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66-552: Hong Kong Central Library is the largest library in Hong Kong, flagship library of Hong Kong Public Libraries (HKPL) and used as Hong Kong Public Library headquarters, functioning as the territory's National Library . It is located at the intersection of Moreton Terrace and Causeway Road in Causeway Bay . Facing Victoria Harbour , the 12-storey high building occupies a gross area of 9,400 square metres (101,000 sq ft) with

132-449: A 12×/10×/32× CD drive can write to CD-R discs at 12× speed (1.76 MB/s), write to CD-RW discs at 10× speed (1.46 MB/s), and read from CDs at 32× speed (4.69 MB/s), if the CPU and media player software permit speeds that high. Software distributors, and in particular distributors of computer games, often make use of various copy protection schemes to prevent software running from any media besides

198-416: A CD-ROM, each track can have its sectors in a different mode from the rest of the tracks. They can also coexist with audio CD tracks, which is the case of mixed mode CDs . Both Mode 1 and 2 sectors use the first 16 bytes for header information, but differ in the remaining 2,336 bytes due to the use of error correction bytes. Unlike an audio CD, a CD-ROM cannot rely on error concealment by interpolation ;

264-414: A block). Disc image formats that store raw CD-ROM sectors include CCD/IMG , CUE/BIN , and MDS/MDF . The size of a disc image created from the data in the sectors will depend on the type of sectors it is using. For example, if a CD-ROM mode 1 image is created by extracting only each sector's data, its size will be a multiple of 2,048; this is usually the case for ISO disc images . On a 74-minute CD-R, it

330-549: A computerised library management system , one of the largest bilingual systems in the world, offering both Chinese and English capabilities. The library head office is located on the eleventh floor of the Hong Kong Central Library in Causeway Bay . The first public library of Hong Kong, the City Hall Library, was established in 1869 in the former Hong Kong City Hall. The library ceased to operate after

396-590: A floor area of 33,800 square metres (364,000 sq ft). The building cost of the Central Library was HK$ 690 million ($ 88 million). The Library's collections amount to one fifth of the Hong Kong Public Libraries System; 2.3 million items out of the total 12.1 million items. The library's 11th floor houses the HKPL head office. The arch-shaped doorway atop the front facade of

462-466: A higher reliability of the retrieved data is required. To achieve improved error correction and detection, Mode 1, used mostly for digital data, adds a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code for error detection, and a third layer of Reed–Solomon error correction using a Reed-Solomon Product-like Code (RSPC). Mode 1 therefore contains 288 bytes per sector for error detection and correction, leaving 2,048 bytes per sector available for data. Mode 2, which

528-477: A proprietary interface, such as the Panasonic CD interface , LMSI/Philips, Sony and Mitsumi standards. Virtually all modern CD-ROM drives can also play audio CDs (as well as Video CDs and other data standards) when used with the right software. CD-ROM drives employ a near- infrared 780 nm laser diode . The laser beam is directed onto the disc via an opto-electronic tracking module, which then detects whether

594-434: A song, or repeat playing of any record or song; or watch more than one movie or watch a movie more than once. The library also prohibits photo taking and video recording, especially after smartphones gained popularity since around 2012. Many "No photo-taking" signs are set up in several locations, including the entrance, children's library, staircase, and study rooms. The library also has security to maintain order, including

660-818: A specification to define a file system format for CD-ROMs. The resulting specification, called the High Sierra format, was published in May 1986. It was eventually standardized, with a few changes, as the ISO 9660 standard in 1988. One of the first products to be made available to the public on CD-ROM was the Grolier Academic Encyclopedia , presented at the Microsoft CD-ROM Conference in March 1986. CD-ROMs began being used in home video game consoles starting with

726-489: A very similar manner (only differing from audio CDs in the standards used to store the data). Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic , with a thin layer of aluminium to make a reflective surface. The most common size of CD-ROM is 120 mm in diameter, though the smaller Mini CD standard with an 80 mm diameter, as well as shaped compact discs in numerous non-standard sizes and molds (e.g., business card-sized media ), also exist. Data

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792-463: Is a maximum. 20× was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints until Samsung Electronics introduced the SCR-3230, a 32× CD-ROM drive which uses a ball bearing system to balance the spinning disc in the drive to reduce vibration and noise. As of 2004, the fastest transfer rate commonly available is about 52× or 10,400 rpm and 7.62 MB/s. Higher spin speeds are limited by the strength of

858-406: Is an intelligent building , built on a network flooring system to offer litheness for the supply of power, telecommunication and further alteration and extension. Hong Kong Central Library has been designated as the legal depository library in Hong Kong for nine global organisations: Materials published by these organisations will have copies sent to this library. These materials are accessible to

924-578: Is defined as "1× speed". Therefore, for Mode 1 CD-ROMs, a 1× CD-ROM drive reads 150/2 = 75 consecutive sectors per second. The playing time of a standard CD is 74 minutes, or 4,440 seconds, contained in 333,000 blocks or sectors . Therefore, the net capacity of a Mode-1 CD-ROM is 650 MB (650 × 2 ). For 80 minute CDs, the capacity is 703 MB. CD-ROM XA is an extension of the Yellow Book standard for CD-ROMs that combines compressed audio, video and computer data, allowing all to be accessed simultaneously. It

990-418: Is more appropriate for image or video data (where perfect reliability may be a little bit less important), contains no additional error detection or correction bytes, having therefore 2,336 available data bytes per sector. Both modes, like audio CDs, still benefit from the lower layers of error correction at the frame level. Before being stored on a disc with the techniques described above, each CD-ROM sector

1056-550: Is now uncommon. The earliest theoretical work on optical disc storage was done by independent researchers in the United States including David Paul Gregg (1958) and James Russel (1965–1975). In particular, Gregg's patents were used as the basis of the LaserDisc specification that was co-developed between MCA and Philips after MCA purchased Gregg's patents, as well as the company he founded, Gauss Electrophysics. The LaserDisc

1122-494: Is overdue, etc., merely follow the menu options and readers will find them all. Readers may also carry out renewal and reservation at any OPAC terminal. Multimedia Information System is an example of all-embracing use of information technology and computer application in the Hong Kong Central Library. A three level audio-on-demand (AOD) and video-on-demand (VOD) system has been set up: To enable more public to use

1188-428: Is possible to fit larger disc images using raw mode, up to 333,000 × 2,352 = 783,216,000 bytes (~747 MB). This is the upper limit for raw images created on a 74 min or ≈650 MB Red Book CD. The 14.8% increase is due to the discarding of error correction data. CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with binary prefixes , subtracting the space used for error correction data. The capacity of a CD-ROM depends on how close

1254-534: Is present in the computer's CD-ROM drive. Manufacturers of CD writers ( CD-R or CD-RW ) are encouraged by the music industry to ensure that every drive they produce has a unique identifier, which will be encoded by the drive on every disc that it records: the RID or Recorder Identification Code. This is a counterpart to the Source Identification Code (SID), an eight character code beginning with " IFPI " that

1320-593: Is scrambled to prevent some problematic patterns from showing up. These scrambled sectors then follow the same encoding process described in the Red Book in order to be finally stored on a CD. The following table shows a comparison of the structure of sectors in CD-DA and CD-ROMs: The net byte rate of a Mode-1 CD-ROM, based on comparison to CD-DA audio standards, is 44,100 Hz × 16 bits/sample × 2 channels × 2,048 / 2,352 / 8 = 150 KB/s (150 × 2 ) . This value, 150 Kbyte/s,

1386-421: Is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations called "pits", with the non-indented spaces between them called "lands". A laser is shone onto the reflective surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits and lands. Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the wavelength of the laser light used to read the disc, the reflected beam 's phase is shifted in relation to

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1452-402: Is used for data. XA Mode 2 Form 2 has 2,324 bytes of user data, and is similar to the standard Mode 2 but with error detection bytes added (though no error correction). It can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 1 sectors, and it is used for audio/video data. Video CDs , Super Video CDs , Photo CDs , Enhanced Music CDs and CD-i use these sector modes. The following table shows a comparison of

1518-709: The Kowloon Public Library in 1984). The Pok Fu Lam Public Library opened next in December 1970 in the newly constructed Wah Fu Estate , and has served that community continuously for over 40 years. The first public library in the New Territories opened in Fuk Loi Estate , Tsuen Wan New Town , in 1974. In 1976 the first mobile library was introduced. The Tsuen Wan Central Library, at the time of its opening in July 1993,

1584-569: The PC Engine CD-ROM (TurboGrafx-CD) in 1988, while CD-ROM drives had also become available for home computers by the end of the 1980s. In 1990, Data East demonstrated an arcade system board that supported CD-ROMs, similar to 1980s LaserDisc video games but with digital data, allowing more flexibility than older LaserDisc games. By early 1990, about 300,000 CD-ROM drives were sold in Japan, while 125,000 CD-ROM discs were being produced monthly in

1650-440: The Hong Kong Central Library are manly related to Hong Kong and include: Several floors of the Hong Kong Central Library have discussion rooms available for rental at a fixed charge on an hourly basis, and on a 30-minute basis thereafter. The library houses a Délifrance café outside the library area on the first floor behind the bookshop. There are both indoor and outdoor seats for it. To help create an artistic environment for

1716-515: The Hong Kong Central Library symbolises the Gate to Knowledge, while the triangle, square and circle which make up the arch all carry further meaning. The circle represents the sky, the square the land and the triangle the accretion of knowledge. When it was originally proposed, the design was controversial and received critiques from Urban Council members. Additionally, the library has an intelligent building design. Power and data lines reach every corner of

1782-474: The LCSD said that the public is "welcome" to report books that may violate the national security law. CD-ROM During the 1990s and early 2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software and data for computers and fifth generation video game consoles . DVDs as well as downloading started to replace CD-ROMs in these roles starting in the early 2000s, and the use of CD-ROMs for commercial software

1848-630: The Libraries Select Committee of the Council, also criticised Chung for breaching procedures and opposing the Council's decisions. On 8 August 1997, the Provisional Urban Council decided to vote between the design by Rocco Yim Sen-kee and the original design, which resulted in a tie with 21 votes each, then Leung, the Council's chairman, made the final decision by casting his second vote for the original design, even though Yim's design

1914-489: The United States. Some computers that were marketed in the 1990s were called " multimedia " computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. The first laptop to have an integrated CD-ROM drive as an option was 1993's CF-V21P by Panasonic ; however, the drive only supported mini CDs up to 3.5 inches in diameter. The first notebook to support standard 4.7-inch-diameter discs

1980-406: The beam has been reflected or scattered. CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs. If a CD-ROM is read at the same rotational speed as an audio CD , the data transfer rate is 150 Kbyte/s, commonly called "1×" (with constant linear velocity, short "CLV" ). At this data rate, the track moves along under the laser spot at about 1.2 m/s. To maintain this linear velocity as

2046-515: The building, laying the necessary foundation for digital service. Opened on 17 May 2001, the Hong Kong Central Library provides a complete variety of library services including: The Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) enables readers to rummage around the whole Chinese and English collections of the Hong Kong Public Libraries. Over and above a wide assortment of search options, such as author, title, subject, etc. Readers do not have

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2112-546: The choice at the start to narrow their search to books only, to audio-visual materials only or to some other categories or materials. From any OPAC terminal, readers will know instantaneously whether the item they need is available on the shelf, on loan or being reserved. If it is on loan, readers will also know the date the item is due for return. In case readers wish to know library related activities that are being held or forthcoming; or wish to check their own borrowing record, like how many books readers have borrowed, which item

2178-423: The data are recorded on them by a laser changing the properties of a dye or phase transition material in a process that is often referred to as " burning ". Data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification (originally defined for audio CD only). This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding (CIRC), eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), and

2244-500: The data stored in these sectors corresponds to any type of digital data, not audio samples encoded according to the audio CD specification. To structure, address and protect this data, the CD-ROM standard further defines two sector modes, Mode 1 and Mode 2, which describe two different layouts for the data inside a sector. A track (a group of sectors) inside a CD-ROM only contains sectors in the same mode, but if multiple tracks are present in

2310-615: The demolition of the old city hall in 1933. The first modern library opened in 1962 at the new City Hall , which was also the central library for many years before the opening of the Central Library . Over ten thousand library cards were issued in the first month of service, and borrowers were limited to only one book at a time. The second location and the first in Kowloon was the Waterloo Road Library, opened 1965 (later replaced by

2376-537: The design from urban councillors and the cultural community, so she asked the Director of Architectural Services Department Pau Shiu-hung for new designs, and Pau invited four prominent Hong Kong private architects to the task. A row broke out in July 1997 when Ronald Leung Ding-bong , chairman of the Provisional Urban Council , openly scolded Chung for acting without his approval. Kam Nai-wai , chairman of

2442-401: The disc at 1600 to 4000 rpm, giving a linear velocity of 9.6 m/s and a transfer rate of 1200 Kbyte/s. Above 12× speed most drives read at Constant angular velocity (CAV, constant rpm) so that the motor is not made to change from one speed to another as the head seeks from place to place on the disc. In CAV mode the "×" number denotes the transfer rate at the outer edge of the disc, where it

2508-550: The enforcement of the "No photo-taking" rule. The library does not allow general citizens to apply for photography; only commercial filming is allowed, and standard fees apply. In July 2020, after the passage of the Hong Kong national security law , under the direction of the authorities, the library authority removed select pro-democracy books and marked them "under review". At least nine books were removed, including books by Joshua Wong , Tanya Chan and Horace Chin . In 2021, it

2574-659: The first level video and third level audio and video of the AOD/VOD system, about 90 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) terminals are installed in the Hong Kong Central Library. Meanwhile, the public can also use the AOD system by using the over 400 LAN workstations in the Central Library. In addition, the Hong Kong Central Library provides document imaging materials, such as drawings, manuscripts , microfilms , clippings , reports, posters, house programmes , newspapers, photos, maps, pictures, black-and-white document images etc. After clearance of

2640-538: The incoming beam, causing destructive interference and reducing the reflected beam's intensity. This is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on compact discs, known as the Rainbow Books . The Yellow Book , created in 1983, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, standardized in 1988 as the ISO / IEC 10149 standard and in 1989 as the ECMA -130 standard. The CD-ROM standard builds on top of

2706-673: The late 1990s. Over 10 years later, commonly available drives vary between 24× (slimline and portable units, 10× spin speed) and 52× (typically CD- and read-only units, 21× spin speed), all using CAV to achieve their claimed "max" speeds, with 32× through 48× most common. Even so, these speeds can cause poor reading (drive error correction having become very sophisticated in response) and even shattering of poorly made or physically damaged media, with small cracks rapidly growing into catastrophic breakages when centripetally stressed at 10,000–13,000 rpm (i.e. 40–52× CAV). High rotational speeds also produce undesirable noise from disc vibration, rushing air and

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2772-529: The library in 2016. Now fences have been installed from third to sixth floors. The library was designed by government senior architect Ho Chiu-fan. When the design was submitted to the Town Planning Board in 1995, its members were disappointed, especially by its exterior look. After Elaine Chung Lai-kwok became the Director of Urban Services Department in February 1997, she heard strong criticisms against

2838-464: The library, three submissions to the Competition on Design of Decorative Works of Art for the Hong Kong Central Library were selected and place around the library. Those installments include: After three cases of jumping to death in the library, tall fences were installed along some railings around the corners on fifth and sixth floors in 2015 to prevent future suicides. Yet there was another suicide in

2904-514: The new library, which contains the greatest number of reference books among the public libraries in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Public Libraries The Hong Kong Public Libraries ( HKPL ; Chinese : 香港公共圖書館 ) is a system of 70 static and 12 mobile public libraries in Hong Kong . Offering a total collection of 14.35 million items, the system is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department . The network of libraries are interconnected by

2970-412: The optical head moves to different positions, the angular velocity is varied from about 500 rpm at the inner edge to 200 rpm at the outer edge. The 1× speed rating for CD-ROM (150 Kbyte/s) is different from the 1× speed rating for DVDs (1.32 MB/s). When the speed at which the disc is spun is increased, data can be transferred at greater rates. For example, a CD-ROM drive that can read at 8× speed spins

3036-473: The original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs , further define formats based on the CD-ROM specifications. The Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM. ISO 9660 defines

3102-432: The original CD-ROMs. This differs somewhat from audio CD protection in that it is usually implemented in both the media and the software itself. The CD-ROM itself may contain "weak" sectors to make copying the disc more difficult, and additional data that may be difficult or impossible to copy to a CD-R or disc image, but which the software checks for each time it is run to ensure an original disc and not an unauthorized copy

3168-576: The outer edge of the disc with the same rotational speed as a standard ( constant linear velocity , CLV) 12×, or 32× with a slight increase. However, due to the nature of CAV (linear speed at the inner edge is still only 12×, increasing smoothly in-between) the actual throughput increase is less than 30/12; in fact, roughly 20× average for a completely full disc, and even less for a partially filled one. Problems with vibration, owing to limits on achievable symmetry and strength in mass-produced media, mean that CD-ROM drive speeds have not massively increased since

3234-463: The outward data track is extended to the disc's outer rim. A standard 120 mm, 700 MB CD-ROM can actually hold about 703 MB of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer DVD-ROM can hold 4.7 GB (4.7 × 10 bytes) of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs. CD-ROM discs are read using CD-ROM drives. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an IDE ( ATA ), SCSI , SATA , FireWire , or USB interface or

3300-529: The polycarbonate plastic of which the discs are made. At 52×, the linear velocity of the outermost part of the disc is around 65 m/s. However, improvements can still be obtained using multiple laser pickups as demonstrated by the Kenwood TrueX 72× which uses seven laser beams and a rotation speed of approximately 10×. The first 12× drive was released in late 1996. Above 12× speed, there are problems with vibration and heat. CAV drives give speeds up to 30× at

3366-507: The public via a variety of methods. Reading tables are all provided with separate power points and dataline outlets through which library patrons can use their own portable computers to access the library network and the Internet. Readers can also retrieve a wide range of multimedia databases on CD-ROMs and the Internet through the LAN / ATM workstations. The 11 special collections being housed in

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3432-488: The relevant copyright / licensing terms, the materials are digitised and stored in the multimedia databases for all set access of users. Comparing with the traditional library services, the digital library can provide better services in the way that: The Multimedia Information Services have already been extended to other public libraries . Depending on user demand, the Hong Kong Central Library may also make more workstations available for use. The Hong Kong Central Library

3498-575: The spindle motor itself. Most 21st-century drives allow forced low speed modes (by use of small utility programs) for the sake of safety, accurate reading or silence, and will automatically fall back if numerous sequential read errors and retries are encountered. Other methods of improving read speed were trialled such as using multiple optical beams, increasing throughput up to 72× with a 10× spin speed, but along with other technologies like 90~99 minute recordable media, GigaRec and double-density compact disc ( Purple Book standard) recorders, their utility

3564-482: The standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO 13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW , as well as multiple sessions . The ISO 13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO 9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs . A bootable CD specification, called El Torito ,

3630-462: The structure of sectors in CD-ROM XA modes: When a disc image of a CD-ROM is created, this can be done in either "raw" mode (extracting 2,352 bytes per sector, independent of the internal structure), or obtaining only the sector's useful data (2,048/2,336/2,352/2,324 bytes depending on the CD-ROM mode). The file size of a disc image created in raw mode is always a multiple of 2,352 bytes (the size of

3696-457: The territory. This twelve-story building is equipped with state-of-the-art technologies and serves as the administrative headquarters and main library of the public library network. It is also the major information centre for Hong Kong. All libraries in Hong Kong are subject to "Library Regulations" Regulators, the only part of the regulation is out of date. Such as listening area and viewing area, no person shall ─ more than one record or listen to

3762-452: The use of pits and lands for coding the bits into the physical surface of the CD. The structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book . Like audio CDs (CD-DA), a CD-ROM sector contains 2,352 bytes of user data, composed of 98 frames, each consisting of 33 bytes (24 bytes for the user data, 8 bytes for error correction, and 1 byte for the sub code). Unlike audio CDs,

3828-466: Was IBM 's ThinkPad 755CD in 1994. On early audio CD players that were released prior to the advent of the CD-ROM, the raw binary data of CD-ROM was played back as noise. To address this problem, the subcode channel Q has a "data" flag in areas of the disc that contain computer data rather than playable audio. The data flag instructs CD players to mute the audio. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs , and data are stored and retrieved in

3894-640: Was discovered that libraries had removed 29 titles about the Tiananmen Massacre , with a total of 263 copies removed. In May 2023, books by cartoonist Zunzi were removed from public libraries, with the LCSD saying, "Hong Kong Public Libraries will periodically review and remove books that do not comply with the development of the collection. Books that are suspected to potentially violate national security law or Hong Kong laws will be immediately removed for review." Hong Kong Free Press reported on multiple titles that were removed since 2020. In July 2023,

3960-572: Was intended as a bridge between CD-ROM and CD-i ( Green Book ) and was published by Sony and Philips , and backed by Microsoft , in 1991, first announced in September 1988. "XA" stands for eXtended Architecture. CD-ROM XA defines two new sector layouts, called Mode 2 Form 1 and Mode 2 Form 2 (which are different from the original Mode 2). XA Mode 2 Form 1 is similar to the Mode 1 structure described above, and can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 2 sectors; it

4026-463: Was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk . Pre-pressed CD-ROMs are mass-produced by a process of stamping where a glass master disc is created and used to make "stampers", which are in turn used to manufacture multiple copies of the final disc with the pits already present. Recordable ( CD-R ) and rewritable ( CD-RW ) discs are manufactured by a different method, whereby

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4092-579: Was later designed as an extension of the CD-DA, and adapted this format to hold any form of digital data, with an initial storage capacity of 553 MB . Sony and Philips created the technical standard that defines the format of a CD-ROM in 1983, in what came to be called the Yellow Book . The CD-ROM was announced in 1984 and introduced by Denon and Sony at the first Japanese COMDEX computer show in 1985. In November 1985, several computer industry participants, including Microsoft , Philips , Sony , Apple and Digital Equipment Corporation, met to create

4158-1082: Was nullified by the introduction of consumer DVD-ROM drives capable of consistent 36× equivalent CD-ROM speeds (4× DVD) or higher. Additionally, with a 700 MB CD-ROM fully readable in under 2.5 minutes at 52× CAV, increases in actual data transfer rate are decreasingly influential on overall effective drive speed when taken into consideration with other factors such as loading/unloading, media recognition, spin up/down and random seek times, making for much decreased returns on development investment. A similar stratification effect has since been seen in DVD development where maximum speed has stabilised at 16× CAV (with exceptional cases between 18× and 22×) and capacity at 4.3 and 8.5 GB (single and dual layer), with higher speed and capacity needs instead being catered to by Blu-ray drives. CD-Recordable drives are often sold with three different speed ratings: one speed for write-once operations, one for re-write operations, and one for read-only operations. The speeds are typically listed in that order; i.e.

4224-493: Was praised by architects as much superior to the original. There existed some memorial plaques dedicated to famous modern Chinese writers in the library, one of them was for the witty and erudite scholar-novelist Qian Zhongshu ( 錢鍾書 ). When the library was first opened, it was found that the second character in Qian's name, zhong ( 鍾 , "to favour"), was mis-represented as zhong ( 鐘 , "clock"). The mistake drew some criticism against

4290-549: Was the immediate precursor to the CD, with the primary difference being that the LaserDisc encoded information through an analog process whereas the CD used digital encoding. Key work to digitize the optical disc was performed by Toshi Doi and Kees Schouhamer Immink during 1979–1980, who worked on a taskforce for Sony and Philips . The result was the Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA), defined in 1980. The CD-ROM

4356-469: Was the largest library in Hong Kong. The public libraries were originally administered by either the Urban Council or Regional Council , depending on the location. When the municipal councils were abolished in 1999, the library systems were merged under the newly formed Leisure and Cultural Services Department . The Hong Kong Central Library was completed in 2001 and is the largest public library in

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