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69-745: The region was the center of the ancient Iranian Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan . Later, the region was part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate , followed by the Qara Khitai , Chagatai Khanate , Moghulistan and the Dzungar Khanate , which was conquered by the Qing dynasty of China. Hotan became part of Xinjiang under Qing rule . In the 1930s, the Khotan Emirate declared independence from China. The People's Liberation Army entered Hotan in 1949. The prefecture

138-477: A Buddhist and retired to Kashgar . We know from Chinese sources that Kashgar had formerly developed great power, but it became dependent on Khotan during AD 220-264. It is then probable that this was the time of the powerful king Vijita-Dharma. Vijita Dharma was followed on the throne by his son Vijita Siṃha, and the latter by his son Vijita-Kīrti. Vijita-Kīrti is said to have carried war into India and to have overthrown Saketa , together with king Kanika (or

207-524: A "county-level city" from its actual urban area (the traditional meaning of the word "city"), the term " 市区 " (shìqū) or "urban area", is used. While the idea of a "city" being a unit consisting of several "towns" is not a common one in English-speaking world , a somewhat similar naming convention is used for local government areas in some parts of Australia. For example, in New South Wales such

276-528: A Greco-Saka or an Indo-Greek leader, who established Khotan using the administrative and social organizations of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . In Tibetan literature , a long list of Indian kings is preserved. Sten Konow , the Norwegian Indologist who critically examined the different versions of the tradition concluded as follows: "Kustana, the son of Ashoka , is said to have founded

345-616: A bit earlier from Taxila in the Indo-Greek Kingdom . Documents written in Prakrit dating to the 3rd century AD from neighbouring Shanshan show that the king of Khotan was given the title hinajha (i.e. "generalissimo"), a distinctively Iranian-based word equivalent to the Sanskrit title senapati . This along with the fact that the king's recorded regnal periods were given as Khotanese kṣuṇa , "implies an established connection between

414-543: A city, which is a municipal entity, and a county, which is an administrative division of a prefecture. Most county-level cities were created in the 1980s and 1990s by replacing denser populated counties . County-level cities are not " cities " in the strictest sense of the word, since they usually contain rural areas many times the size of their urban, built-up area. This is because the counties that county-level cities have replaced are themselves large administrative units containing towns , villages and farmland. To distinguish

483-556: A different language and did not know the Turkic language well. It is however believed that the Turkic languages became the lingua franca throughout the Tarim Basin by the end of the 11th century. By the time Marco Polo visited Khotan, which was between 1271 and 1275, he reported that "the inhabitants all worship Mohamet ." Note:- Some names are in modern Mandarin pronunciations based on ancient Chinese records and Time period of rulers

552-596: A district ( 专区 ) to a prefecture ( 地区 ). Between June 1991 and March 1992, there were six attacks with firearms on Han Chinese residents in Hotan Prefecture. According to a reporter for the Wen Wei Po in Ürümqi , between January and August 2005, authorities had disbanded six "illegal underground" religious schools in Hotan Prefecture and confiscated more than one hundred unauthorized religious books and periodicals as well as 972 audio and video tapes. In 2016, Kunyu

621-617: A long war ensued between Islamic Kashgar and Buddhist Khotan. Satuq Bughra Khan's nephew or grandson Ali Arslan was said to have been killed during the war with the Buddhists. Khotan briefly took Kashgar from the Kara-Khanids in 970, and according to Chinese accounts, the King of Khotan offered to send in tribute to the Chinese court a dancing elephant captured from Kashgar. Accounts of the war between

690-502: A more fertile soil. This more fertile soil increased the agricultural productivity that made Khotan famous for its cereal crops and fruit. Therefore, Khotan's lifeline was its proximity to the Kunlun mountain range, and without it Khotan would not have become one of the largest and most successful oasis cities along the Silk Roads. The kingdom of Khotan was one of the many small states found in

759-613: A people believed to be Saka had been found in the Keriya region at Yumulak Kum (Djoumboulak Koum, Yuansha) around 200 km east of Khotan, possibly as early as the 7th century BC. The Saka people were known as the Sai (塞, sāi, sək in Old Sinitic) in ancient Chinese records. These records indicate that they originally inhabited the Ili and Chu River valleys of modern Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan . In

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828-675: A seal inscribed "Han Son of Heaven of great Khotan" (大于闐漢天子). Viśa' Saṃbhava married the daughter of Cao Yijin, the ruler of the Guiyi Circuit. Cao Yijin's grandson, Cao Yanlu, married the third daughter of Viśa' Saṃbhava. In the 10th century, the Iranic Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan was the only city-state in the Tarim Basin that was not yet conquered by either the Turkic Uyghur Qocho Kingdom (Buddhist) or by

897-457: A short Turkic language poem about the conquest: In Turkic: kälginläyü aqtïmïz kändlär üzä čïqtïmïz furxan ävin yïqtïmïz burxan üzä sïčtïmïz English translation: We came down on them like a flood, We went out among their cities, We tore down the idol-temples, We shat on the Buddha's head! According to Kashgari who wrote in the 11th century, the inhabitants of Khotan still spoke

966-1230: A unit may often be called a "city" (rather than a traditional "shire"), and consist of "towns". E.g. City of Blue Mountains is made of a number of towns ( Katoomba , Springwood , etc.). Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present As of 3 April 2023, there are 408 county-level cities in total: A sub-prefectural city

1035-604: Is debate as to how much Khotan's original inhabitants were ethnically and anthropologically Indo-Aryan and speakers of the Gāndhārī language versus the Saka , an Indo-European people of Iranian branch from the Eurasian Steppe . From the 3rd century onwards they also had a visible linguistic influence on the Gāndhārī language spoken at the royal court of Khotan. The Khotanese Saka language

1104-505: Is in CE. The kingdom was one of the major centres of Buddhism, and up until the 11th century, the vast majority of the population was Buddhist. Initially, the people of the kingdom were not Buddhist, and Buddhism was said to have been adopted in the reign of Vijayasambhava in the first century BC, some 170 years after the founding of Khotan. However, an account by the Han general Ban Chao suggested that

1173-602: Is known for its jade, silk and carpets. Hotan Prefecture is named for its seat, Hotan (or Khotan). The area was originally known as Godana in ancient Sanskrit cosmological texts. The Chinese transcribed the name as 于窴 , pronounced Gudana in Middle Chinese ( Yutian in modern Standard Chinese ); the pronunciation eventually morphed into Khotan . In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar Xuanzang attempted to remedy this lexical change. Xuanzang, who

1242-506: Is only relatively easy from the west. Khotan was irrigated from the Yurung-kàsh and Kara-kàsh rivers, which water the Tarim Basin . These two rivers produce vast quantities of water, which made habitation possible in an otherwise arid climate. The location next to the mountain not only allowed irrigation for crops but also increased the fertility of the land, as the rivers reduced the gradient and deposited sediment on their banks, creating

1311-470: Is primarily associated with the Mahayana . According to the Chinese pilgrim Faxian who passed through Khotan in the fourth century: County-level city A county-level municipality ( Chinese : 县级市 ), county-level city or county city , formerly known as prefecture-controlled city (1949–1970: 专辖市 ; 1970–1983: Chinese : 地辖市 ), is a county-level administrative division of

1380-465: Is relatively small – the circumference of the ancient city of Khotan at Yōtkan was about 2.5 to 3.2 km (1.5 to 2 miles). Much of the archaeological evidence of the ancient city of Khotan however had been obliterated due to centuries of treasure hunting by local people. The inhabitants of Khotan spoke Khotanese , an Eastern Iranian language belonging to the Saka language , and Gandhari Prakrit , an Indo-Aryan language related to Sanskrit . There

1449-478: The Brahmi script some time later. From this came Hvamna and Hvam in their latest texts, where Hvam kṣīra or 'the land of Khotan' was the name given. Khotan became known to the west while the – t - was still unchanged, as is frequent in early New Persian . The local people also used Gaustana ( Gosthana , Gostana , Godana , Godaniya or Kustana ) under the influence of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit , and Yūttina in

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1518-454: The People's Republic of China . County-level cities have judicial but no legislative rights over their own local law and are usually governed by prefecture-level divisions , but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions . A county-level city is a "city" ( 市 ; shì ) and "county" ( 县 ; xiàn ) that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. As such, it is simultaneously

1587-747: The 10th century have been found in Dunhuang . In the 2nd century AD a Khotanese king helped the famous ruler Kanishka of the Kushan Empire of South Asia (founded by the Yuezhi people) to conquer the key town of Saket in the Middle kingdoms of India : Afterwards king Vijaya Krīti, for whom a manifestation of the Ārya Mañjuśrī, the Arhat called Spyi-pri who was propagating the religion ( dharma ) in Kam-śeṅ [a district of Khotan]

1656-570: The 1900s, Aurel Stein discovered Prakrit documents written in Kharoṣṭhī in Niya , and together with the founding legend of Khotan, Stein proposed that these people in the Tarim Basin were Indian immigrants from Taxila who conquered and colonized Khotan. The use of Prakrit however may be a legacy of the influence of the Kushan Empire . There were also Greek influences in early Khotan, based on evidence such as Hellenistic artworks found at various sites in

1725-820: The Chinese Book of Han , the area was called the "land of the Sai", i.e. the Saka. According to the Sima Qian 's Shiji , the Indo-European Yuezhi , originally from the area between Tängri Tagh ( Tian Shan ) and Dunhuang of Gansu , China, were assaulted and forced to flee from the Hexi Corridor of Gansu by the forces of the Xiongnu ruler Modu Chanyu in 177-176 BC. In turn the Yuezhi were responsible for attacking and pushing

1794-545: The Chinese statement that Wei-chi or Vijita was the family name of the kings, it is of interest to note that this 'Vijita' dynasty, according to the Tibetan tradition, begins where the Han annals place the foundation of the national Khotan kingdom. Buddhism was introduced into Khotan in the fifth year of Vijita Saṃbhava. Eleven kings followed, and then came Vijita Dharma who was a powerful ruler and always engaged in war. Later, he became

1863-518: The Chinese title huangdi (emperor) in Khotan's Chinese language court documents, and dressed in hats and robes of Chinese style. His son, Viśa' Śūra, used the combined title, "king of kings of China" ( caiga rāṃdānä rrādi ), portrayed himself as a Chinese emperor in portraiture, used Chinese-style imperial edicts signed with the character chi 勑 ("edict", in imitation of the Tang and Song dynasties' edicts), and used

1932-467: The Iranian inhabitants and the royal power," according to the late Professor of Iranian Studies Ronald E. Emmerick (d. 2001). He contended that Khotanese-Saka-language royal rescripts of Khotan dated to the 10th century "makes it likely that the ruler of Khotan was a speaker of Iranian ." Furthermore, he elaborated on the early name of Khotan: The name of Khotan is attested in a number of spellings, of which

2001-790: The Karakhanid and Khotan were given in Taẕkirah of the Four Sacrificed Imams , written sometime in the period from 1700 to 1849 in the Eastern Turkic language (modern Uyghur) in Altishahr probably based on an older oral tradition. It contains a story about four Imams from Mada'in city (possibly in modern-day Iraq) who helped the Qarakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan, Yarkand, and Kashgar. There were years of battles where "blood flows like

2070-451: The Khotan area. Archaeological evidence from the Sampul tapestry of Sampul (Shanpulu; سامپۇل بازىرى / 山普鲁 镇 ), near Khotan may indicate a settled Saka population in the last quarter of the first millennium BC, although some have suggested they may not have moved there until after the founding of the city. The Saka may have inhabited other parts of the Tarim Basin earlier – presence of

2139-623: The Later Han , covering 6 to 189 AD, says: The main centre of the kingdom of Yutian (Khotan) is the town of Xicheng ("Western Town", Yotkan). It is 5,300 li (c.2,204 km) from the residence of the Senior Clerk [in Lukchun], and 11,700 li (c.4,865 km) from Luoyang . It controls 32,000 households, 83,000 individuals, and more than 30,000 men able to bear arms. Han influence on Khotan, however, diminished when Han power declined. The Tang campaign against

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2208-653: The Mogao grottoes. Khotan was conquered by the Tibetan Empire in 792 and gained its independence in 851. The first recorded post-Tibetan King of Khotan was Viśa' Saṃbhava , who used the Chinese name Li Shengtian and claimed to a descendant of the Tang dynasty imperial family. While using the Indic-style title "lion king" ( rajasimha ) and the Near Eastern Emperor-like title "king of kings", Viśa' Saṃbhava also used

2277-698: The Oxus", "heads litter the battlefield like stones" until the "infidels" were defeated and driven towards Khotan by Yusuf Qadir Khan and the four Imams. The imams however were assassinated by the Buddhists prior to the last Muslim victory. Despite their foreign origins, they are viewed as local saints by the current Muslim population in the region. In 1006, the Muslim Kara-Khanid ruler Yusuf Kadir (Qadir) Khan of Kashgar conquered Khotan, ending Khotan's existence as an independent Buddhist state. Some communications between Khotan and Song China continued intermittently, but it

2346-480: The Sai (i.e. Saka) south. The Saka crossed the Syr Darya into Bactria around 140 B.C. Later the Saka would also move into Northern India, as well as other Tarim Basin sites like Khotan, Karasahr (Yanqi), Yarkand (Shache) and Kucha (Qiuci). One suggestion is that the Saka became Hellenized in the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , and they or an ethnically mixed Greco-Scythians either migrated to Yarkand and Khotan, or

2415-608: The Southern Route in the whole region to the east of the Congling ( Pamir Mountains ). King Guangde of Khotan submitted to the Han dynasty in 73 AD. Khotan at the time had relations with the Xiongnu , who during the reign of Emperor Ming of Han (57-75 AD) invaded Khotan and forced the Khotanese court to pay them large annual amounts of tribute in the form of silk and tapestries. When the Han military officer Ban Chao went to Khotan, he

2484-523: The Tarim Basin had been inhabited by different groups of Indo-European speakers such as the Tocharians and Saka people. Jade from Khotan had been traded into China for a long time before the founding of the city, as indicated by items made of jade from Khotan found in tombs from the Shang (Yin) and Zhou dynasties . The jade trade is thought to have been facilitated by the Yuezhi . There are four versions of

2553-519: The Tarim Basin, for example, the Sampul tapestry found near Khotan, tapestries depicting the Greek god Hermes and the winged pegasus found at nearby Loulan , as well as ceramics that may suggest influences from as far as the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemaic Egypt . One suggestion is therefore that the early migrants to the region may have been an ethnically mixed people from the city of Taxila led by

2622-667: The Tarim Basin, which included Yarkand , Loulan ( Shanshan ), Turfan , the Kashgar , Karashahr , and Kucha (the last three, together with Khotan, made up the four Garrisons during the Tang dynasty ). To the west were the Central Asian kingdoms of Sogdiana and Bactria . It was surrounded by powerful neighbours, such as the Kushan Empire , China , Tibet , and for a time the Xiongnu , all of which had exerted or tried to exert their influence over Khotan at various times. From an early period,

2691-751: The Turkic Kara-Khanid Khanate (Muslim). During the latter part of the tenth century, Khotan became engaged in a struggle against the Kara-Khanid Khanate. The Islamic conquests of the Buddhist cities east of Kashgar began with the conversion of the Karakhanid Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan to Islam in 934. Satuq Bughra Khan and later his son Musa directed endeavors to proselytize Islam among the Turks and engage in military conquests, and

2760-509: The branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin (modern-day Xinjiang , China). The ancient capital was originally sited to the west of modern-day Hotan at Yotkan. From the Han dynasty until at least the Tang dynasty it was known in Chinese as Yutian . This largely Buddhist kingdom existed for over a thousand years until it

2829-466: The centre of the region was Khotan. On December 22, 1949, PLA forces reached Hotan. In 1950, the area was redesignated as Hotan District ( 和闐 專區 ). In 1959, the Chinese character name of Hotan was changed from ' 和阗 ' to the homophonous ' 和田 '. In 1962, events of the Sino-Indian War occurred in parts of Aksai Chin administered as part of Hotan Prefecture. In 1971, Hotan was changed from

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2898-466: The death of Xiumo Ba, Guangde, son of his elder brother, assumed power and then (in 61 AD) defeated Suoju (Yarkand). His kingdom became very prosperous after this. From Jingjue ( Niya ) northwest, as far as Kashgar thirteen kingdoms submitted to him. Meanwhile, the king of Shanshan (the Lop Nor region, capital Charklik ) had also begun to prosper. From then on, these two kingdoms were the only major ones on

2967-525: The king of Kanika) and the Guzan king Guzan here evidently stands for Kushāṇa ." According to the oldest detailed Chinese and Tibetan texts (including a Tibetan text which may be contemporary), which we cannot distrust, the colonizing groups of exiled Indians (including the son and ministers of Emperor Ashoka ) founded the Kingdom of Khotan . Surviving documents from Khotan of later centuries indicate that

3036-416: The legend of the founding of Khotan. It is important to note that these legends were not contemporary or primary accounts. They were written centuries after the kingdom was founded." These may be found in accounts given by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang and in Tibetan translations of Khotanese documents. All four versions suggest that the city was founded around the third century BC by a group of Indians during

3105-420: The modern city's name is "Hotan" according to the Register of Chinese Geographic Places . The Hanyu pinyin romanization Hetian has also been used on some maps. The Hotan Prefecture region played a major part in the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) . Tunganistan was an independent administered region in the southern part of Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. The territory included the oases of the southern Tarim Basin;

3174-409: The name Saka, for the Iranian inhabitants of Khotan spoke a language closely related to that used by the used by the Sakas in the north-west of India from the first century B.C. onwards. Later Khotanese-Saka-language documents, ranging from medical texts to Buddhist literature , have been found in Khotan and Tumshuq (east of Kashgar). Similar documents in the Khotanese-Saka language dating mostly to

3243-405: The names of the town and region around it respectively. Others include Huanna ( 渙那 ). To the Tibetans in the seventh and eighth centuries, the kingdom was called Li (or Li-yul) and the capital city Hu-ten , Hu-den , Hu-then and Yvu-then . The name as written by the locals changed over time; in about the third century AD, the local people wrote Khotana in Kharoṣṭhī script, and Hvatäna in

3312-444: The ninth century, when it was allied with the Chinese kingdom of Șacū (Shazhou or Dunhuang ). The geographical position of the oasis was the main factor in its success and wealth. To its north is one of the most arid and desolate desert climates on the earth, the Taklamakan Desert , and to its south the largely uninhabited Kunlun Mountains (Qurum). To the east there were few oases beyond Niya , making travel difficult, and access

3381-429: The oasis states began in 640 AD and Khotan submitted to the Tang emperor. The Four Garrisons of Anxi were established, one of them at Khotan. The Tibetans later defeated the Chinese and took control of the Four Garrisons. Khotan was first taken in 665, and the Khotanese helped the Tibetans to conquer Aksu . Tang China later regained control in 692, but eventually lost control of the entire Western Regions after it

3450-434: The oldest form is hvatana , in texts of approximately the 7th to the 10th century AD written in an Iranian language itself called hvatana by the writers. The same name is attested also in two closely related Iranian dialects, Sogdian and Tumshuq ...Attempts have accordingly been made to explain it as Iranian, and this is of some importance historically. My own preference is for an explanation connecting it semantically with

3519-410: The people of Khotan in 73 AD still appeared to practice Mazdeism or Shamanism . His son Ban Yong who spent time in the Western Regions also did not mention Buddhism there, and with the absence of Buddhist art in the region before the beginning of Eastern Han , it has also been suggested that Buddhism may not have been adopted in the region until the middle of the second century AD. The kingdom

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3588-414: The people of Khotan spoke the Saka language , an Eastern Iranian language that was closely related to the Sogdian language (of Sogdiana ); as an Indo-European language, Saka was more distantly related to the Tocharian languages (also known as Agnean-Kuchean) spoken in adjoining areas of the Tarim Basin. It also shared areal features with Tocharian. It is not certain when the Saka people moved into

3657-454: The period from 125 BC to 23 AD, Khotan had 3,300 households, 19,300 individuals and 2,400 people able to bear arms. Minted coins from Khotan dated to the 1st century AD bear dual inscriptions in Chinese and Gandhari Prakrit in the Kharosthi script, showing links of Khotan to India and China in that period. Khotan began to exert its power in the first century AD. It was first ruled by Yarkand , but revolted in 25-57 AD and took Yarkand and

3726-404: The prefecture were Uyghur , 71,233 were Han Chinese (3.1%) and 4,941 were from other ethnic groups. In 2014, according to a local government employee in the township of Langru in Hotan County , "Islamic beliefs are very strong" in the prefecture. As of the 2000s, the population of Hotan Prefecture was more than 95% Uyghur . As of 1999, 96.9% of the population of Hotan (Hetian) Prefecture

3795-456: The reign of Ashoka . According to one version, the nobles of a tribe in ancient Taxila , who traced their ancestry to the deity Vaiśravaṇa , were said to have blinded Kunãla , a son of Ashoka . In punishment they were banished by the Mauryan emperor to the north of the Himalayas, where they settled in Khotan and elected one of their members as king. However war then ensued with another group from China whose leader then took over as king, and

3864-409: The royal dynasty of Khotan . But Kustana's son Ye-u-la, who is said to have founded the capital of the kingdom is most probably identical with the king Yü-Lin mentioned in the Chinese chronicles as ruling over Khotan about the middle of the first century AD. Ye-u-la was succeeded by his son Vijita Saṃbhava, with whom begins a long series of Khotan kings all begin with Vijita. If there is any truth in

3933-399: The territory as far as Kashgar , thereby gaining control over part of the southern Silk Road . The town grew very quickly after local trade developed into the interconnected chain of silk routes across Eurasia. During the Yongping period (58-76 AD), in the reign of Emperor Ming , Xiumo Ba, a Khotanese general, rebelled against Suoju (Yarkand), and made himself king of Yutian (in 60 AD). On

4002-429: The two colonies merged. In a different version, it was Kunãla himself who was exiled and founded Khotan. The legend suggests that Khotan was settled by people from northwest India and China, and may explain the division of Khotan into an eastern and western city since the Han dynasty . Others however argued that the legend of the founding of Khotan is a fiction as it ignores the Iranian population, and that its purpose

4071-420: The west Kashgar Prefecture , and to the south, Tibet and the areas disputed between China , India and Pakistan . Aksai Chin includes the southernmost point administered as part of Xinjiang. Most of the prefecture has a cold desert climate . The Hotan Prefecture is divided into one county-level city and seven counties and surrounds Kunyu : As of 2015, 2,248,113 (96.7%) of the 2,324,287 residents of

4140-437: Was Uyghur and 3.1% of the population was Han Chinese. Residents of Hotan Prefecture commonly speak Uyghur and often do not speak Mandarin Chinese . Historical English-language maps including modern-day Hotan Prefecture area: 37°07′N 79°55′E  /  37.11°N 79.91°E  / 37.11; 79.91 Kingdom of Khotan The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient Buddhist Saka kingdom located on

4209-417: Was acting as pious friend, through being inspired with faith, built the vihāra of Sru-ño. Originally, King Kanika, the king of Gu-zar [Kucha] and the Li [Khotanese] ruler, King Vijaya Krīti, and others led an army into India, and when they captured the city called So-ked [Saketa], King Vijaya Krīti obtained many relics and put them in the stūpa of Sru-ño. According to Chapter 96A of the Book of Han , covering

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4278-528: Was also recognized as an official court language by the 10th century and used by the Khotanese rulers for administrative documentation. The kingdom of Khotan was given various names and transcriptions. The ancient Chinese called Khotan Yutian ( 于闐 , its ancient pronunciation was gi̯wo-d'ien or ji̯u-d'ien ) also written as 于窴 and other similar-sounding names such as Yudun ( 于遁 ), Huodan ( 豁旦 ), and Qudan ( 屈丹 ). Sometimes they also used Jusadanna ( 瞿薩旦那 ), derived from Indo-Iranian Gostan and Gostana ,

4347-438: Was conquered by the Muslim Kara-Khanid Khanate in 1006, during the Islamization and Turkicization of Xinjiang . Built on an oasis, Khotan's mulberry groves allowed the production and export of silk and carpets , in addition to the city's other major products such as its famous nephrite jade and pottery . Despite being a significant city on the silk road as well as a notable source of jade for ancient China, Khotan itself

4416-432: Was established within the boundaries of Hotan Prefecture. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China , 171 Uyghur workers from Hotan Prefecture were sent to Changsha , Hunan . The vast majority of the residents live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains. To the north, the prefecture borders Aksu Prefecture , to the east Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture , to

4485-419: Was noted in 1063 in a Song source that the ruler of Khotan referred to himself as kara-khan, indicating dominance of the Karakhanids over Khotan. It has been suggested Buddhists in Dunhuang, alarmed by the conquest of Khotan and ending of Buddhism there, sealed Cave 17 of the Mogao Caves containing the Dunhuang manuscripts so to protect them. The Karakhanid Turkic Muslim writer Mahmud al-Kashgari recorded

4554-400: Was received by the King with minimal courtesy. The soothsayer to the King suggested that he should demand the horse of Ban, and Ban killed the soothsayer on the spot. The King, impressed by Ban's action, then killed the Xiongnu agent in Khotan and offered his allegiance to Han. By the time the Han dynasty exerted its dominance over Khotan, the population had more than quadrupled. The Book of

4623-416: Was to explain the Indian and Chinese influences that were present in Khotan in the 7th century AD. By Xuanzang's account, it was believed that the royal power had been transmitted unbroken since the founding of Khotan, and evidence indicates that the kings of Khotan had used an Iranian-based word as their title since at least the 3rd century AD, suggesting that they may be speakers of an Iranian language. In

4692-410: Was weakened considerably by the An Lushan Rebellion . After the Tang dynasty, Khotan formed an alliance with the rulers of the Guiyi Circuit . The Buddhist entitites of Dunhuang and Khotan had a tight-knit partnership, with intermarriage between Dunhuang and Khotan's rulers. Dunhuang's Mogao grottos and Buddhist temples were also funded and sponsored by the Khotan royals, whose likenesses were drawn in

4761-478: Was well-versed in Sanskrit, proposed that the traditional name was in fact Kustana ( गौस्तन ) and asserted it meant "breast of the earth". However, this was likely borrowed from the Tibetan name for the region, Gosthana , which means "land of cows". It is therefore most likely that the original name of Hotan was Sanskritic in origin, a consequence of ancient Indian settlement in the area. The official Uyghur-Latin transliteration, and therefore English spelling, of

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