53-623: Panguru is a community in the northern Hokianga harbour, in Northland , New Zealand. The Whakarapa Stream flows from the Panguru Range in the Warawara Forest to the west, through Panguru and into the Hokianga. The SA1 statistical area which includes Panguru covers 11.19 km (4.32 sq mi). The SA1 area is part of the larger Hokianga North statistical area. The SA1 statistical area had
106-658: A DBE in 1981 and a member of the Order of New Zealand in 1991. She had returned to Panguru in the Hokianga in 1983. She died there on 26 March 1994 at the age of 98. Bishop Jean Baptiste Pompallier (1802–1871), was the first Roman Catholic bishop in New Zealand. His first mission station was situated at Pūrākau in the Hokianga from 1839 until 1915. He celebrated the first mass on NZ 'terra firma' at Tōtara Point, Hokianga, in 1838. His remains were reinterred in Motuti, Hokianga, in 2002 after
159-480: A bachelor's or higher degree, 48 (48.5%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 42 (42.4%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 23,800, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 3 people (3.0%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 18 (18.2%) people were employed full-time, 15 (15.2%) were part-time, and 9 (9.1%) were unemployed. Hokianga North statistical area covers
212-489: A local co-operative store. She worked as a teacher for a brief time, at Pawarenga Native School . However, as one of only three teachers, she became frustrated, and found her time stretched between teaching and helping her own community. She left teaching in 1914 and was a housekeeper at the Catholic presbytery of Rawene for two years. She kept her Catholic Christian faith her whole life. Cooper's first involvement in politics
265-434: A local priest to purchase her father's home and farm at Whakarapa and the local store. There she played a leading role in business and the community, including in 1923 calling a hui that led to the name of Whakarapa being changed to Panguru . Her community leadership impressed politician Sir Āpirana Ngata , who invited her to a national hui in 1932. She worked alongside him to promote Māori land-development programmes in
318-400: A nationwide hīkoi. Opononi became famous throughout New Zealand during 1955 and 1956 due to the exploits of a bottlenose dolphin (nicknamed " Opo "). Opo was a wild dolphin who started following fishing boats around Opononi in early 1955 after her mother had been killed, and would swim daily in the bay close to town. She was originally named "Opononi Jack", based on Pelorus Jack , since she
371-640: A population of 123 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 27 people (28.1%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 30 people (32.3%) since the 2013 census . There were 69 males, 51 females and 3 people of other genders in 51 dwellings. 4.9% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 47.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 24 people (19.5%) aged under 15 years, 15 (12.2%) aged 15 to 29, 51 (41.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 33 (26.8%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 26.8% European ( Pākehā ), 85.4% Māori , and 9.8% Pasifika . English
424-508: A symbolic march – to protest against the loss of Māori land for which she is best remembered. The march, from the northern tip of the North Island to Parliament in Wellington at the other end of the island made her nationally recognised, with her determined figure, no longer strong in body but strong in mana and will, walking at the head of the march from Te Hapua to Wellington. She was made
477-463: A title that failed to endear him to Ngāpuhi. His project collapsed, but it highlighted to the Colonial Service the need to protect against rival European powers. The year after de Thierry arrived, another Frenchman, Bishop Jean Baptiste Pompallier , arrived, with the aim of establishing a Catholic mission. He found the southern shores firmly in the hands of Methodist and Anglican missionaries, but
530-646: A while during the 1970s and 1980s, there was little economic base for the area, and it became a haven for alternative lifestylers . In recent years, however, tourism has been revived in the region. Attractions such as the great kauri trees of the Waipoua Forest (including the country's largest tree, Tane Mahuta ), the historic waterfront villages of Kohukohu and Rawene , cafes, the Horeke basalts , beaches, historic buildings, nature walks, horse trekking, boat trips, and fishing are bringing more visitors every year. In 2002
583-635: Is Te Kohanga o Te Tai Tokerau ("the nest of the northern people") or Te Puna o Te Ao Marama ("the wellspring in the world of light"). The full name of the harbour is Te Hokianga-nui-a-Kupe — "the place of Kupe's great return". The Hokianga is in the Far North District , which is in the Northland Region . The area is 120 kilometres (75 mi) northwest of Whangārei City—and 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Kaikohe —by road. The estuary extends inland for 30 kilometres (19 mi) from
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#1733104856149636-628: Is a coeducational composite (years 1–15) school with a roll of 126 students as of August 2024. It was the smallest high school in New Zealand at the time of its establishment in 1964. Hokianga The Hokianga is an area surrounding the Hokianga Harbour , also known as the Hokianga River , a long estuarine drowned valley on the west coast in the north of the North Island of New Zealand . The original name, still used by local Māori ,
689-583: The 2013 census . There were 474 males, 438 females and 3 people of other genders in 336 dwellings. 1.6% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 43.5 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 204 people (22.4%) aged under 15 years, 120 (13.2%) aged 15 to 29, 405 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 186 (20.4%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 30.9% European ( Pākehā ), 87.2% Māori , 6.6% Pasifika , 1.3% Asian , and 1.3% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
742-992: The British (Imperial) and New Zealand Royal Honours Systems , and by her own people, who bestowed the title Te Whaea o te Motu ('Mother of the Nation') upon her. She is the subject of the 2022 film Whina . Whina Cooper was born Hōhepine Te Wake, daughter of community leader and Catholic catechist Heremia Te Wake and Kare Pauro Kawatihi, of the Te Rarawa iwi , at Te Karaka, Hokianga . From an early age, she showed an interest in her father's role, and in history and genealogy . Her education began at Whakarapa Native School. In 1907, she attended St Joseph's Māori Girls' College . After high school, she returned to Whakarapa (later Panguru ) where her father wanted her to enter into an arranged marriage with Tureiti Te Heuheu Tukino V , leader of Ngāti Tūwharetoa . Cooper refused, and instead worked at
795-634: The Māngungu Mission near Horeke where 3000 were waiting. The second signing of the Treaty of Waitangi took place on 12 February 1840. With the appropriate signatures (and a few inappropriate entries) Hobson could immediately claim support from the biggest tribe in the country. While the fate of the country was being signed into history, the axemen of Hokianga scarcely missed a beat. At any one time, as many as 20 ships could be loading Hokianga timber. Whole hillsides, suddenly bared of vegetation, began to slip into
848-572: The Tasman Sea . It is navigable for small craft for much of its length, although there is a bar across the mouth. In its upper reaches the Rangiora Narrows separate the mouths of the Waihou and Mangamuka Rivers from the lower parts of the harbour. 12,000 years ago, the Hokianga was a river valley flanked by steep bush-clad hills. As the last ice age regressed, the dramatic rise in sea level slowly flooded
901-531: The Treaty of Waitangi . Cooper returned to Panguru in the Hokianga in 1983 and died there, aged 98, in 1994. Her legacy includes calling the 1923 hui that led to the name of Whakarapa being changed to Panguru. She is remembered as a leader who helped to shape New Zealand legislation relating to Māori people, as well as helping to develop the community in Auckland. However she is most remembered for winning over
954-554: The 14th century, the great chief Puhi landed just south of the Bay of Islands . The tribe of Puhi, Ngāpuhi , slowly extended westwards to reach the west coast and to colonise both sides of Hokianga. Māori regard Hokianga as one of the oldest settlements in Aotearoa , and it remains a heartland for the people. Rahiri, the 17th-century founder of the Ngāpuhi iwi , was born at Whiria pā to the south of
1007-421: The Hokianga. Dame Whina Cooper was born at Te Karaka, Hokianga on 9 December 1895, the daughter of a leader of the Te Rarawa iwi . From an early age she showed an interest in local community affairs and politics, and her flair and abilities led to her becoming the undisputed Māori leader of the northern Hokianga by her mid-30s. In 1949 she moved to Auckland , and by 1951 she was elected first president of
1060-542: The Hokianga. Through him, she also met William Cooper of Ngāti Kahungunu , who became her second husband after Richard Gilbert died of cancer in 1935. She moved to Auckland in 1949 when her second husband, William Cooper, died. Her political activity changed from local to national. In September 1951, she was elected first president of the new Māori Women's Welfare League "which was able to improve things notably for Maori women", working on health, housing, education, and welfare. In 1957, she stepped down as president, and
1113-615: The Marine Department withdrew the lease. In 1916, she returned to work at the co-operative store, and around this time, met her first husband, Richard Gilbert, of Ngāti Wai . She married him on 10 May 1917, with only her parents' knowledge, which led to some unhappiness with her wider family and community, who felt they should have been consulted. After her parents died, the couple left the family home and moved to family land at Te Karaka, where they had to build their own home. By 1920 they had two children, and were able to borrow money from
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#17331048561491166-485: The Motukaraka Dairy Factory was carried there by a fleet of about fifty locally-built launches that criss-crossed the harbour daily, creating in the process a service for both passengers and freight. For half a century, the communities on both sides of the harbour were linked internally by sea transport, before improved roads in the 1950s finally displaced this energetic flotilla and the harbour once again divided
1219-558: The Ngāpuhi walking tracks to make their own discovery of Hokianga and its accessible timber resources. Their reports soon reached merchant captains in the Bay of Islands. Captain James Herd of the Providence responded first, and with missionary Thomas Kendall as guide and translator, crossed the bar and entered the harbour in 1822. His was the first European ship to do so, and it sailed away with
1272-472: The North Island to Parliament in Wellington at the other end of the island. During September and October 1975, the nearly 80-year-old Cooper again became nationally recognised, walking at the head of the Māori land march from Te Hāpua to Wellington , a distance of 1,100 km (680 mi). The slogan of the march was "not one more acre of Maori land"; they demanded acknowledgement of property rights under
1325-568: The Surgeon Superintendent of Rawene Hospital, mounted and armed guards stood at all crossroads to turn back would-be visitors and thus restrict the spread of the disease between settlements. Travellers wishing to enter Hokianga were simply stopped at the boundary. The rule was simple: anyone could leave, but no one could enter. The local epidemic lasted six weeks and a significant number died. Each community attended to its own, and mass burials were commonplace. Few Maori deaths were recorded –
1378-408: The annual conference rewarded her with the title Te Whaea o te Motu ("Mother of the Nation"). During the 1960s, she worked on a local level around Auckland, but kept largely out of the national spotlight. This changed in 1975 when a coalition of Māori groups asked her to lead them in a protest against the loss of Māori land. She agreed, proposing a Hīkoi (a symbolic march) from the northern tip of
1431-405: The bar. In 1837, a French adventurer, the self-titled Baron Charles de Thierry , sailed with 60 settlers into this hive of export activity to claim an immense tract of land that he believed he had purchased 15 years earlier in exchange for 36 axes. He was eventually granted about 1,000 acres (4 km ) at Rangiahua where he set up his colony, declaring himself "Sovereign Chief of New Zealand",
1484-443: The bay, although the harbour is a well-regarded area in which to watch smaller dolphins and killer whales . Numerous small islands dot the Hokianga, notably Ruapapaka Island , Motukaraka Island , and To Motu Island , the latter being the site of a former pā . As the Hokianga is a drowned valley, it is the mouth of numerous "tributaries", many of which retain the name river while effectively being bays or inlets. Clockwise from
1537-408: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 54 (7.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 399 (56.4%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 246 (34.7%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 23,600, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 9 people (1.3%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
1590-399: The community. By 1914, a rustic telephone system linked some of the Hokianga communities with each other and with the outside world. A government-subsidised, weekly coastal shipping service ran between Onehunga and Hokianga, bringing in freight and taking away butter. The communities of Horeke and Rawene are the second- and third-oldest European settlements in New Zealand. Rawene is still
1643-406: The first shipment of timber from the Hokianga. His success inspired a strong following—the deforestation of Hokianga had begun and would be complete by the turn of the century. The only disincentive to Hokianga's exploitation was the harbour bar. Among the hundreds of ships that successfully negotiated it, 16 were recorded as being lost. Most came to grief when leaving fully laden, becoming caught in
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1696-606: The first walking tracks were opened at the Wairere Boulders allowing a close inspection of the basalt rocks in the Wairere valley. Hokianga offers varied and interesting accommodation for all styles and budgets for travelers who prefer a quieter holiday than the busier east coast offers. A visit to the Hokianga is to see what New Zealand was like in previous decades with unspoiled landscapes. Three iconic and very different figures in New Zealand history have been closely associated with
1749-465: The harbour, choking its tributaries with mud. The relationship between Māori and Pākehā (European) settlers was frequently tense, never more so than during the Dog Tax War of the 1890s, which was largely centred around Hokianga. By 1900, the bulk of the forest had sailed over the bar and the little topsoil that remained was turned to dairy farming for butter production. Most of the cream delivered to
1802-529: The harbour, where a monument stands to his memory. In the course of expansion, Ngāpuhi created and maintained over centuries a complex network of walking tracks, many of which evolved into today's roads. More than a dozen pā sites lie close to the Hokianga, among them notably Motukauri Pã, located on a headland at the end of a tombolo between the Motuti River and Whangapapatiki Creek mouths. Wesleyan (and, later, Anglican ) missionaries were guided along
1855-598: The hearts of so many people when she led the 1975 land march, in both Māori and Pākehā communities. She has also served as an inspiration to other Māori women, such as Tiahuia Abraham, who as of 2022 has been a member of the Māori Women's Welfare League for 53 years. On 3 February 2020, a memorial at the Waipuna Marae was unveiled in Panguru, Hokianga, in the presence of prime minister Jacinda Ardern . The bronze statue
1908-446: The legendary Polynesian navigators and explorers , settled in Hokianga in approximately 925 AD, after their journey of discovery from Hawaiki aboard their waka (canoe) named Matahorua and Tāwhirirangi . When Kupe left the area, he declared that this would be the place of his return, leaving several things behind—including the bailer of his canoe. Later, Kupe's grandson Nukutawhiti returned from Hawaiki to settle in Hokianga. In
1961-549: The most important of the coastal settlements in the Hokianga and is where the base of Hokianga's community owned health services ( Hauora Hokianga) is located, on top of the hill at the Hokianga Hospital. The influenza pandemic reached Hokianga in September 1918, and remote Waiotemarama was one of the first settlements to succumb. A soup kitchen was organised in each community. On the instructions of Dr George McCall Smith ,
2014-503: The mouth of the Hokianga, these include: The area around the harbour is divided in three by the estuary. To the south are the settlements of Waimamaku , Ōmāpere , Opononi , Pakanae , Koutu , Whirinaki , Rawene , Omanaia , Waima , and Taheke ; to the north are Broadwood , Pawarenga , Panguru , Mitimiti , and Rangi Point ; and at the top of the harbour upstream from the narrows are Horeke , Kohukohu , and Mangamuka . According to Te Tai Tokerau tradition, Kupe and Ngāhue ,
2067-402: The new Māori Women's Welfare League. The league's success was largely due to Whina's efforts, and she became well known throughout the country. In 1957 she stepped down as president and the annual conference rewarded her with the title Te Whaea o te Motu ("Mother of the Nation"). Whina Cooper continued to work for the community throughout the 1960s, but it was her 1975 leadership of a hīkoi –
2120-516: The northern side was ripe for conversion. His remains, recently claimed by Ngāpuhi, lie buried where the mission began. Today the harbour, like the Reformation itself, stands between Protestant and Catholic. The lawyer and naturalist Sir Walter Lawry Buller was born in Hokianga in 1838. Within six days of the Waitangi signing , Governor Hobson , keen to secure full Ngāpuhi support, trekked across to
2173-475: The true impact of the epidemic on Maori is unknown. The first major industry of the region was based around the kauri trees, both logging and the gum, the strong thick resin which came from the trees. After the forests started to thin, dairying and cheese production took over as the mainstay of the economy, but they too fell away after the closure of the Motukaraka Dairy Cooperative in 1953. For
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2226-419: The valley turning it into a tidal saltwater harbour with abundant sheltered deep water anchorages. This was the harbour that the explorer Kupe left from, and in 1822 it was home to the first European timber entrepreneurs. southern right whales possibly frequented the bay historically, prior to significant depletion of the species caused by commercial and illegal hunting. Today, large whales are rarely seen in
2279-459: The western side of the area between Hokianga Harbour and Whangape Harbour , including the locality of Matihetihe . It has an area of 347.98 km (134.36 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 950 as of June 2024, with a population density of 2.7 people per km. Hokianga North had a population of 912 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 117 people (14.7%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 168 people (22.6%) since
2332-513: The wind shadow cast by South Head, where deep water lay. A temporary lull or change in wind direction could cause a sailing ship to lose steerage way and be swept onto the rocky shore. In 1828, the missionary schooner Herald , built by Henry Williams and sailed by Gilbert Mair , foundered while trying to enter Hokianga Harbour. The last recorded shipwreck was of the schooner Isabella de Fraine , lost with all eight crew in July 1928 after capsizing on
2385-409: Was a New Zealand kuia ( Māori elder), who worked for many years for the rights of her people, and particularly to improve the lot of Māori women. She is remembered for leading the 1975 Māori land march from Te Hāpua to Wellington , a distance of 1,100 km (680 mi), at the age of 79. Her wide influence and nationally recognised activity led her to be acknowledged with awards in both
2438-519: Was a sculptural representation of a famous photograph of Cooper, holding the hand of her granddaughter Irenee Cooper, as they were starting the 1975 land march. Her son, Joe Cooper, unveiled the statue. Ardern promised that her story would be included in the new school history curriculum. In 2020, the tunnel boring machine that is being used to construct the twin tunnels of the City Rail Link in Auckland between Mount Eden station and Aotea station
2491-592: Was in the form of a land dispute over an area of leased mudflats in around 1914. The farmer who rented the land, Bob Holland, wanted to drain the estuary for farming. This would have obstructed current use of the land by local iwi for gathering seafood and for racing horses during the drier months. Heremia challenged the lease in court, and Cooper led a group of protesters to fill in Holland's drains. The protesters were eventually charged with trespassing, but they had stalled events long enough for Heremia to be successful, and
2544-765: Was made law, but on 9 March she was found dead in a rock crevice at Koutu Point. It is suspected that she was killed accidentally by fishermen fishing with gelignite . Her death was reported nationwide, and she was buried with full Māori honours in a special plot next to the town hall. There are composite (years 1–15) schools at Opononi , Panguru and Broadwood . There are also primary schools at Mangamuka , Horeke , Kohukohu , Matihetihe , Omanaia , Pawarenga , Rawene , Waimā , Whirinaki , and Umawera . 35°31′33″S 173°22′43″E / 35.5258°S 173.3786°E / -35.5258; 173.3786 Whina Cooper Dame Whina Cooper ONZ DBE (born Hōhepine Te Wake ; 9 December 1895 – 26 March 1994)
2597-449: Was named "Dame Whina Cooper". Cooper is the subject of a biographical film called Whina , which was released in selected cinemas on 23 June 2022. The film was directed by James Napier Robertson and Paula Whetu Jones . Cooper was portrayed by Miriama McDowell and Rena Owen , with the former portraying an adult, and the latter an elderly, Cooper. Whina Cooper was the focus of the documentary, Whina, Te Whaea O Te Moto – Mother of
2650-445: Was presumed to be male. Unlike the majority of dolphins, she had no qualms about human company, and would perform stunts for locals, play with objects like beach balls and beer bottles, and allow children to swim alongside her and make contact. The dolphin became a local celebrity but news of her soon spread, and visitors from throughout the country would come to watch her. On 8 March 1956 official protection for Opo, requested by locals,
2703-509: Was spoken by 94.7%, Māori language by 40.1%, Samoan by 1.0% and other languages by 1.3%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.3%. The percentage of people born overseas was 4.6, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 61.2% Christian , 0.3% Islam , 3.9% Māori religious beliefs , 0.3% New Age , and 0.7% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 29.3%, and 4.6% of people did not answer
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#17331048561492756-467: Was spoken by 97.6%, Māori language by 41.5%, Samoan by 2.4% and other languages by 2.4%. No language could be spoken by 2.4% (e.g. too young to talk). The percentage of people born overseas was 4.9, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 80.5% Christian , and 2.4% Islam . People who answered that they had no religion were 14.6%, and 4.9% of people did not answer the census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 9 (9.1%) people had
2809-422: Was that 195 (27.5%) people were employed full-time, 108 (15.3%) were part-time, and 60 (8.5%) were unemployed. Panguru began as a Catholic settlement. It was named Whakarapa until 1923, when Whina Cooper called a public meeting that led to the name being changed to distinguish it from another settlement of that name. There are three marae in the area connected to Te Rarawa hapū : Te Kura Taumata o Panguru
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