21-466: See text Alcea is a genus of over 80 species of flowering plants in the mallow family Malvaceae , commonly known as the hollyhocks . They are native to Asia and Europe. The single species of hollyhock from the Americas, the streambank wild hollyhock , belongs to a different genus. Hollyhocks are annual, biennial , or perennial plants usually taking an erect, unbranched form. The herbage usually has
42-631: A coating of star-shaped hairs. The leaf blades are often lobed or toothed, and are borne on long petioles . The flowers may be solitary or arranged in fascicles or racemes . The notched petals are usually over three centimeters wide and may be pink, white, purple, or yellow. The fruit is a schizocarp , a dry disc divided into over 15 sections that contain seeds. The following species are accepted: Hollyhocks are popular garden ornamental plants . They are easily grown from seed. Breeds with red flowers attract hummingbirds and butterflies . Cultivars have been bred, especially from A. rosea . They include
63-1444: A monophyletic group. Adopting this circumscription, the Malvaceae incorporate a much larger number of genera. This article is based on the second circumscription, as presented by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website . The Malvaceae s.l. (hereafter simply "Malvaceae") comprise nine subfamilies. A tentative cladogram of the family is shown below. The diamond denotes a poorly supported branching (<80%). Byttnerioideae : 26 genera, 650 species, pan-tropical, especially South America Grewioideae : 25 genera, 770 species, " pantropical " Sterculioideae : 12 genera, 430 species, pan-tropical Tilioideae : three genera, 50 species, northern temperate regions and Central America Dombeyoideae : about 20 genera, about 380 species, palaeo-tropical, especially Madagascar and Mascarenes Brownlowioideae : eight genera, about 70 species, especially palaeo-tropical Helicteroideae : eight to 12 genera, 10 to 90 species, tropical, especially Southeast Asia Malvoideae : 78 genera, 1,670 species, temperate to tropical Bombacoideae : 12 genera, 120 species, tropical, especially Africa and America Until recently, relationships between these subfamilies were either poorly supported or almost completely obscure. Continuing disagreements focused primarily on
84-489: A vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). Stipules are present. The stems contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs are common, and are most typically stellate . Stems of Bombacoideae are often covered in thick prickles. The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary inflorescences , which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be cauliflorous , oppositifolious, or terminal. They often bear supernumerary bracts in
105-593: Is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra , cotton , cacao , roselle and durian . There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with the largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species). The circumscription of
126-450: Is a pest that makes tiny holes in the leaves. Cutworms , aphids , and capsid bugs use the plant as a food source in hotter and drier conditions. A number of weevils use A. rosea as their host plant, including Rhopalapion longirostre , Alocentron curvirostre , and Aspidapion validum . The plants are also susceptible to the pathogenic fungus Puccinia malvacearum , the hollyhock rust. The Aoi Matsuri (Hollyhock Festival)
147-596: Is described from the Evros region in Western Thrace , Greece . Plants of the World Online includes the following accepted species: The scientific name is taken from Sterculius of Roman mythology , who was the god of manure; this is in reference to the unpleasant aroma of the flowers of this genus ( e.g. Sterculia foetida ). Sterculia species are food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including
168-513: Is one of the three main festivals of the city of Kyoto . During the Victorian era , the hollyhock symbolized both ambition and fecundity in the language of flowers . The UK National Collection of hollyhocks is held by Jonathan Sheppard in Lincolnshire. Malvaceae See List of Malvaceae genera Malvaceae ( / m æ l ˈ v eɪ s i ˌ aɪ , - s iː ˌ iː / ), or the mallows ,
189-413: Is superior, with axial placentation, with capitate or lobed stigma. The flowers have nectaries made of many tightly packed glandular hairs , usually positioned on the sepals. The fruits are most often loculicidal capsules , schizocarps or nuts . Self-pollination is often avoided by means of protandry . Most species are entomophilous (pollinated by insects). Bees from the tribe Emphorini of
210-570: Is the fruit of the durian . A number of species, including Hibiscus syriacus , Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Alcea rosea are garden plants. Sterculia See text Sterculia is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae : subfamily Sterculioideae (previously placed in the now obsolete Sterculiaceae ). Members of the genus are colloquially known as tropical chestnuts . Sterculia may be monoecious or dioecious , and its flowers unisexual or bisexual. A 27-million-year-old † Sterculia labrusca leaf fossil
231-560: The Apidae (including Ptilothrix , Diadasia , and Melitoma ) are known to specialize on the plants. A number of species are pests in agriculture , including Abutilon theophrasti and Modiola caroliniana , and others that are garden escapees. Cotton (four species of Gossypium ), kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus ), cacao ( Theobroma cacao ), kola nut ( Cola spp. ), and okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) are important agricultural crops. The fruit and leaves of baobabs are edible, as
SECTION 10
#1733106876786252-466: The double-flowered 'Chater's Double', the raspberry-colored 'Creme de Cassis', and 'The Watchman', which has dark, nearly black, maroon flowers. The stems of hollyhocks can be used as firewood, and the roots have been used medicinally. Alcea species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix quadrigemina and Vanessa cardui , the painted lady. The mallow flea beetle ( Podagrica fuscicornis )
273-420: The leaf miner Bucculatrix xenaula , which feeds exclusively on this genus. The pods, particularly those of S. foetida , contain seeds reported to be edible, with a taste similar to cocoa . However, the oil contains cyclopropene fatty acids which could be carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic . Gum karaya is extracted from Sterculia species, and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in foods, as
294-442: The "core Malvales" families used to be defined on the basis of shared "malvean affinities". These included the presence of malvoid teeth, stems with mucilage canals, and stratified wedge-shaped phloem. These affinities were problematic because they were not always shared within the core families. Later studies revealed more unambiguous synapomorphies within Malvaceae s.l.. Synapomorphies identified within Malvaceae s.l. include
315-538: The Malvaceae is controversial. The traditional Malvaceae sensu stricto comprise a very homogeneous and cladistically monophyletic group. Another major circumscription, Malvaceae sensu lato , has been more recently defined on the basis that genetics studies have shown the commonly recognised families Bombacaceae , Tiliaceae , and Sterculiaceae , which have always been considered closely allied to Malvaceae s.s. , are not monophyletic groups. The Malvaceae can be expanded to include all of these families so as to compose
336-429: The correct circumscription of these subfamilies, including the preservation of the family Bombacaceae. A study published in 2021 presented a fully resolved phylogenetic framework for Malvaceae s.l. using genomic data for all nine subfamilies. Regarding the traditional Malvaceae s.s. , the subfamily Malvoideae approximately corresponds to that group. 245 genera are currently accepted. The relationships between
357-426: The flowers, with the main axis developing first. Bracts on the peduncle subtend axillary buds that become these lateral stalks. One bract within this whorl is a sterile bract. The bicolor unit is a variable structure in complexity, but the presence of fertile and sterile bracts is a salient characteristic. The English common name 'mallow' (also applied to other members of Malvaceae) comes from Latin malva (also
378-425: The inner surface of the sepals, but flowers of the subfamily Tiliodeae also have present nectaries on the petals. Malvean flowers also share a unifying structure known as a bicolor unit, named for its initial discovery in the flowers of Theobroma bicolor . The bicolor unit consists of an ordered inflorescence with determinate cymose structures. The inflorescence can branch off the main axis, creating separate orders of
399-562: The presence of tile cells, trichomatous nectaries, and an inflorescence structure called a bicolor unit. Tile cells consist of vertically positioned cells interspersed between and dimensionally similar to procumbent ray cells. Evidence of Malvean wood fossils has confirmed their evolutionary link in Malvaceae s.l. , as well as explained their diverse structures. Flowers of Malvaceae s.l . exhibit nectaries consisting of densely arranged multicellular hairs resembling trichomes. In most of Malvaceae s.l. , these trichomatous nectaries are located on
420-659: The source for the English word " mauve "). Malva itself was ultimately derived from the word for the plant in ancient Mediterranean languages. Cognates of the word include Ancient Greek μαλάχη ( malákhē ) or μολόχη ( molókhē ), Modern Greek μολόχα ( molókha ), modern Arabic : ملوخية ( mulukhiyah ) and modern Hebrew : מלוחיה ( molokhia ). Most species are herbaceous plants or shrubs , but some are trees or lianas . Leaves are generally alternate , often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. The margin may be entire, but when dentate ,
441-466: The structure of a bicolor unit. They can be unisexual or bisexual, and are generally actinomorphic , often associated with conspicuous bracts, forming an epicalyx . They generally have five valvate sepals , most frequently basally connate , with five imbricate petals . The stamens are five to numerous, and connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the pistils . The pistils are composed of two to many connate carpels . The ovary
SECTION 20
#1733106876786#785214