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23-558: The Hopland Pomo's reservation is the Hopland Rancheria. Approximately 700 tribal members live in the area and 50 on the ranchería . The Rancheria was established in 1907 and is 40 acres (160,000 m) large. It is located about three miles (5 km) east of Hopland, California . The Hopland Pomo ratified their constitution on August 20, 1981, which established a governing 7-person council. The tribe conducts business from Hopland, California . The Hopland Band of Pomo Indians has

46-603: A consequence, Australian South Sea Islanders have faced forms of discrimination similar to Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders. After 1994, the Australian South Sea Islander community was recognised as a unique minority group, following a report by the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission , which found they had become more disadvantaged than indigenous Australians. Canadian Kanakas were all Hawaiian in origin. They had been aboard

69-602: A part of the life of company forts. A great many were contracted to the Hudson's Bay Company while some had arrived in the area as ship's hands. In other instances, they migrated north from California. The Kanaka Rancherie was a settlement of Native Hawaiian migrant workers in Vancouver. Many Kanaka men married First Nations women, and their descendants can still be found in British Columbia and neighbouring parts of Canada, and

92-450: A particular California institution. A small area of land was set aside around an Indian settlement to create a ranchería. Some rancherías developed from small communities of Indians formed on the outskirts of American settlements who were fleeing Americans or avoiding removal to the reservations. […] With the passage of Public Law 83-280 in the mid-1950s, terminating federal supervision and control over California tribes, some 40 rancherías lost

115-687: A small, rural settlement. In the Americas the term was applied to native villages or bunkhouses . Anglo-Americans adopted the term with both these meanings, usually to designate the residential area of a rancho in the American Southwest , housing aboriginal ranch hands and their families. The term is still used in other parts of Spanish America ; for example, the Wayuu tribes in northern Colombia call their villages rancherías . The Columbia Encyclopedia describes it as: The term could be applied to

138-704: A tribal education program, EPA office, health department, utility department, police department, court system, and economic development corporation . The tribe owns and operates the Hopland Sho-Ka-Wah Casino, located east of Hopland. In 2016, the Hopland Band disenrolled 74 members of the tribe, ostensibly to remedy mistakes stemming from faulty processing of applications. 38°58′53″N 123°03′35″W  /  38.98139°N 123.05972°W  / 38.98139; -123.05972 Rancher%C3%ADa The Spanish word ranchería , or rancherío , refers to

161-770: Is also the term used in formal and official situations. Most of the original labourers were recruited or blackbirded (kidnapped or deceived) from the Solomon Islands , New Hebrides (Vanuatu) and New Caledonia , with others from the Loyalty Islands . The first shipload of 65 Melanesian labourers arrived in Boyd Town on 16 April 1847 on board the Velocity , a vessel under the command of Captain Kirsopp and chartered by Benjamin Boyd . Boyd

184-643: The Macquarie Dictionary , the word "kanaka", which was once widely used in Australia, is now regarded in Australian English as an offensive term for a Pacific Islander. Most "Kanakas" in Australia were people from Melanesia , rather than Polynesia . The descendants of 19th century immigrants to Australia from the Pacific Islands now generally refer to themselves as " South Sea Islanders ", and this

207-563: The Rapa Nui ). "Kanaka" originally referred only to Native Hawaiians , from their own name for themselves, kānaka ʻōiwi or kānaka maoli , kānaka meaning "man" in the Hawaiian language . In the Americas in particular, native Hawaiians were the majority; but Kanakas in Australia were almost entirely Melanesian. In Australian English "kanaka" is now avoided outside of its historical context, as it has been used as an offensive term. According to

230-674: The Russian American Company in 1817, with others to follow. By the 1820s, Kanakas were employed in the kitchen and other skilled trades by the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver , mostly living south and west of the main palisade in an area known as "Kanaka Village." Kanakas, employed in agriculture and ranching, were present in the mainland United States as early as 1834, primarily in California under Spanish colonial rule, and later under American company contracts. ( Richard Henry Dana refers often to Kanaka workers and sailors on

253-539: The Tlingit portion of Sitka, Alaska . Kanakas Kanakas were workers (a mix of voluntary and involuntary ) from various Pacific Islands employed in British colonies , such as British Columbia (Canada), Fiji , Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , Papua New Guinea , and Queensland (Australia) in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They also worked in California (United States) and Chile (see also Easter Island and

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276-793: The White Australia policy , ordained the deportation of all post-1879 arrivals to the Solomon Islands or the New Hebrides, where "neither property, nor rights, nor welcome awaited them". Antonius Tua Tonga, a Kanaka who had lived in Queensland since the age of four, petitioned the King of England for a mitigation of the legislation, but the Australian prime minister, Alfred Deakin , advised the British government

299-572: The Californian coast in his book Two Years Before the Mast ). The migration of Kanakas peaked between 1900 and 1930, and most of their families soon blended by intermarriage into the Chinese , Filipino , and more numerous Mexican populations with whom they came in contact. At one point, Native Hawaiians harvested sugar beets and picked apples in the states of Washington and Oregon . The Kanakas have left

322-674: The Hawaiian Kanaka . The first native workers from the Hawaiian Islands (called the "Sandwich Islands" at the time) arrived on the Tonquin in 1811 to clear the site and help build Fort Astoria , as undertaken by the Pacific Fur Company . Nearly 12 Kanakas or a third of the workforce wintered over among "Astorians". Kanakas built Fort Elizabeth on the island of Kauai in Hawaii for

345-729: The United States (particularly in the states of Washington and Oregon ). Kanaka Creek, British Columbia , was a community of mixed Hawaiian-First families established across the Fraser River from Fort Langley in the 1830s, which remains on the map today. Kanakas were active in both the California Gold Rush , and in the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush and other rushes. Kanaka Bar, British Columbia gets its name from claims staked and worked by Kanakas who had previously worked for

368-465: The first exploration and trading ships to reach the Pacific Northwest Coast . There were cases of Kanakas jumping ship then living amongst various First Nations peoples. The first Kanakas to settle came from Fort Vancouver after clearing the original Fort Langley site and building the palisade (1827). They were often assigned to the fur brigades and Express of the fur companies and were

391-515: The fur company (which today is a First Nations community of the Nlakaʼpamux people). There were no negative connotations in the use of Kanaka in British Columbian and Californian English of the time, and in its most usual sense today, it denotes someone of Hawaiian ethnic inheritance, without any pejorative meaning. One linguist holds that Canuck , a nickname for Canadians, is derived from

414-549: The petition was a front for planters, and the deportations took place largely as intended. A legislative amendment in 1905 exempted those of "extreme age", those married to whites, and freeholders. The prime minister, Alfred Deakin, declined to exempt those schooled in Australia. The descendants of those who avoided deportation today form Australia's largest Melano-Polynesian ethnic group. Many Australian South Sea Islanders are also of mixed ancestry, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders , for whom they are often mistaken. As

437-694: The report of the alleged murder of the Native Chief of the Island of Rotumah in 1848, a closed-door enquiry was held, choosing not to take any action against Boyd or Kirsopp. The experiment of utilising Melanesian labour was discontinued in Australia until Robert Towns recommenced the practice in the early 1860s. After 1863, more than 62,000 Islanders were brought to Australia; in 1901, about 10,000 were living in Queensland and northern New South Wales . The Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 , legislation complementing

460-518: The residential area of an Indian reserve . It especially means the historical residential area, as opposed to newer subdivisions. It was further extended to refer to other non-white residential communities, such as the Kanaka Rancherie in early Vancouver , British Columbia , which came to house the city's Kanaka (Hawaiian) residents. In an even more truncated form, the Ranche was used to refer to

483-540: The right to certain federal programs, and their lands no longer had the protection of federal status. In 1983, a lawsuit resulted in restoring federal recognition to 17 rancherías, with others still waiting for the reversal of their termination . The word migrated north with the 49ers to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush in an adapted form, " rancherie " . It survives in British Columbia as a somewhat archaic but still commonly used word, in rural areas and small towns, as well as in general First Nations English usage, meaning

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506-678: The settlements of the California Mission Indians beyond the Spanish missions , such as Maugna of the Tongva people. In California , the term refers to a total of 59 Indian settlements established by the U.S. government , 54 of them between 1906 and 1934, for the survivors of the aboriginal population. San Diego State University maintains a reference titled California Indians and Their Reservations: An Online Dictionary . It says: The Spanish term for small Indian settlements. Rancherías are

529-572: Was a Scottish colonist who wanted cheap labourers to work at his expansive pastoral leaseholds in the colony of New South Wales . He financed two more procurements of South Sea Islanders, 70 of which arrived in Sydney in September 1847, and another 57 in October of that same year. Many of these Islanders soon absconded from their workplaces and were observed starving and destitute on the streets of Sydney. After

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