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40-480: See List of Malvaceae genera Malvaceae ( / m æ l ˈ v eɪ s i ˌ aɪ , - s iː ˌ iː / ), or the mallows , is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra , cotton , cacao , roselle and durian . There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with

80-532: A hypanthodium, which bears numerous flowers on the inside of a convex or involuted compound receptacle. The genus Euphorbia has cyathia (sing. cyathium ), usually organised in umbels. Some species have inflorescences reduced to composite flowers or pseudanthia , in which case it is difficult to differentiate between inflorescences and single flowers. Genes that shape inflorescence development have been studied at great length in Arabidopsis . LEAFY (LFY)

120-420: A panicle. The family Asteraceae is characterised by a highly specialised head technically called a calathid (but usually referred to as 'capitulum' or 'head'). The family Poaceae has a peculiar inflorescence of small spikes ( spikelets ) organised in panicles or spikes that are usually simply and improperly referred to as spike and panicle . The genus Ficus ( Moraceae ) has an inflorescence called

160-448: A peduncle. Any flower in an inflorescence may be referred to as a floret , especially when the individual flowers are particularly small and borne in a tight cluster, such as in a pseudanthium . The fruiting stage of an inflorescence is known as an infructescence . Inflorescences may be simple (single) or complex ( panicle ). The rachis may be one of several types, including single, composite, umbel, spike or raceme . In some species

200-413: A result of natural selection . The stem holding the whole inflorescence is called a peduncle . The main axis (also referred to as major stem) above the peduncle bearing the flowers or secondary branches is called the rachis . The stalk of each flower in the inflorescence is called a pedicel . A flower that is not part of an inflorescence is called a solitary flower and its stalk is also referred to as

240-578: A single or a cluster of flower(s) is located at the axil of a bract, the location of the bract in relation to the stem holding the flower(s) is indicated by the use of different terms and may be a useful diagnostic indicator. Typical placement of bracts include: Metatopic placement of bracts include: There is no general consensus in defining the different inflorescences. The following is based on Focko Weberling 's Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände (Stuttgart, 1981). The main groups of inflorescences are distinguished by branching. Within these groups,

280-402: A spicate (spike-like) inflorescence that is commonly called a spike . Simple inflorescences are the basis for compound inflorescences or synflorescences . The single flowers are there replaced by a simple inflorescence, which can be both a racemose or a cymose one. Compound inflorescences are composed of branched stems and can involve complicated arrangements that are difficult to trace back to

320-536: A terminal flower is formed and where flowering starts within the inflorescence. Indeterminate and determinate inflorescences are sometimes referred to as open and closed inflorescences respectively. The indeterminate patterning of flowers is derived from determinate flowers. It is suggested that indeterminate flowers have a common mechanism that prevents terminal flower growth. Based on phylogenetic analyses, this mechanism arose independently multiple times in different species. In an indeterminate inflorescence there

360-487: A vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). Stipules are present. The stems contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs are common, and are most typically stellate . Stems of Bombacoideae are often covered in thick prickles. The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary inflorescences , which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be cauliflorous , oppositifolious, or terminal. They often bear supernumerary bracts in

400-407: Is a definite inflorescence that is increasingly more strongly and irregularly branched from the top to the bottom and where each branching has a terminal flower. The so-called cymose corymb is similar to a racemose corymb but has a panicle-like structure. Another type of panicle is the anthela . An anthela is a cymose corymb with the lateral flowers higher than the central ones. A raceme in which

440-534: Is a gene that promotes floral meristem identity, regulating inflorescence development in Arabidopsis. Any alterations in timing of LFY expression can cause formation of different inflorescences in the plant. Genes similar in function to LFY include APETALA1 (AP1). Mutations in LFY, AP1, and similar promoting genes can cause conversion of flowers into shoots. In contrast to LEAFY, genes like terminal flower (TFL) support

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480-1265: Is based on the second circumscription, as presented by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website . The Malvaceae s.l. (hereafter simply "Malvaceae") comprise nine subfamilies. A tentative cladogram of the family is shown below. The diamond denotes a poorly supported branching (<80%). Byttnerioideae : 26 genera, 650 species, pan-tropical, especially South America Grewioideae : 25 genera, 770 species, " pantropical " Sterculioideae : 12 genera, 430 species, pan-tropical Tilioideae : three genera, 50 species, northern temperate regions and Central America Dombeyoideae : about 20 genera, about 380 species, palaeo-tropical, especially Madagascar and Mascarenes Brownlowioideae : eight genera, about 70 species, especially palaeo-tropical Helicteroideae : eight to 12 genera, 10 to 90 species, tropical, especially Southeast Asia Malvoideae : 78 genera, 1,670 species, temperate to tropical Bombacoideae : 12 genera, 120 species, tropical, especially Africa and America Until recently, relationships between these subfamilies were either poorly supported or almost completely obscure. Continuing disagreements focused primarily on

520-471: Is different from Wikidata Inflorescence Morphologically , an inflorescence is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed on the axis of a plant. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis , as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations , connations and reduction of main and secondary axes. One can also define an inflorescence as

560-434: Is no true terminal flower and the stem usually has a rudimentary end. In many cases the last true flower formed by the terminal bud ( subterminal flower) straightens up, appearing to be a terminal flower. Often a vestige of the terminal bud may be noticed higher on the stem. In determinate inflorescences the terminal flower is usually the first to mature (precursive development), while the others tend to mature starting from

600-499: Is normally called simply 'umbel'. Another kind of definite simple inflorescence is the raceme-like cyme or botryoid ; that is as a raceme with a terminal flower and is usually improperly called 'raceme'. A reduced raceme or cyme that grows in the axil of a bract is called a fascicle . A verticillaster is a fascicle with the structure of a dichasium; it is common among the Lamiaceae . Many verticillasters with reduced bracts can form

640-405: Is often called a panicle . This definition is very different from that given by Weberling . Compound umbels are umbels in which the single flowers are replaced by many smaller umbels called umbellets . The stem attaching the side umbellets to the main stem is called a ray . The most common kind of definite compound inflorescence is the panicle (of Webeling, or 'panicle-like cyme'). A panicle

680-412: Is superior, with axial placentation, with capitate or lobed stigma. The flowers have nectaries made of many tightly packed glandular hairs , usually positioned on the sepals. The fruits are most often loculicidal capsules , schizocarps or nuts . Self-pollination is often avoided by means of protandry . Most species are entomophilous (pollinated by insects). Bees from the tribe Emphorini of

720-8752: Is the fruit of the durian . A number of species, including Hibiscus syriacus , Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Alcea rosea are garden plants. List of Malvaceae genera This is a list of genera in the plant family Malvaceae . Malvaceae includes Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow) and Gossypium (cotton), as well as Tilia (lime or linden tree). Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z External links A [ edit ] Abelmoschus Medik. Abroma Jacq. Abutilon Mill. Acaulimalva Krapov. Acropogon Schltr. Adansonia L. - baobabs Aguiaria Ducke Akrosida Fryxell & Fuertes Alcea L. – hollyhocks Allobriquetia Bovini Allosidastrum (Hochr.) Krapov., Fryxell & Bates Allowissadula D.M.Bates Althaea L. Alyogyne Alef. Ancistrocarpus Oliv. Andeimalva J.A.Tate Andringitra Skema Androcalva C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock Anisodontea C.Presl Anoda Cav. Anotea (DC.) Kunth Apeiba Aubl. Argyrodendron F.Muell. Asterotrichion Klotzsch Ayenia L. Azanza Alef. B [ edit ] Bakeridesia Hochr. Bastardiastrum (Rose) D.M.Bates Batesimalva Fryxell Bernoullia Oliv. Berrya Roxb. Billieturnera Fryxell Bombax L. Bombycidendron Zoll. & Moritzi Bordasia Krapov. Boschia Korth. Brachychiton Schott & Endl. Briquetia Hochr. Brownlowia Roxb. Burretiodendron Rehder C [ edit ] Callianthe Donnell Callirhoe Nutt. Calyculogygas Krapov. Calyptraemalva Krapov. Camptostemon Mast. Carpodiptera Griseb. Catostemma Benth. Cavanillesia Ruiz & Pav. Ceiba Mill. Cenocentrum Gagnep. Cephalohibiscus Ulbr. Cheirolaena Benth Chiranthodendron Larreat. Christiana DC. Cienfuegosia Cav. Clappertonia Meisn. Coelostegia Benth. Cola Schott & Endl. Colona Cav. Commersonia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Corchoropsis Siebold & Zucc. Corchorus L. Corynabutilon (K.Schum.) Kearney Craigia W.W.Sm. & W.E.Evans Cristaria Cav. Cullenia Wight D [ edit ] Decaschistia Wight & Arn. Dendrosida J.E.Fryxell Desplatsia Bocq. Dicarpidium F.Muell. Dicellostyles Benth. Diplodiscus Turcz. Dirhamphis Krapov. Dombeya Cav. Duboscia Bocq. Durio Adans. E [ edit ] Eleutherostylis Burret Entelea R.Br. Eremalche Greene Erinocarpus Nimmo ex J.Graham Eriolaena DC. Eriotheca Schott & Endl. Erioxylum Rose & Standl. F [ edit ] Firmiana Marsili Franciscodendron B.Hyland & Steenis Fremontodendron Coult. Fryxellia D.M.Bates Fuertesimalva Fryxell G [ edit ] Gaya Kunth Gilesia F.Muell. Glossostemon Desf. Glyphaea Hook.f. Goethalsia Pittier Gossypioides Skovst. ex J.B.Hutch. Gossypium L. Grewia L. Guazuma Mill. Guichenotia J.Gay Gynatrix Alef. Gyranthera Pittier H [ edit ] Hafotra Dorr Hampea Schltdl. Hannafordia F.Muell. Harmsia K.Schum. Helicteres Pluk. ex L. Helicteropsis Hochr. Heliocarpus L. Herissantia Medik. Heritiera Aiton Hermannia L. Herrania Goudot Hibiscadelphus Rock Hibiscus L. Hildegardia Schott & Endl. Hochreutinera Krapov. Hoheria A.Cunn. Horsfordia A.Gray Howittia F.Muell. Huberodendron Ducke Humbertiella Hochr. Hydrogaster Kuhlm. I [ edit ] Iliamna Greene Indagator Halford J [ edit ] Jarandersonia Kosterm. Julostylis Thwaites Jumelleanthus Hochr. K [ edit ] Kearnemalvastrum D.M.Bates Kitaibela Willd. Kleinhovia L. Kokia Lewton Kosteletzkya C.Presl. Kostermansia Soegeng Krapovickasia Fryxell Kydia Roxb. L [ edit ] Lagunaria (DC.) Rchb. Lasiopetalum Sm. Lawrencia Hook. Lebronnecia Fosberg & Sachet Lecanophora Speg. Leptonychia Turcz. Luehea Willd. Lueheopsis Burret Lysiosepalum F.Muell. M [ edit ] Malachra L. Malacothamnus Greene Malope L. Malva Tourn. ex L. × Malvalthaea Iljin Malvastrum A.Gray Malvaviscus Fabr. Malvella Jaub. & Spach Mansonia J.R.Drumm. Marcanodendron Doweld Matisia Humb. & Bonpl. Maxwellia Baill. Megatritheca Cristóbal Megistostegium Hochr. Melhania Forssk. Melochia L. Meximalva Fryxell Microcos Burm. ex L. Modiola Moench Modiolastrum K.Schum. Mollia Mart. Monteiroa Krapov. Mortoniodendron Standl. & Steyerm. N [ edit ] Napaea L. Nayariophyton T.K.Paul Neesia Blume Neobaclea Hochr. Neobrittonia Hochr. Neobuchia Urb. Neoregnellia Urb. Nesogordonia Baill. Nototriche Turcz. O [ edit ] Ochroma Sw. Octolobus Welw. P [ edit ] Pachira Aubl. Palaua Cav. Papuodendron C.T.White Patinoa Cuatrec. Pavonia Cav. Peltaea (C.Presl) Standl. Pentace Hassk. Pentapetes L. Pentaplaris L.O.Williams & Standl. Periptera DC. Perrierophytum Hochr. Phragmocarpidium Krapov. Phragmotheca Cuatrec. Phymosia Desv. Physodium C.Presl Pityranthe Thwaites Plagianthus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Pochota Ram.Goyena Pseudabutilon R.E.Fr. Pseudobombax Dugand Pseudocorchorus Capuron Pterocymbium R.Br. Pterospermum Schreb. Pterygota Schott & Endl. Q - R [ edit ] Quararibea Aubl. Radyera Bullock Reevesia Lindl. Rhodognaphalon (Ulbr.) Roberty Rhynchosida Fryxell Robinsonella Rose & Baker f. Roifia Verdc. Rojasimalva Fryxell Ruizia Cav. S [ edit ] Scaphium Schott & Endl. Scaphopetalum Mast. Schoutenia Korth. Scleronema Benth. Senra Cav. Septotheca Ulbr. Seringia J.Gay Sida L. Sidalcea A.Gray ex Benth. Sidasodes Fryxell & Fuertes Sidastrum Baker f. Sparrmannia L.f. Sphaeralcea A.St.-Hil. Spirabutilon Krapov. Spirotheca Ulbr. Sterculia L. T [ edit ] Tarasa Phil. Tetralix Griseb. Tetrasida Ulbr. Theobroma L. Thepparatia Phuph. Thespesia Sol. ex Corrêa Thomasia J.Gay Tilia L. Trichospermum Blume Triplochiton K.Schum. Triumfetta Plum. ex L. Trochetia DC. – synonym of Ruizia Trochetiopsis Marais – synonym of Melhania Tropidococcus Krapov. U - Z [ edit ] Ungeria Schott & Endl. Urena Dill ex L. Urocarpidium Ulbr. Vasivaea Baill. Waltheria L. Wercklea Pittier & Standl. Wissadula Medik. Woodianthus Krapov. References [ edit ] ^ Malvaceae Juss. Plants of

760-560: The Apidae (including Ptilothrix , Diadasia , and Melitoma ) are known to specialize on the plants. A number of species are pests in agriculture , including Abutilon theophrasti and Modiola caroliniana , and others that are garden escapees. Cotton (four species of Gossypium ), kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus ), cacao ( Theobroma cacao ), kola nut ( Cola spp. ), and okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) are important agricultural crops. The fruit and leaves of baobabs are edible, as

800-492: The "core Malvales" families used to be defined on the basis of shared "malvean affinities". These included the presence of malvoid teeth, stems with mucilage canals, and stratified wedge-shaped phloem. These affinities were problematic because they were not always shared within the core families. Later studies revealed more unambiguous synapomorphies within Malvaceae s.l.. Synapomorphies identified within Malvaceae s.l. include

840-1099: The World Online . Retrieved 22 June 2024. ^ "GRIN Genera of Malvaceae tribe Byttnerieae " . Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2011-02-19 . ^ "GRIN Genera of Malvaceae tribe Lasiopetaleae " . Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2011-02-19 . ^ "GRIN Genera of Malvaceae tribe Hermannieae " . Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2011-02-19 . ^ "GRIN Genera of Malvaceae tribe Theobromateae " . Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2011-02-19 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malvaceae_genera&oldid=1230408626 " Categories : Malvaceae genera Lists of plant genera (alphabetic) Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

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880-565: The activity of an inhibitor that prevents flowers from growing on the inflorescence apex (flower primordium initiation), maintaining inflorescence meristem identity. Both types of genes help shape flower development in accordance with the ABC model of flower development . Studies have been recently conducted or are ongoing for homologs of these genes in other flower species. Inflorescence-feeding insect herbivores shape inflorescences by reducing lifetime fitness (how much flowering occurs), seed production by

920-421: The base of the stem. This pattern is called acropetal maturation. When flowers start to mature from the top of the stem, maturation is basipetal , whereas when the central mature first, maturation is divergent . As with leaves , flowers can be arranged on the stem according to many different patterns. See ' Phyllotaxis ' for in-depth descriptions. Similarly arrangement of leaf in bud is called Ptyxis. When

960-429: The basis that genetics studies have shown the commonly recognised families Bombacaceae , Tiliaceae , and Sterculiaceae , which have always been considered closely allied to Malvaceae s.s. , are not monophyletic groups. The Malvaceae can be expanded to include all of these families so as to compose a monophyletic group. Adopting this circumscription, the Malvaceae incorporate a much larger number of genera. This article

1000-426: The correct circumscription of these subfamilies, including the preservation of the family Bombacaceae. A study published in 2021 presented a fully resolved phylogenetic framework for Malvaceae s.l. using genomic data for all nine subfamilies. Regarding the traditional Malvaceae s.s. , the subfamily Malvoideae approximately corresponds to that group. 245 genera are currently accepted. The relationships between

1040-590: The different axes. Some passage forms between the obvious ones are commonly admitted. Determinate simple inflorescences are generally called cymose . The main kind of cymose inflorescence is the cyme (pronounced / s aɪ m / ), from the Latin cyma in the sense 'cabbage sprout', from Greek kuma 'anything swollen'). Cymes are further divided according to this scheme: A cyme can also be so compressed that it looks like an umbel. Strictly speaking this kind of inflorescence could be called umbelliform cyme , although it

1080-622: The flowers develop directly from the main stem or woody trunk, rather than from the plant's main shoot. This is called cauliflory and is found across a number of plant families. An extreme version of this is flagelliflory where long, whip-like branches grow from the main trunk to the ground and even below it. Inflorescences form directly on these branches. Plant organs can grow according to two different schemes, namely monopodial or racemose and sympodial or cymose . In inflorescences these two different growth patterns are called indeterminate and determinate respectively, and indicate whether

1120-425: The flowers, with the main axis developing first. Bracts on the peduncle subtend axillary buds that become these lateral stalks. One bract within this whorl is a sterile bract. The bicolor unit is a variable structure in complexity, but the presence of fertile and sterile bracts is a salient characteristic. The English common name 'mallow' (also applied to other members of Malvaceae) comes from Latin malva (also

1160-432: The inflorescences, and plant density, among other traits. In the absence of these herbivores, inflorescences usually produce more flower heads and seeds. Temperature can also variably shape inflorescence development. High temperatures can impair the proper development of flower buds or delay bud development in certain species, while in others an increase in temperature can hasten inflorescence development. The shift from

1200-424: The inner surface of the sepals, but flowers of the subfamily Tiliodeae also have present nectaries on the petals. Malvean flowers also share a unifying structure known as a bicolor unit, named for its initial discovery in the flowers of Theobroma bicolor . The bicolor unit consists of an ordered inflorescence with determinate cymose structures. The inflorescence can branch off the main axis, creating separate orders of

1240-463: The largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species). The circumscription of the Malvaceae is controversial. The traditional Malvaceae sensu stricto comprise a very homogeneous and cladistically monophyletic group. Another major circumscription, Malvaceae sensu lato , has been more recently defined on

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1280-469: The main branch. A kind of compound inflorescence is the double inflorescence , in which the basic structure is repeated in the place of single florets. For example, a double raceme is a raceme in which the single flowers are replaced by other simple racemes; the same structure can be repeated to form triple or more complex structures. Compound raceme inflorescences can either end with a final raceme ( homoeothetic ), or not ( heterothetic ). A compound raceme

1320-592: The most important characteristics are the intersection of the axes and different variations of the model. They may contain many flowers ( pluriflor ) or a few ( pauciflor ). Inflorescences can be simple or compound . Indeterminate simple inflorescences are generally called racemose / ˈ r æ s ɪ m oʊ s / . The main kind of racemose inflorescence is the raceme ( / ˈ r æ s iː m / , from classical Latin racemus , cluster of grapes ). The other kind of racemose inflorescences can all be derived from this one by dilation, compression, swelling or reduction of

1360-406: The plant's flowers are formed. On a larger scale, inflorescence architecture affects quality and quantity of offspring from selfing and outcrossing, as the architecture can influence pollination success. For example, Asclepias inflorescences have been shown to have an upper size limit, shaped by self-pollination levels due to crosses between inflorescences on the same plant or between flowers on

1400-560: The presence of tile cells, trichomatous nectaries, and an inflorescence structure called a bicolor unit. Tile cells consist of vertically positioned cells interspersed between and dimensionally similar to procumbent ray cells. Evidence of Malvean wood fossils has confirmed their evolutionary link in Malvaceae s.l. , as well as explained their diverse structures. Flowers of Malvaceae s.l . exhibit nectaries consisting of densely arranged multicellular hairs resembling trichomes. In most of Malvaceae s.l. , these trichomatous nectaries are located on

1440-492: The reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern. Inflorescences are described by many different characteristics including how the flowers are arranged on the peduncle, the blooming order of the flowers, and how different clusters of flowers are grouped within it. These terms are general representations as plants in nature can have a combination of types. Because flowers facilitate plant reproduction , inflorescence characteristics are largely

1480-403: The single flowers are replaced by cymes is called a (indefinite) thyrse . The secondary cymes can be of any of the different types of dichasia and monochasia. A botryoid in which the single flowers are replaced by cymes is a definite thyrse or thyrsoid . Thyrses are often confusingly called panicles . Other combinations are possible. For example, heads or umbels may be arranged in a corymb or

1520-656: The source for the English word " mauve "). Malva itself was ultimately derived from the word for the plant in ancient Mediterranean languages. Cognates of the word include Ancient Greek μαλάχη ( malákhē ) or μολόχη ( molókhē ), Modern Greek μολόχα ( molókha ), modern Arabic : ملوخية ( mulukhiyah ) and modern Hebrew : מלוחיה ( molokhia ). Most species are herbaceous plants or shrubs , but some are trees or lianas . Leaves are generally alternate , often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. The margin may be entire, but when dentate ,

1560-465: The structure of a bicolor unit. They can be unisexual or bisexual, and are generally actinomorphic , often associated with conspicuous bracts, forming an epicalyx . They generally have five valvate sepals , most frequently basally connate , with five imbricate petals . The stamens are five to numerous, and connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the pistils . The pistils are composed of two to many connate carpels . The ovary

1600-406: The vegetative to reproductive phase of a flower involves the development of an inflorescence meristem that generates floral meristems. Plant inflorescence architecture depends on which meristems becomes flowers and which become shoots. Consequently, genes that regulate floral meristem identity play major roles in determining inflorescence architecture because their expression domain will direct where

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