop drawings and other submittals , prepare and issue site instructions, and provide Certificates for Payment to

472-410: Is divided into seven localities : The localities of Schmargendorf and Grunewald were part of the former Wilmersdorf borough until 2001. By resolution of 30 September 2004, the localities of Westend and Charlottenburg-Nord were created on the territory of the former Charlottenburg borough, like Halensee on the territory of the former Wilmersdorf borough. The governing body of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

531-412: Is featured in the 2017 film Berlin Excelsior  [ de ] . 52°30′16″N 13°22′59″E  /  52.50444°N 13.38306°E  / 52.50444; 13.38306 Architect An architect is a person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within

590-818: Is housed in the Ludwig-Erhard-Haus designed by Nicholas Grimshaw at Fasanenstraße 85 in Berlin- Charlottenburg near Bahnhof Zoologischer Garten The Royal Porcelain Factory in Berlin ( German : Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin ) ( KPM ) is also situated in Charlottenburg, near Berlin-Tiergarten Station The Messe Berlin (Exhibition Grounds/Trade Fair Center) is situated in Berlin-Westend Air Berlin had its headquarters in Building 2 of

649-473: Is often between the client and the contractor. This contract is legally binding and covers a wide range of aspects, including the insurance and commitments of all stakeholders, the status of the design documents, provisions for the architect's access, and procedures for the control of the works as they proceed. Depending on the type of contract used, provisions for further sub-contract tenders may be required. The architect may require that some elements be covered by

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708-492: Is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the professional 'gentleman' architect, separate from the hands-on craftsman. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century but became increasingly available after 1500. Pencils were used for drawing by 1600. The availability of both paper and pencils allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals. Concurrently,

767-548: Is the Pritzker Prize , sometimes termed the "Nobel Prize for architecture". The inaugural Pritzker Prize winner was Philip Johnson who was cited as having "50 years of imagination and vitality embodied in a myriad of museums, theatres libraries, houses gardens and corporate structures". The Pritzker Prize has been awarded for forty-two straight editions without interruption, and there are now 22 countries with at least one winning architect. Other prestigious architectural awards are

826-585: Is the district council ( Bezirksverordnetenversammlung ). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows: The district mayor ( Bezirksbürgermeister ) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Kirstin Bauch of

885-771: The Berlin Wall , the area around Kurfürstendamm and Bahnhof Zoo was the centre of former West Berlin , with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church as its landmark. The Technische Universität Berlin , the Berlin University of the Arts ( Universität der Künste ), the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment ( Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung ), the Deutsche Oper Berlin as well as Charlottenburg Palace and

944-533: The Olympic Stadium are also located in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. As of 2012 , the borough had a population of 326,354, of whom about 110,000 (34%) were of non-German origin. The largest ethnic minorities were Turks at 4%; Poles at 3.5%; Arabs , former Yugoslavians and Afro-Germans at 2.5% each; Russians at 1.5%; and Ukrainians and Iranians at 1.0% each. Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

1003-748: The Royal Gold Medal , the AIA Gold Medal (US), AIA Gold Medal (Australia), and the Praemium Imperiale . Architects in the UK who have made contributions to the profession through design excellence or architectural education or have in some other way advanced the profession might, until 1971, be elected Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects and can write FRIBA after their name if they feel so inclined. Those elected to chartered membership of

1062-598: The Academy Award-winning Hollywood film, Grand Hotel . The hotel appears in Walter Ruttmann's 1927 film Berlin : Symphony of a Metropolis . It is believed that it was here, on 11 November 1918, that Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg 's leftist revolutionary group renamed themselves the Spartakusbund (The Spartacus League ). The 1967–1972 replacement apartment building of the same name

1121-586: The Airport Bureau Center in Charlottenburg-Nord . As of 2006 Air Berlin employed 1,200 employees at its headquarters. Germania has its headquarters in Charlottenburg-Nord. There are 74 schools in the city. There are 29,446 students attending these schools, 5,261 are foreigners. Of the 12,993 students studies in 38 primary schools while the number of students studying in the ymansiums

1180-713: The Excelsior as Hitler's base in Berlin until he secured leadership. The proposal was rejected by Elschner, however, and the Führer was forced to opt for the Hotel Kaiserhof in Wilhelmplatz. The NSDAP then imposed a party ban on the hotel. Nevertheless, this did not stop them from sparking further controversy within its walls. Its grand hall, known as "Saal des freien Denkens" (The Hall of Free Thought), featured numerous stain-glass windows featuring popes, religious founders and various Greek and Jewish philosophers . The NSDAP objected to

1239-484: The Excelsior to a burning ruin. The attack left many dead and the hotel largely destroyed. In 1954, it was demolished completely, six years before the remains of the Anhalter Bahnhof were pulled down. Whether or not the underpass that connected them still exists is unclear. Between 1967 and 1972, the architect group G. Krebs and Sobotka & Müller erected a building with 500 apartments, shops, and business offices on

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1298-553: The Excelsior. During the wartime period, the hotel became known as the "Fehling-Bunker." The title honoured Jürgen Fehling, the then director at the theatre in Königgrätzer Straße (today known as the Hebbel Theater ). A sign hung over the main entrance saying "Wehrmacht-Betreuungsstelle (Armed-Forces Care Point) Gepäckaufbewahrung (Left Luggage)". At the end of April 1945, as the war was coming to an end, allied bombers reduced

1357-582: The Greens was elected mayor on 16 December 2021. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows: Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is twinned with: The borough's economy largely depends on retail trade, mainly in the City West area along Kurfürstendamm, Breitscheidplatz and Tauentzienstraße , with supra-local importance. The Berliner Börse ( Berlin Stock Exchange )

1416-527: The Hong Kong Institute of Architects (HKIA), may be elected as fellow members of HKIA and may use FHKIA after their name. Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf ( German: [ʃaʁˌlɔtn̩bʊʁk ˈvɪlmɐsdɔʁf] ) is the fourth borough of Berlin , formed in an administrative reform with effect from 1 January 2001, by merging the former boroughs of Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf . Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf covers

1475-734: The RIBA after 1971 may use the initials RIBA but cannot use the old ARIBA and FRIBA. An honorary fellow may use the initials Hon. FRIBA, and an international fellow may use the initials Int. FRIBA. Architects in the US who have made contributions to the profession through design excellence or architectural education or have in some other way advanced the profession are elected Fellows of the American Institute of Architects and can write FAIA after their name. Architects in Canada who have made outstanding contributions to

1534-536: The ability to practice independently of supervision. The term building design professional (or design professional) , by contrast, is a much broader term that includes professionals who practice independently under an alternate profession, such as engineering professionals, or those who assist in the practice of architecture under the supervision of a licensed architect, such as intern architects . In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside of professional restrictions, such as

1593-564: The architect must report back to the client, who may have reservations or recommendations which might introduce further variables into the design. Architects also deal with local and federal jurisdictions regarding regulations and building codes . The architect might need to comply with local planning and zoning laws such as required setbacks, height limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements (windows), and land use . Some jurisdictions require adherence to design and historic preservation guidelines. Health and safety risks form

1652-500: The architect must undergo specialised training consisting of advanced education and a practicum (or internship) for practical experience to earn a license to practice architecture. Practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction though the formal study of architecture in academic institutions has played a pivotal role in the development of the profession . Throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction

1711-426: The architect's services during each construction stage may be extensive (detailed document preparation and construction review) or less involved (such as allowing a contractor to exercise considerable design-build functions). Architects typically put projects to tender on behalf of their clients, advise them on the award of the project to a general contractor , facilitate and administer a contract of agreement, which

1770-494: The building's design, construction, and maintenance. Virtual reality (VR) presentations are becoming more common for visualizing structural designs and interior spaces from the point-of-view perspective. Since modern buildings are known to release carbon into the atmosphere, increasing controls are being placed on buildings and associated technology to reduce emissions, increase energy efficiency, and make use of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources may be designed into

1829-413: The coal-powered bakery and kitchens were introduced to electricity. Between 1925 and 1926, the hotel's guest capacity was expanded under the guidance of architects Heidenreich und Michel. In 1927-28, under the direction of architect Johann Emil Schaudt (1871–1957), an 1800 m² area of the hotel cellars was transformed into a spa . In 1929, an underpass connecting the hotel with the Anhalter Bahnhof across

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1888-411: The construction. In many jurisdictions mandatory certification or assurance of the completed work or part of the work is required. This demand for certification entails a high degree of risk; therefore, regular inspections of the work as it progresses on site is required to ensure that the design is in compliance itself as well as following all relevant statutes and permissions. Recent decades have seen

1947-456: The contractor (see also Design-bid-build ) which is based on the work done as well as any materials and other goods purchased or hired in the future. In the United Kingdom and other countries, a quantity surveyor is often part of the team to provide cost consulting. With large, complex projects, an independent construction manager is sometimes hired to assist in the design and management of

2006-401: The design becomes more advanced and detailed, specifications and detail designs are made of all the elements and components of the building. Techniques in the production of a building are continually advancing which places a demand on the architect to ensure that he or she remains up to date with these advances. Depending on the client's needs and the jurisdiction's requirements, the spectrum of

2065-429: The design of houses or other smaller structures. In the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design, and construction management require an understanding of business as well as design. However, design is the driving force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client. The commission might involve preparing feasibility reports , building audits, and designing

2124-494: The design takes place. The extent and nature of these expectations will vary. Foresight is a prerequisite when designing buildings as it is a very complex and demanding undertaking. Any design concept during the early stage of its generation must take into account a great number of issues and variables, including the qualities of the space(s), the end-use and life-cycle of these proposed spaces, connections, relations, and aspects between spaces, including how they are put together, and

2183-468: The design undertaking. The architect may make early proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief. The "program" (or brief) is essential to producing a project that meets all the needs of the owner. This becomes a guide for the architect in creating the design concept. Design proposal(s) are generally expected to be both imaginative and pragmatic. Much depends upon the time, place, finance, culture, and available crafts and technology in which

2242-452: The design, ensuring that aspects such as structural supports and air conditioning elements are coordinated. The control and planning of construction costs are also part of these consultations. Coordination of the different aspects involves a high degree of specialized communication, including advanced computer technology such as building information modeling (BIM), computer-aided design (CAD), and cloud-based technologies. Finally, at all times,

2301-416: The design. The architect, once hired by a client, is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. The architect must meet with and ask questions to the client, to ascertain all the requirements (and nuances) of the planned project. Often, the full brief is not clear in the beginning. It involves a degree of risk in

2360-401: The design. The design must also balance increasing concerns with environmental sustainability . The architect may introduce (intentionally or not), aspects of mathematics and architecture , new or current architectural theory , or references to architectural history . A key part of the design is that the architect often must consult with engineers, surveyors, and other specialists throughout

2419-593: The exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries only those qualified with an appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body (often a government) may legally practice architecture. Such licensure usually requires a university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. Representation of oneself as an architect through the use of terms and titles were restricted to licensed individuals by law, although in general, derivatives such as architectural designer were not legally protected. To practice architecture implies

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2478-458: The firm (i.e. staff architect, partner, or shareholder, etc.), and the size and location of the firm. A number of national professional organizations exist to promote career and business development in architecture. A wide variety of prizes is awarded by national professional associations and other bodies, recognizing accomplished architects, their buildings, structures, and professional careers. The most lucrative award an architect can receive

2537-668: The hotel almost doubled in size. The untimely re-opening of the hotel on the eve of World War I meant that the building spent its early existence relatively empty. As the war progressed, the hotel's fortunes dwindled. In 1903, Curt Elschner took out a lease on the Hotel Metropol in Erfurt , before taking over the Hotel Esplanade in Hamburg and then a number of other hotels and restaurants across Germany . After his war service, Elschner spent

2596-562: The hotel site for the "Excelsior-Petrol Station GmbH & Co KG". A hotel with the traditional name "Hotel Excelsior" is located today in the Hardenbergstraße in the Berlin district of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf and is managed by the hotel management company "Grand City Hotels & Resort". The Excelsior was the inspiration for the novel Menschen im Hotel (1929) by the Austrian writer Vicki Baum (1888–1960). The book in turn inspired

2655-574: The hotel. When the renovations were completed, the Hotel Excelsior accommodated 600 rooms, 750 beds, 250 bathrooms, 9 restaurants, and a library. It also provided guests with 200 daily newspapers from around the world. The interior decoration included marble-covered walls and adornment by the Berlin-born artist Carl Langhammer (1868–1956). At the start of the 1930s, NSDAP leadership in Munich earmarked

2714-504: The images of Jews, and after a violent debate, they were packed away in crates and replaced by portraits of the new leadership. They also objected to many of the titles in the hotel library, so these were taken away and burnt. At the beginning of World War II , Elschner fled Germany, and in 1942, the NSV ( Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt ), a welfare subsidiary of the NSDAP, took over ownership of

2773-409: The impact of proposals on the immediate and wider locality. The selection of appropriate materials and technology must be considered, tested, and reviewed at an early stage in the design to ensure there are no setbacks (such as higher-than-expected costs) which could occur later in the project. The site and its surrounding environment, as well as the culture and history of the place, will also influence

2832-411: The industry standard. Furthermore, design may include the use of photos, collages, prints, linocuts, 3D scanning technology, and other media in design production. Increasingly, computer software is shaping how architects work. BIM technology allows for the creation of a virtual building that serves as an information database for the sharing of design and building information throughout the life-cycle of

2891-414: The introduction of linear perspective and innovations such as the use of different projections to describe a three-dimensional building in two dimensions, together with an increased understanding of dimensional accuracy, helped building designers communicate their ideas. However, development was gradual and slow-going. Until the 18th century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen, with

2950-499: The profession through contributions to research, scholarship, public service, or professional standing to the good of architecture in Canada or elsewhere may be recognized as Fellows of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada and can write FRAIC after their name. In Hong Kong, those elected to chartered membership may use the initial HKIA, and those who have made a special contribution after nomination and election by

3009-497: The project's size and complexity. Residential projects ranged from 12 to 20%. Renovation projects typically commanded higher percentages such as 15–20%. Overall billings for architectural firms range widely, depending on their location and economic climate. Billings have traditionally been dependent on local economic conditions, but with rapid globalization, this is becoming less of a factor for large international firms. Salaries could also vary depending on experience, position within

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3068-687: The proposed building by local or national renewable energy providers. As a result, the architect is required to remain abreast of current regulations that are continually being updated. Some new developments exhibit extremely low energy use or passive solar building design . However, the architect is also increasingly being required to provide initiatives in a wider environmental sense. Examples of this include making provisions for low-energy transport, natural daylighting instead of artificial lighting, natural ventilation instead of air conditioning, pollution, and waste management, use of recycled materials, and employment of materials which can be easily recycled. As

3127-742: The rise of specialisations within the profession. Many architects and architectural firms focus on certain project types (e.g. healthcare, retail, public housing, and event management), technological expertise, or project delivery methods. Some architects specialise in building code, building envelope , sustainable design , technical writing , historic preservation(US) or conservation (UK), and accessibility . Many architects elect to move into real-estate (property) development , corporate facilities planning, project management , construction management, chief sustainability officers interior design, city planning, user experience design , and design research. Although there are variations in each location, most of

3186-505: The site surrounding the buildings that have human occupancy or use as their principal purpose. Etymologically, the term architect derives from the Latin architectus , which derives from the Greek ( arkhi - , chief + tekton , builder), i.e., chief builder. The professional requirements for architects vary from location to location. An architect's decisions affect public safety, and thus

3245-496: The street was constructed. The 80-metre long, 3-metre wide and 3-metre high 1.2 million Reichsmark construction, is believed to have been the largest of its type in the world. The tunnel meant that the hotel's guests could travel from their train compartment to their hotel bedroom and back again without ever having to step out into the Askanischen Platz and outside weather. There was also an official railway ticket booth built in

3304-469: The title used varied depending on geographical location. They often carried the title of master builder or surveyor after serving a number of years as an apprentice (such as Sir Christopher Wren ). The formal study of architecture in academic institutions played a pivotal role in the development of the profession as a whole, serving as a focal point for advances in architectural technology and theory. The use of "Architect" or abbreviations such as "Ar." as

3363-452: The western city centre of Berlin and the adjacent affluent suburbs. It borders on the Mitte borough in the east, on Tempelhof-Schöneberg in the southeast, Steglitz-Zehlendorf in the south, Spandau in the west and on Reinickendorf in the north. The district includes the inner city localities of Charlottenburg , Wilmersdorf and Halensee . After World War II and the city's division by

3422-412: The world's architects are required to register with the appropriate jurisdiction. Architects are typically required to meet three common requirements: education, experience, and examination. Basic educational requirement generally consist of a university in architecture. The experience requirement for degree candidates is usually satisfied by a practicum or internship (usually two to three years). Finally,

3481-456: Was carried out by artisans —such as stone masons and carpenters—who rose to the role of master builders. Until modern times, there was no clear distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the titles architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person, often used interchangeably. "Architect" derives from Greek ἀρχιτέκτων ( arkhitéktōn , "master builder," "chief tektōn ). It

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