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95-469: The original Orthodox monastery was founded ca. 1400 by Theodore, the son of Liubartas . Parts of the 15th century walls survive. The abbey was surrounded by a high rampart and a deep moat . The main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary . It was built after a Tatar raid in 1548 and looks like a small fortress. A two-storey bell tower from the 1630s stands nearby. In the 18th century Univ housed

190-484: A Christian monastery , abbey , priory or other religious house is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Ukrainian building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ukrainian Greek Catholicism -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Liubartas Liubartas or Demetrius of Liubar (also Lubart , Lubko , Lubardus , baptized Dmitry ; died c.  1383 )

285-510: A Diet in late 1351. He confirmed all but one of the provisions of the Golden Bull of 1222 , declaring that all noblemen enjoyed the same liberties in his realms. He rejected only the provision that authorized noblemen who died without a son to freely bequeath their estates. Instead, he introduced an entail system, prescribing that the estates of a nobleman who had no male descendants passed to his kinsmen, or if there were no male relatives to

380-531: A Tatar army, expanding his authority towards the Black Sea . When his brother, Andrew, Duke of Calabria , husband of Queen Joanna I of Naples , was assassinated in 1345, Louis accused the queen of his murder and punishing her became the principal goal of his foreign policy. He launched two campaigns to the Kingdom of Naples between 1347 and 1350. His troops occupied large territories on both occasions, and Louis adopted

475-546: A crusade against the pagan Lithuanians in December 1344. The crusaders – including John of Bohemia , Charles of Moravia, Peter of Bourbon , and William of Hainaut and Holland  – laid siege to Vilnius . However, a Lithuanian invasion of the lands of the Teutonic Knights forced them to lift the siege. Louis returned to Hungary in late February 1345. He dispatched Andrew Lackfi , Count of

570-409: A skin disease with symptoms similar to leprosy . Thereafter he became even more zealous and dedicated more time to praying and religious contemplation. After his meeting with Louis in 1372, the papal legate, John de Cardailhac , stated: "I call God as my witness that I have never seen a monarch more majestic and more powerful ... or one who desires peace and calm as much as he." He also changed

665-400: A Dalmatian fortress that Stefan Dušan's sister, Jelena , had inherited from her husband, Mladen Šubić . In summer 1356, Louis invaded Venetian territories without a formal declaration of war. He laid siege to Treviso on 27 July. A local nobleman, Giuliano Baldachino, noticed that Louis sat alone while writing his letters on the banks of Sile River on each morning. Baldachino proposed

760-526: A ceremonious entry, but he refused, threatening to let his soldiers sack the town if they did not raise the taxes. He adopted the traditional titles of the kings of Naples – "King of Sicily and Jerusalem , Duke of Apulia and Prince of Capua " – and administered the kingdom from the Castel Nuovo , garrisoning his mercenaries in the most important forts. He used unusually brutal methods of investigation to capture all accomplices in

855-776: A decree authorizing the Transylvanian noblemen to pass judgments against "malefactors belonging to any nation, especially Romanians". He also decreed that testimony of a Romanian knez who had received a royal charter of grant weighed the same as that of a nobleman. In the same year, Louis granted the Banate of Severin and the district of Fogaras to Vladislav Vlaicu of Wallachia, who had accepted his suzerainty. Tvrtko I of Bosnia also accepted Louis's suzerainty after Hungarian troops assisted him in regaining his throne in early 1367. Louis made attempts to convert his pagan or "schismatic" subjects to Catholicism, even by force. The conversion of

950-668: A group of Transylvanian Saxons , who had refused to pay taxes, and forced them to yield in the summer of 1344. During his stay in Transylvania, Nicholas Alexander  – who was the son of Basarab , the ruling prince of Wallachia  – swore loyalty to Louis on his father's behalf in Brassó (now Brașov in Romania ); thus the suzerainty of the Hungarian monarchs over Wallachia was, at least outwardly, restored. Louis joined

1045-518: A male successor. Instead of promoting Liubartas and causing a war with Poland, Gediminas compromised with Ladislaus the Short . Both parties agreed to install Yuri II Boleslav , nephew of Leo and Andrew. Boleslaw-Yuri was a son of Trojden I, Duke of Masovia from the Piast dynasty , a cousin of Władysław I, and nephew of Gediminas' son-in-law Wenceslaus of Płock . At the time Boleslaw was fourteen years old and

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1140-478: A military expedition against Wallachia or another neighboring territory. A charter of 1360 said that a Romanian voivode , Dragoș of Giulești , restored Louis's suzerainty in Moldavia after a rebellion of local Romanians. According to most Moldavian chronicles, Dragoș , who is sometimes identified with Dragoș of Giulești and sometimes as Dragoș of Bedeu, departed "from the Hungarian country, from Maramureș " at

1235-605: A mutiny among his German mercenaries forced him to return to Hungary. The Black Death had meanwhile reached Hungary. The first wave of the epidemic ended in June, but it returned in September, killing Louis's first wife, Margaret. Louis also fell ill, but survived the plague . Although the Black Death was less devastating in the sparsely populated Hungary than in other parts of Europe, there were regions that became depopulated in 1349, and

1330-624: A new treaty with Charles I of Hungary and Louis in Visegrád . According to the treaty, Charles of Moravia acknowledged the right of Charles I's sons to succeed their maternal uncle, Casimir III of Poland , if Casimir died without a male issue. Louis also pledged that he would marry the margrave's three-year-old daughter, Margaret . Casimir III's first wife, Aldona of Lithuania , died on 26 May 1339. Two leading Polish noblemen  – Zbigniew, chancellor of Kraków, and Spycimir Leliwita  – persuaded Casimir, who had not fathered

1425-502: A previous agreement between the late kings of Naples and Hungary. He visited his bride's father, Charles of Moravia , in Prague to persuade him to intervene on Andrew's behalf with Charles's former tutor, Pope Clement VI , the overlord of the Kingdom of Naples . Louis also sent envoys to his Neapolitan relatives and the high officials of the kingdom, urging them to promote his brother's interests. Their mother, Elizabeth, left for Naples in

1520-535: A printing house. The monastery was disbanded in 1790. Mykhajlo Levitsky transformed the property into his residence. The moat was filled in and parts of the medieval wall were demolished. Levitsky's summer palace dates from the 1820s. The lavra was re-established in 1904 on the basis of the Krystinopil (now Chervonohrad ) Basil Monastery by the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky . This article about

1615-569: A ransom for the imprisoned Neapolitan princes. Casimir III of Poland urged Louis to intervene in his war with the Lithuanians who had occupied Brest , Volodymyr-Volynskyi , and other important towns in Halych and Lodomeria in the previous years. The two monarchs agreed that Halych and Lodomeria would be integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary after Casimir's death. Casimir also authorized Louis to redeem

1710-674: A reconciliation between Rudolph IV and the patriarch. At a meeting with Louis's envoys in Prague, Emperor Charles made an insulting remark about Louis's mother, stating that she "was shameless", according to Jan Długosz 's chronicle. Louis demanded an apology, but the emperor did not answer. In preparation for a war against Bohemia, Louis ordered the mobilization of the royal army and marched to Trencsén (now Trenčín in Slovakia). However, his supposed allies (Rudolf IV of Austria, Meinhard III of Tyrol and Casimir III of Poland) failed to join him, and

1805-571: A royal charter that year, he was planning to invade Wallachia because the new voivode, Vladislav Vlaicu , had refused to obey him. However, he ended up heading a campaign against the Bulgarian Tsardom of Vidin and its ruler Ivan Sratsimir , which suggests that Vladislav Vlaicu had in the meantime yielded to him. Louis seized Vidin and imprisoned Ivan Stratsimir in May or June. Within three months, his troops occupied Ivan Stratsimir's realm , which

1900-621: A royal charter, Louis remembered that in his childhood, a knight of the royal court, Peter Poháros, often carried him on his shoulders. His two tutors, Nicholas Drugeth and Nicholas Tapolcsányi, saved the lives of both Louis and his younger brother, Andrew , when Felician Záh attempted to assassinate the royal family in Visegrád on 17 April 1330. Louis was only nine when he stamped a treaty of alliance between his father and John of Bohemia . A year later, Louis accompanied his father in invading Austria . On 1 March 1338, John of Bohemia's son and heir, Charles , Margrave of Moravia , signed

1995-460: A son, to make his sister, Elizabeth, and her offspring his heirs. According to the 15th-century Jan Długosz , Casimir held a general sejm in Kraków where "the assembled prelates and nobles" proclaimed Louis as Casimir's heir, but the reference to the sejm is anachronistic. Historian Paul W. Knoll writes that Casimir preferred his sister's family to his own daughters or a member of a cadet branch of

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2090-739: A three-year tithe to fight against Francesco II Ordelaffi and other rebellious lords in the Papal States . Louis sent an army under Nicholas Lackfi's command to support the pope's troops in Italy. Louis marched to Dalmatia in July 1357. Split , Trogir , and Šibenik soon got rid of Venetian governors and yielded to Louis. After a short siege, Louis's army also captured Zadar with the assistance of its townspeople. Tvrtko I of Bosnia , who had succeeded Louis's father-in-law in 1353, surrendered western Hum to Louis, who claimed that territory as his wife's dowry. In

2185-513: The Black Death forced Louis to leave Italy in May. He made Ulrich Wolfhardt governor of Naples, but his mercenaries did not hinder Joanna I and her husband from returning in September. Louis, who had signed a truce for eight years with Venice on 5 August, sent new troops to Naples under the command of Stephen Lackfi , Voivode of Transylvania , in late 1349. Lackfi reoccupied Capua , Aversa and other forts that had been lost to Joanna I, but

2280-640: The Genoese–Venetian War , because his truce of 1349 with Venice was still in force. Louis married Elizabeth of Bosnia , who was the daughter of his vassal, Stephen II , in 1353. Historian Gyula Kristó says that this marriage showed Louis's renewed interest in the affairs of the Balkan Peninsula . While he was hunting in Zólyom County (now in Slovakia) in late November 1353, a brown bear attacked him, inflicting 24 wounds on his legs. Louis's life

2375-538: The Holy Crown of Hungary in Székesfehérvár . Although Louis had attained the age of majority, his mother Elizabeth "acted as a sort of co-regent" for decades, because she exerted a powerful influence on him. Louis inherited a rich treasury from his father, who had strengthened royal authority and ruled without holding Diets during the last decades of his reign. Louis introduced a new system of land grants, excluding

2470-528: The Piast dynasty , because he wanted to ensure the king of Hungary's support against the Teutonic Knights . Louis's father and uncle signed a treaty in Visegrád in July whereby Casimir III made Louis his heir if he died without a son. In exchange, Charles I pledged that Louis would reoccupy Pomerania and other Polish lands lost to the Teutonic Order without Polish funds and would only employ Poles in

2565-499: The Polish Crown Jewels were transferred to Buda, which raised discontent among Louis's new subjects. Louis's wife gave birth to a daughter, Catherine , in 1370, seventeen years after their marriage; a second daughter, Mary , was born in 1371. Thereafter Louis's made several attempts to safeguard his daughters' right to succeed him. During a war between Emperor Charles IV and Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria , Louis intervened on

2660-565: The Republic of Venice and accepted his suzerainty. Louis meanwhile returned to Visegrád . He dispatched Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia , to assist the burghers of Zadar, but the ban did not fight against the Venetians. Louis's brother Andrew was murdered in Aversa on 18 September 1345. Louis and his mother accused Queen Joanna I, Prince Robert of Taranto , Duke Charles of Durazzo , and other members of

2755-565: The Republic of Venice to renounce the Dalmatian towns in 1358. He also made several attempts to expand his suzerainty over the rulers of Bosnia , Moldavia , Wallachia , and parts of Bulgaria and Serbia. These rulers were sometimes willing to yield to him, either under duress or in the hope of support against their internal opponents, but Louis's rule in these regions was only nominal during most of his reign. His attempts to convert his pagan or Orthodox subjects to Catholicism made him unpopular in

2850-587: The Treaty of Zadar , which was signed on 18 February 1358, the Republic of Venice renounced all Dalmatian towns and islands between the Gulf of Kvarner and Durazzo in favor of Louis. The Republic of Ragusa also accepted Louis's suzerainty. The Dalmatian towns remained self-governing communities, owing only a yearly tribute and naval service to Louis, who also abolished all commercial restrictions that had been introduced during

2945-567: The Union of Lublin . In 1382, after death of Louis I of Hungary , Liubartas captured Kremenets , Przemyśl , and other cities from Hungary . He supported his brother Kęstutis against nephew Jogaila during the succession fights. He built a castle in Lutsk, known as the Lubart's Castle , that survives to this day. Liubartas died c.  1385 , having ruled Volhynia for roughly sixty years. He married for

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3040-609: The Balkan states. Louis established a university in Pécs in 1367, but it was closed within two decades because he did not arrange for sufficient revenues to maintain it. Louis inherited Poland after his uncle's death in 1370. Since he had no sons, he wanted his subjects to acknowledge the right of his daughters to succeed him in both Hungary and Poland. For this purpose, he issued the Privilege of Koszyce (now Košice in Slovakia) in 1374 spelling out

3135-493: The Crown, upon his death. At the same Diet, Louis ordered that all landowners were to collect the "ninth", that is one tenth of specified agricultural products, from the peasants who held plots on their estates. On the other hand, he confirmed the right of all peasants to freely move to another landowner's estates. The "general accord" between Louis and the royal couple of Naples "was accepted by both sides" during 1351, according to

3230-795: The Khan, Atlamïş, and making the Tatars flee toward the coastal area. The Golden Horde was pushed back behind the Dniester River , thereafter the Golden Horde's control of the lands between the Eastern Carpathians and the Black Sea weakened. A conflict between Louis's uncle and father-in-law (Casimir III of Poland and Charles of Moravia) led to a war between Poland and Bohemia in April. In this war Louis supported his uncle with reinforcements in accordance with

3325-525: The Kingdom of Naples on 24 December near L'Aquila , which had yielded to him. Queen Joanna remarried, wedding a cousin, Louis of Taranto , and fled for Marseille on 11 January 1348. Their other relatives, Robert of Taranto and Charles of Durazzo, visited Louis in Aversa to yield to him. Louis received them amicably and convinced them to persuade their brothers, Philip of Taranto and Louis of Durazzo , to join them. After their arrival, King Louis's "smile

3420-435: The Lithuanians, and Hungarian troops supported Albert II, Duke of Austria , against Zürich . The Venetian delegates offered Louis 6–7,000 golden ducats as a compensation for Dalmatia, but Louis refused to give up his plan to reconquer the province. He signed an alliance with Albert II of Austria and Nicolaus of Luxemburg , Patriarch of Aquileia , against Venice. Upon his order, Croatian lords besieged and captured Klis ,

3515-524: The Lithuanians, who even killed one of his allies, Boleslaus III of Płock , in battle. Louis returned to Buda before 13 September. A papal legate visited Louis to persuade him to wage war against Stefan Dušan , Emperor of the Serbs , who had forced his Roman Catholic subjects to be re-baptised and join the Serbian Orthodox Church . To deal with the grievances of the Hungarian noblemen, Louis held

3610-532: The Neapolitan branches of the Capetian House of Anjou of plotting against Andrew. In his letter of 15 January 1346 to Pope Clement VI , Louis demanded that the pope dethrone the "husband-killer" queen in favor of Charles Martel , her infant son by Andrew. Louis also laid claim to the regency of the kingdom during the minority of his nephew, referring to his patrilinear descent from the first-born son of Robert

3705-496: The Ottomans but also pleaded with him to send reinforcements to Italy to fight against Bernabò Visconti . A war broke out between the Republic of Venice and Francesco I da Carrara , Lord of Padova , who was an ally of Louis, in the summer of 1372. Louis sent reinforcements to Italy to assist Francesco da Carrara. The Venetians defeated the Hungarian troops at Treviso and captured its commander, Nicholas Lackfi, forcing Louis I to sign

3800-677: The Serbian lord was a member of the Rastislalić family; Gyula Kristó and Iván Bertényi identify him as Lazar Hrebeljanović . Royal charters of 1358 show that Hungarian troops fought in Serbia in October 1358. The next summer Louis also marched to Serbia, but Stefan Uroš V of Serbia avoided battle. Louis and the royal army stayed in Transylvania in November 1359 and January 1360, implying that he planned

3895-516: The Székelys , to invade the lands of the Golden Horde in retaliation for the Tatars ' earlier plundering raids against Transylvania and the Szepesség (now Spiš in Slovakia). Lackfi and his army of mainly Székely warriors inflicted a defeat on a large Tatar army on 2 February 1345. Hungarian warriors were victorious in their campaign, decapitating the local Tatar leader, the brother-in-law of

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3990-604: The Tatars made no plundering raids in Transylvania after 1354, which suggests that Villani's report is reliable. In the same year, Louis invaded Serbia, Stefan Dušan successfully repelled the invasion, preserving, or even extending his original borders in the north. Under pressure, Dušan initiated negotiations with the Holy See for acknowledgement of the popes' primacy . Peace with Dušan was concluded in May 1355. The following year, Louis sent reinforcements to Casimir III to fight against

4085-409: The Venetians bribed his commanders. When the citizens broke out and attacked the besiegers on 1 July, the royal army failed to intervene, and the Venetians overcame the defenders outside the walls of the town. Louis withdrew but refused to renounce Dalmatia, although the Venetians offered to pay 320,000 golden florins as compensation. Lacking military support from Louis, however, Zadar surrendered to

4180-593: The Venetians on 21 December 1346. Louis sent small expeditions one after one to Italy at the beginning of his war against Joanna, because he did not want to harass the Italians who had suffered from a famine the previous year. His first troops departed under the command of Nicholas Vásári , Bishop of Nyitra (now Nitra in Slovakia), on 24 April 1347. Louis also hired German mercenaries. He departed from Visegrád on 11 November. After marching through Udine , Verona , Modena , Bologna , Urbino , and Perugia , he entered

4275-452: The Venetians to assassinate him in exchange for 12,000 golden florins and Castelfranco Veneto , but they refused his offer because he did not share the details of his plans with them. Louis returned to Buda in the autumn, but his troops continued the siege. Pope Innocent VI urged the Venetians to make a peace with Hungary. The pope made Louis the "standard-bearer of the Church" and granted him

4370-474: The Venetians' rule. The merchants of Ragusa were explicitly entitled to freely trade in Serbia even during a war between Hungary and Serbia. Serbia started to disintegrate after the death of Stefan Dušan. According to Matteo Villani, an unidentified Serbian lord sought Hungarian assistance against his more powerful (and also unnamed) enemy in the late 1350s. Historians John V. A. Fine and Pál Engel write that

4465-514: The Wallachians ambushed it and killed many Hungarian soldiers, including the voivode. However, Louis's campaign against Wallachia from the west was successful and Vladislav Vlaicu yield to him in next summer. Upon his initiative, Louis restored Ivan Stratsimir in Vidin. Ivan Stratsimir swore loyalty to Louis and sent his two daughters as hostages to Hungary. From the late 1360s, Louis suffered from

4560-551: The Wise's father, Charles II of Naples . He even promised to increase the amount of yearly tribute that the kings of Naples would pay to the Holy See . After the pope failed to fully investigate Andrew's murder, Louis decided to invade southern Italy. In preparation for the invasion, he sent his envoys to Ancona and other Italian towns before summer 1346. While his envoys negotiated in Italy, Louis marched to Dalmatia to relieve Zadar, but

4655-532: The agreement of 1339. While Louis's armies were fighting in Poland and against the Tatars, Louis marched to Croatia in June 1345 and besieged Knin , the former seat of the late Ivan Nelipac , who had successfully resisted Louis's father, forcing his widow and son to surrender. The counts of Corbavia and other Croatian noblemen also yielded to him during his stay in Croatia. The citizens of Zadar rebelled against

4750-403: The command of Stephen Lackfi, had become notorious for their cruelty. During the campaign, Louis personally led assaults and climbed city walls together with his soldiers, endangering his own life. While besieging Canosa di Puglia , Louis fell into the moat from a ladder when a defender of the fort hit him with a stone. He dove into a river without hesitation to save a young soldier who

4845-745: The congress, Casimir III of Poland confirmed Louis's right to succeed him in Poland if he died without a male issue. Louis, who had not fathered a son either, invited a distant relative of his, Charles of Durazzo , to Hungary in 1364, but did not make the young prince his official heir. Louis allowed the Jews to return to Hungary in the same year; legal proceedings between the Jews and those who had seized their houses lasted for years. Louis assembled his armies in Temesvár (now Timișoara in Romania) in February 1365. According to

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4940-682: The contemporaneous Niccolò Acciaioli . Joanna I and her husband returned to the Kingdom of Naples and Louis's troops were withdrawn. Louis even renounced the ransom that Joanna I had promised to pay for the liberation of the imprisoned Neapolitan princes, stating that he had not gone to "war for greed, but to avenge the death of his brother". Louis continued to use the titles of his grandfather, Charles Martel of Anjou (the firstborn son of Charles II of Naples), styling himself as " Prince of Salerno and lord of Monte Sant'Angelo ". Casimir III laid siege to Belz and Louis joined his uncle in March 1352. During

5035-472: The crusade, emphasizing that he was a powerful monarch, a devout Christian, and "well-placed to help". The next month the pope levied a three-year tithe on the church revenues in Hungary and asked Louis to support the papal officials to collect the tax. However, Louis made every effort to hinder the activities of the papal tax collectors, stating that he needed resources to cover the costs of his future wars against

5130-640: The death of his brother, according to Domenico da Gravina. Most local noble families (including the Balzos and the Sanseverinos ) refused to cooperate with him. The pope refused to confirm Louis's rule in Naples, which would have united two powerful kingdoms under Louis's rule. The pope and the cardinals declared Queen Joanna innocent of her husband's murder at a formal meeting of the College of Cardinals . The arrival of

5225-535: The demand for work force increased in the subsequent years. Louis proposed to renounce the Kingdom of Naples if Clement dethroned Joanna. After the pope refused, Louis departed for his second Neapolitan campaign in April 1350. He suppressed a mutiny that occurred among his mercenaries while he and his troops were waiting for the arrival of further troops in Barletta . While marching towards Naples, he faced resistance at many towns because his vanguards, which were under

5320-571: The district of Sebes in Temes County . Louis supported the religious orders , especially the Franciscans and the Paulines , for whom he and his mother set up dozens of new monasteries. Upon Louis's request, Pope Urban V sanctioned the establishment of a university in Pécs in 1367, with the exception of a faculty of theology . However, Louis did not arrange for sufficient revenues and the university

5415-441: The duchies of Sieradz , Łęczyca and Dobrzyń  – to his grandson, Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania . However, the Polish prelates and lords were opposed to the disintegration of Poland and Casimir III's testament was declared void. Louis visited Gniezno and made his Polish mother, Elizabeth, regent before returning to Hungary in December. His uncle's two surviving daughters ( Anna and Jadwiga) accompanied him, and

5510-445: The duke mutually surrendered their claims to the other party's realms. Louis also persuaded the emperor to renounce his suzerainty over the Duchy of Płock in Poland. Louis decided to convert the Jews in Hungary to Catholicism around 1360. After experiencing resistance, he expelled them from his realms. Their immovable property was confiscated, but they were allowed to take their personal property with them and also to recover

5605-407: The duke's behalf and the Hungarian army invaded Moravia. After the duke and the emperor signed a peace treaty, Louis and the emperor agreed upon the betrothal of their children early the next year. The Ottomans annihilated the Serbian armies in the Battle of Marica on 26 September 1371. Lazar Hrebeljanović , one of the Serbian lords, swore loyalty to Louis. Pope Gregory XI urged Louis to resist

5700-432: The emperor initiated negotiations that lasted for months with the mediation of Casimir III. Louis was finally reconciled with Charles IV at their meeting in Uherské Hradiště on 8 May 1363. Louis invaded Bosnia from two directions in the spring of 1363. An army under the command of Palatine Nicholas Kont and Nicholas Apáti , Archbishop of Esztergom , laid siege to Srebrenica , but the fortress did not surrender. As

5795-500: The emperor refused to dismount and to take off his hat, which offended Louis. John V pledged that he would promote the union of the Byzantine Church with the Papacy, and Louis promised to send him help, but neither the emperor nor Louis fulfilled their promises. Pope Urban encouraged Louis not to send help to Constantinople before the emperor guaranteed the Church union. Louis stayed in Transylvania between June and September 1366, implying that he waged war against Moldavia. He issued

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5890-400: The grantee's brothers and other kinsmen from the donation in contrast with customary law: such estates escheated to the Crown if the grantee's last male descendants died. On the other hand, Louis often " promoted a daughter to a son ", that is authorized a daughter to inherit her father's estates, although customary law prescribed that the landed property of a deceased nobleman who had no sons

5985-414: The head of his retinue, crossed the Carpathian Mountains while chasing an aurochs and settled in the valley of the Moldova River in 1359. The same chronicles presented this "dismounting" by Dragoș as a decisive step towards the development of the Principality of Moldavia . Another Romanian voivode, Bogdan , who had rebelled against Louis and plundered the estates of the Romanian landowners loyal to

6080-437: The infidels and the pope's enemies in Italy. Louis signed a treaty with Emperor Charles and Rudolf IV of Austria in Brno in early 1364, which put an end to their conflicts. In September, Louis visited Kraków to attend the large congress where Peter I of Cyprus attempted to persuade a dozen European monarchs to join the crusade. Louis was the only monarch to promise assistance, but later failed to fulfill his promise. At

6175-432: The king already in the 1340s, departed from Hungary and invaded Moldavia in the early 1360s. Bogdan expelled the descendants of Louis's vassal, Dragoș, from the principality. According to John of Küküllő , Louis launched several expeditions against Bogdan, but their dates cannot be determined. Bogdan ruled Moldavia as an independent prince. Upon the pope's request, Louis sent Hungarian troops to relieve Bologna , which

6270-491: The liberties of Polish noblemen . However, his rule remained unpopular in Poland. In Hungary, he authorized the royal free cities to delegate jurors to the high court hearing their cases and set up a new high court. Suffering from a skin disease , Louis became even more religious during the last years of his life. At the beginning of the Western Schism , he acknowledged Urban VI as the legitimate pope . After Urban deposed Joanna and put Louis's relative Charles of Durazzo on

6365-501: The liberties of the Hungarian nobility at the Diet of 1351, emphasizing the equal status of all noblemen. At the same Diet, he introduced an entail system and a uniform rent payable by the peasants to the landowners, and confirmed the right to free movement for all peasants. He waged wars against the Lithuanians, Serbia , and the Golden Horde in the 1350s, restoring the authority of Hungarian monarchs over territories along frontiers that had been lost during previous decades. He forced

6460-493: The loans they had made. No pogrom took place, which was unusual in Europe in the 14th century, according to historian Raphael Patai . Emperor Charles IV and Rudolf IV of Austria signed a treaty of alliance against the patriarch of Aquileia , who was Louis's ally, in August 1361. Fearing the formation of a coalition along the western borders of Hungary, Louis asked his former enemy, Louis of Taranto (Joanna I's husband), to send at least one of his brothers to Buda, and mediated

6555-399: The next four years. The pope stated that he had never "granted a tenth of such duration", emphasizing the link between his magnanimity and the release of the imprisoned Neapolitan princes. The pope also authorized Louis to seize the pagans' and schismatics' lands bordering on his kingdom. Although Louis signed an alliance with the Republic of Genoa in October 1352, he did not intervene in

6650-481: The pagan Cumans who had settled in Hungary a century before was completed during his reign, according to John of Küküllő . After the conquest of Vidin, he sent Franciscan friars to the new banate to convert the local Orthodox population, which caused widespread discontent among the Bulgarians. In 1366, he ordered that all Serbian priests be converted and rebaptised. He also decreed that only Roman Catholic noblemen and knezes were allowed to hold landed property in

6745-419: The priorities of his foreign policy and began neglecting the Balkan states. Casimir III of Poland and Louis signed a treaty against Emperor Charles IV in Buda in February 1369. At their next meeting in Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia) in September, Albert I of Bavaria , and Rupert I of the Palatinate joined their coalition against the emperor and the Habsburgs . However, Emperor Charles IV persuaded

6840-558: The resistance of the local population. To celebrate the Jubilee of 1350 , Louis visited Rome during his journey back to Hungary. He arrived in Buda on 25 October 1350. With the mediation of the Holy See, the envoys of Louis and Queen Joanna's husband, Louis of Taranto, signed a truce for six months. The pope promised Louis that the queen's role in her husband's murder would again be investigated, and he ordered her to pay 300,000 gold florins as

6935-479: The royal administration in Poland. Louis received the title of Duke of Transylvania from his father in 1339, but he did not administer the province. According to a royal charter from the same year, Louis's bride, Margaret of Bohemia , lived in the Hungarian royal court. Louis's separate ducal court was first mentioned in a royal charter of 1340. Charles I died on 16 July 1342. Five days later, Csanád Telegdi , Archbishop of Esztergom , crowned Louis king with

7030-560: The royal seal was stolen during the siege, a new seal was made and all Louis's former charters were to be confirmed with the new seal. The army under Louis's personal command besieged Sokolac in July, but could not capture it. Hungarian troops returned to Hungary in the same month. Pope Urban V proclaimed a crusade against the Muslim powers of the Mediterraneum upon Peter I of Cyprus 's request on 31 March 1363. Urban V urged Louis to join

7125-515: The second time c.  1350 to an unnamed daughter of Konstantin of Rostov , a relative of Simeon of Moscow . Louis I of Hungary Louis I , also Louis the Great ( Hungarian : Nagy Lajos ; Croatian : Ludovik Veliki ; Slovak : Ľudovít Veľký ) or Louis the Hungarian ( Polish : Ludwik Węgierski ; 5 March 1326 – 10 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370. He

7220-414: The siege, which ended without the surrender of the fort, Louis was heavily injured in his head. Algirdas , Grand Duke of Lithuania , hired Tatar mercenaries who stormed into Podolia , Louis returned to Hungary because he feared a Tatar invasion of Transylvania. Pope Clement proclaimed a crusade against the Lithuanians and the Tatars in May, authorizing Louis to collect a tithe from Church revenues during

7315-533: The styles of Neapolitan sovereigns (including the title of King of Sicily and Jerusalem ), but the Holy See never recognized his claim. Louis's arbitrary acts and atrocities committed by his mercenaries made his rule unpopular in Southern Italy . He withdrew all his troops from the Kingdom of Naples in 1351. Like his father, Louis administered Hungary with absolute power and used royal prerogatives to grant privileges to his courtiers. However, he also confirmed

7410-455: The summer, taking with her almost the whole royal treasure, including more than 6,628 kilograms (14,612 lb) of silver and 5,150 kilograms (11,350 lb) of gold. During her seven-month-long stay in Italy, she was only able to persuade her daughter-in-law and the pope to promise that Andrew would be crowned as Joanna's husband. According to the nearly contemporaneous chronicle of John of Küküllő , Louis launched his first campaign against

7505-495: The throne of Naples, Louis helped Charles occupy the kingdom. In Hungarian historiography, Louis was regarded for centuries as the most powerful Hungarian monarch who ruled over an empire "whose shores were washed by three seas". Born on 5 March 1326, Louis was the third son of Charles I of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth of Poland . He was named for his father's uncle, Louis , Bishop of Toulouse , canonized in 1317. The first-born son of his parents, Charles, died before Louis

7600-543: The title of Duke of Transylvania between 1339 and 1342 but did not administer the province. Louis was of age when he succeeded his father in 1342, but his deeply religious mother exerted a powerful influence on him. He inherited a centralized kingdom and a rich treasury from his father. During the first years of his reign, Louis launched a crusade against the Lithuanians and restored royal power in Croatia ; his troops defeated

7695-466: The two Wittelsbachs (Albert I and Rupert I) to break off the coalition in September 1370. Casimir III of Poland died on 5 November 1370. Louis arrived after his uncle's funeral and ordered the erection of a splendid Gothic marble monument to the deceased king. He was crowned king of Poland in the Kraków Cathedral on 17 November. Casimir III had willed his patrimony – including

7790-678: The two realms for 100,000 florins if Casimir fathered a son. Louis led his army to Kraków in June 1351. Because Casimir fell ill, Louis became the sole commander of the united Polish and Hungarian army. He invaded the lands of the Lithuanian prince, Kęstutis , in July. Kęstutis seemingly accepted Louis's suzerainty on 15 August and agreed to be baptised, along with his brothers, in Buda. However, Kęstutis did nothing to fulfill his promises after Polish and Hungarian troops were withdrawn. In an attempt to capture Kęstutis, Louis returned, but he could not defeat

7885-629: Was betrothed to Eufemija, daughter of Gediminas. Liubartas continued to rule Lutsk and Volodymyr . That way the Galicia–Volhynia Wars were postponed until after Boleslaw's poisoning in 1340. He was poisoned by rebellious nobles, who invited Liubartas to become the ruler for both Galicia and Volhynia. Sources are too scarce to fully reconstruct events between 1341–1349. Despite the support from his brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis , Liubartas lost all territories except for eastern Volhynia with Lutsk to Casimir III of Poland in 1349. In 1351 he

7980-542: Was Prince of Lutsk and Liubar (Volhynia) (1323–1383), Prince of Zhytomyr (1363–1374), Grand Prince of Volhynia (1340–1383), Grand Prince of Halych–Volhynia (1340–1349). Liubartas was the youngest son of Gediminas , Grand Duke of Lithuania . In the early 1320s he married a daughter of Andrew of Galicia and ruled Lutsk with Liubar (today town in Zhytomyr Oblast ) in eastern Volhynia . After Andrew and his brother Leo II died around 1322, Galicia–Volhynia did not have

8075-711: Was a distant cousin of the queen mother . Louis especially favored the Lackfis : eight members of the family held high offices during his reign. Andrew Lackfi was the commander of the royal army during the first war of Louis's reign. In late 1342 or early 1343, he invaded Serbia and restored the Banate of Macsó , which had been lost during his father's reign. Robert the Wise , King of Naples , died on 20 January 1343. In his testament , he declared his granddaughter, Joanna I , his sole heir, excluding Louis's younger brother, Andrew, Joanna's husband, from becoming co-ruler. Louis and his mother regarded this as an infringement of

8170-547: Was besieged by Bernabò Visconti 's troops. After Visconti lifted the siege, Louis's mercenaries pillaged the region and refused to cooperate with the papal legate ; Louis had the commander of the army imprisoned. After a conflict emerged between Emperor Charles IV and Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria , rumors spread about a conspiracy to dethrone the emperor in favor of Louis or Rudolf. Charles IV, Rudolf IV and Louis met in Nagyszombat (now Trnava in Slovakia) in May. The emperor and

8265-408: Was born. Louis became his father's heir after the death of his brother Ladislaus in 1329. He had a liberal education by the standards of his age and learned French, German and Latin. He showed a special interest in history and astrology . A cleric from Wrocław , Nicholas , taught him the basic principles of Christian faith. However, Louis's religious zeal was due to his mother's influence. In

8360-524: Was closed by 1390. Vladislav Vlaicu of Wallachia made an alliance with Ivan Shishman , a half-brother of the former ruler of Vidin, Ivan Sratsimir. Their united armies imposed a blockade on Vidin. Louis marched to the Lower Danube and ordered Nicholas Lackfi, Voivode of Transylvania, to invade Wallachia in the autumn of 1368. The voivode's army marched through the valley of the Ialomița River , but

8455-423: Was even taken prisoner during a battle, and Kęstutis had to rescue him. In 1366 a treaty was signed: Liubartas retained eastern Volhynia with Lutsk, while Poland got western Volhynia and Galicia . However the matter was settled only in 1370: Liubartas took advantage of Casimir's death and captured all of Volhynia. The territories changed again only in 1569, when Volhynia, including Lutsk, was transferred to Poland by

8550-573: Was organized into a separate border province, or banate , under the command of Hungarian lords. The Byzantine Emperor , John V Palaiologos visited Louis in Buda in early 1366, seeking his assistance against the Ottoman Turks , who had set foot in Europe. This was the first occasion that a Byzantine Emperor left his empire to plead for a foreign monarch's assistance. According to Louis's physician, Giovanni Conversini , at his first meeting with Louis,

8645-654: Was replaced by the harshest expression as he unveiled with terrible words the true feelings he had for the princes and that he had kept hidden until then", according to the contemporaneous Domenico da Gravina . He repeated his former accusations, blamed his kinsmen for his brother's murder, and had them captured on 22 January. The next day Charles of Durazzo – the husband of Joanna I's sister, Mary  – was beheaded upon Louis's orders. The other princes were kept captive and sent to Hungary, together with Louis's infant nephew, Charles Martel. Louis marched to Naples in February. The citizens offered him

8740-511: Was saved by a knight of the court, John Besenyő, who killed the beast with his sword. According to Matteo Villani, Louis launched an expedition against the Golden Horde at the head of an army of 200,000 horsemen in April 1354. The young Tatar ruler, whom historian Iván Bertényi identified as Jani Beg , did not want to wage war against Hungary and agreed to sign a peace treaty. Although no other primary source mentioned that campaign and treaty,

8835-443: Was swept away while exploring a ford upon his order. An arrow pierced Louis's left leg during the siege of Aversa. After the fall of Aversa to Hungarian troops on 3 August, Queen Joanna and her husband again fled from Naples. However, Louis decided to return to Hungary. According to the contemporaneous historian Matteo Villani , Louis attempted to "leave the kingdom without losing face" after he had run out of money and experienced

8930-403: Was the first child of Charles I of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth of Poland , to survive infancy. A 1338 treaty between his father and Casimir III of Poland , Louis's maternal uncle, confirmed Louis's right to inherit the Kingdom of Poland if his uncle died without a son. In exchange, Louis was obliged to assist his uncle to reoccupy the lands that Poland had lost in previous decades. He bore

9025-567: Was to be inherited by his kinsmen. Louis often granted this privilege to the wives of his favorites. Louis also frequently authorized landowners to apply capital punishment in their estates, limiting the authority of the magistrates of the counties . William Drugeth , an influential advisor of Louis's late father, died in September 1342. He bequeathed his landed property to his brother, Nicholas, but Louis confiscated those estates. In late autumn, Louis dismissed his father's Voivode of Transylvania , Thomas Szécsényi , although Szécsényi's wife

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