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44-427: The Zuid-Hollandsche Electrische Spoorweg-Maatschappij (ZHESM) company was founded in 1900 to build electric railway lines in the province of South Holland . Their first railway line connected Den Haag Hollands Spoor station with the seaside resort of Scheveningen . This line opened with steam traction on 1 May 1907 and was electrified in 1908. Its second line connected The Hague with Rotterdam. It opened in 1908, and

88-548: A collection of lakes north-east of Leiden, popular for boating, watersports, fishing, camping and walking. The southern part of South Holland consists of a number of islands of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta . Although technically islands in the sense that they are surrounded by rivers, canals or other bodies of water, most of these islands are well connected to the rest of the province via bridges, tunnels and dams. The southern islands, most notably Goeree-Overflakkee (1 on

132-503: A military fort ( Latin : castellum ) there, as part of a range strategically built encampments, to protect and guard the river, frontier ( limes ) of the Roman empire and main transport route of goods and troops. The historical map Tabula Peutingeriana situates the settlement in between Matilo ( Leiden ) and Praetorium Agrippinae ( Valkenburg ) downstream and Nigrum Pullum (Zwammerdam) and Fectio ( Vechten ) upstream. The village

176-406: A mirror, and over eight hundred coins dating from the reign of Roman Emperors Tiberius , Caligula, Claudius and Nero (between 14-68 AD). In addition, leftover food had been preserved, making it possible to research the farming techniques and eating habits of the soldiers. Foundations were exhumed, providing us with knowledge on building techniques used by the ancients Romans. In Albaniana stamps of

220-527: A period of 60 years, whenever there was a possibility. In the early 1950s work has been done under the direction of Albert Egges van Giffen ; from 1959 to 1978 under direction of Jules Bogaers and more systematically from 1978 to 1998 under direction of professor Jan Kees Haalebos, who could determine location and mapping of the fortress. In 2001, extensive archaeological research started in the centre of Alphen aan den Rijn. Many findings were done here. These excavations yielded large quantities of finds, and since

264-572: Is 6.1% in 2013. The main sectors of economical activity in this province are among others: Religion in South Holland (2015) In 2015, 18.2% of the population belonged to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands while 14.5% were Roman Catholic , 7.5% Muslim , 1.8% Hindu and 5.7% belonged to other churches or faiths. Over half (52.2%) of the population identified as non-religious. Among

308-455: Is divided into 50 municipalities . The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 163.8 billion € in 2018. This contributes to the gross domestic product of the Netherlands by 21.2%. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 38,700 € or 128% of the EU27 average in the same year. South Holland's labour force amounts to 1,661,000 people; 47.1% of the total population. The unemployment rate

352-641: Is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the Batavian Republic was proclaimed and the old order was swept away by a series of constitutional changes in the following years. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments with roughly equal populations. The south of Holland

396-565: Is water. It borders the North Sea to the west, North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, and North Brabant and Zeeland to the south. Beside the dunes along the North Sea coast, the province is almost entirely flat and mostly consists of polders . The centre of South Holland and the area along the coast in the west are largely urban, part of the Randstad conurbation, while

440-559: The ' Classis Germanica ' , a Roman military fleet, were found. A number of these discovered artifacts can be seen in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden. The city of Alphen aan den Rijn has not forgotten its Roman history. A theatre and cinema – named Castellum – can be found where the camp used to be located, a stone with Roman inscriptions lies near the water on the Rijnplein, and

484-610: The Eighty Years' War , the area of South Holland was the scene of the Capture of Brielle , the Siege of Leiden and the assassination of William the Silent . The United Netherlands declared their independence in 1581, and Holland quickly emerged as the country's dominant province, with important trading cities such as Leiden, Delft , Gouda and Dordrecht. In 1575, the Netherlands' first university

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528-656: The French Empire , and Maasland was renamed Bouches-de-la-Meuse . After the defeat of the French in 1813, this organisation remained unchanged for a year or so. When the 1814 Constitution was introduced, most borders were restored to their situation before the French period . The north and south of Holland were reunited as the province of Holland. However, the division had not completely been undone. Since its re-establishment in 1814, Holland had always had two King's Commissioners , one for

572-533: The Hook and Cod wars , concerning the succession of count William IV . Both his daughter Jacqueline and his brother John , the latter supported by Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy , claimed the throne. The conflict ended in 1490, with John victorious. Overall, the area of South Holland remained largely agrarian throughout the late Middle Ages. This changed around 1500, when Holland became Europe's most urbanised area. During

616-505: The Netherlands is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . South Holland South Holland ( Dutch : Zuid-Holland [ˌzœyt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ) is a province of the Netherlands with a population of over 3.8 million as of January 2023 and a population density of about 1,410/km (3,700/sq mi), making it the country's most populous province and one of the world's most densely populated areas. Situated on

660-690: The Nieuwe Waterweg in 1863 marked the start of the growth of the Port of Rotterdam . On 14 May 1940, during the Second World War , the centre of Rotterdam was destroyed by a German bombardment . The subsequent German occupation of the Netherlands resulted in anti-Jewish measures, and many members of Dutch resistance were captured and executed on the Waalsdorpervlakte . At the same time, the Atlantikwall

704-475: The North Sea in the west of the Netherlands, South Holland covers an area of 3,308 km (1,277 sq mi), of which 609 km (235 sq mi) is water. It borders North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, and North Brabant and Zeeland to the south. The provincial capital is the Dutch seat of government The Hague , while its largest city is Rotterdam . The Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta drains through South Holland into

748-661: The Frankish king Pepin II . He accordingly founded a church in Oegstgeest , after which the entire area was gradually Christianised. The area was appointed to East Francia in the Treaty of Verdun in 843, after which the king granted lands to Gerolf , who had helped him claim the lands. This was the birth of the County of Holland . Gerolf was later succeeded by Dirk I , who continued to rule Holland under

792-470: The Frankish king. In 1248, count William II ordered the construction of the Ridderzaal , which was later finished by his son and successor Floris V . The first city in South Holland to receive city rights was Dordrecht , which did so in 1220. The city retained a dominant position in the area until it was struck by a series of floods in the late 14th century. The same century also saw a series of civil wars,

836-556: The Hofpleinlijn had only local significance. In 1953 the line to Scheveningen closed. The line between The Hague and Hofplein was converted to metro-like operation in 2006. Hofplein station was closed in 2010, when a tunnel connected the line to the Rotterdam Metro at Rotterdam Central Station . This European rail transport related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about transport in

880-490: The North Sea. Europe's busiest seaport , the Port of Rotterdam , is located in South Holland. Archaeological discoveries in Hardinxveld-Giessendam indicate that the area of South Holland has been inhabited since at least c. 7,500 years before present, probably by nomadic hunter-gatherers. Agriculture and permanent settlements probably originated around 2,000 years later, based on excavations near Vlaardingen . In

924-568: The classical antiquity, South Holland was part of the Roman Province of Germania Inferior , and the border of the Roman Empire ran along the Old Rhine and reached the North Sea near Katwijk . The Romans built fortresses along the border, such as Praetorium Agrippinae near modern-day Valkenburg , Matilo near modern-day Leiden , and Albaniana near modern-day Alphen aan den Rijn . A city

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968-403: The cultivation of flower bulbs. To the south of the region lie mostly pastures on sand soil, that form the transition to more urban area. This urban area runs along the Old Rhine , from Katwijk via Rijnsburg to Leiden and Zoeterwoude-Rijndijk . South of Leiden and north of The Hague lies an area where a landscape of dunes bordering the North Sea in the west transitions to one of peat more to

1012-488: The department of Holland was created. The reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of a division of Holland, creating less dominant provinces. In 1807, Holland was reorganised once again. This time, the department was split in two. The south, what would later become South Holland, was called the Department of Maasland . This also did not last long. In 1810, all the Dutch provinces were integrated into

1056-487: The east of the province is more agrarian and belongs to the Groene Hart , literally Green Heart . The south of the province is a collection of islands in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta . For census reasons, South Holland is divided into five regions: Rijnmond , South , West , East , and Southwest . The Duin- en Bollenstreek is a region in the northwest of South Holland, around Katwijk , that features coastal dunes and

1100-463: The east. The easternmost tip of South Holland is part of De Biesbosch , one of the largest national parks of the Netherlands and one of the last freshwater tide areas in Europe. Other parks in South Holland, although no national parks, include Delftse Hout east of Delft , Ackerdijkse Plassen , a bird reserve north of Rotterdam, and Buytenpark and Westerpark near Zoetermeer. The Kagerplassen are

1144-424: The flat surface, wind storms are also not uncommon in the winter. Although rain occurs all year long, the first six months of the year are relatively dry. Eastern winds can result in temporary continental climate conditions with relatively warm and dry summers and cold and stormy winters. The temperature varies between the 2 °C and 6 °C in the winter and 17 °C and 20 °C in the summer. South Holland

1188-537: The map), Tiengemeten (2), Hoeksche Waard (6) and Voorne-Putten (4/5), are largely agrarian, while more to the north, the islands are more urban, such as Dordrecht (7), IJsselmonde (9) and Rozenburg (10), while other islands, like Rozenburg (10), are mostly used for petrochemical industry. Together, these cities form the Rijnmond conurbation, centred on the city of Rotterdam . Together with Haaglanden (centred on The Hague ) and Delfland (centred on Delft ) in

1232-516: The middle of the third century, presumably 270 AD, the castellum was vacated. All along the frontier German tribes crossed the Rhine and invaded the Roman Empire. Soldiers from the different forts could no longer withstand the enemy. German tribes plundered the castella. In medieval times the forts were used as quarries, after which the remains disappeared underground. These remnants were only rediscovered in

1276-514: The municipalities of Westland and Midden-Delfland ). Like the rest of the Netherlands, South Holland experiences a temperate oceanic climate , a Cfb-class according to the Köppen climate classification . The climate is influenced by the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , which results in relatively cooler summers and milder winters. Rain showers are common in the fall and winter seasons. Because of

1320-581: The north and one for the south. Even though the province had been reunited, the two areas were still treated differently in some ways and the idea of dividing Holland remained alive. In 1840, it was decided to once again split Holland into North and South Holland, because the province of Holland was deemed too dominant in area, population and wealth. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, five municipalities were transferred from South Holland to Utrecht; Oudewater in 1970, Woerden in 1989, Vianen in 2002, Leerdam and Zederik in 2019. The construction of

1364-565: The north, and the Drechtsteden to the south-east, this conurbation in turn forms the South Wing of the Randstad conurbation, which spans across South Holland, North Holland and Utrecht. Other regions in South Holland include Alblasserwaard , Gouwestreek ("The Gouwe Area"), Hoeksche Waard , Krimpenerwaard , Rijnland ("Rhineland"), Rijnstreek ("The Rhine Area"), Vijfheerenlanden and Westland (roughly including Hook of Holland and

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1408-500: The remains of the castellum were found below groundwater level, they were very well preserved and included organic remains. Remnants of the castellum, the canabae located close by and cemeteries were discovered. Pieces of two elongated buildings that may have served as storage were found and wooden-floored barracks. Furthermore, a number of military and personal objects belonging to the Roman soldiers were identified, such as writing utensils,

1452-513: The twentieth century. By then most of the area had been built upon, causing much to remain lost. In 1920, the director of the National Museum of Ethnology , Leiden professor Jan Hendrik Holwerda, did visit the building site of a church in the center of Alphen and concluded from findings, that it must be seen as a fact that the Romans have been lived here. Castellum Albaniana has been excavated over

1496-459: The wall was demolished by the Cananefates ; this was later rebuilt after the rebellion had been quelled. Around 160 AD, the wooden wall had been replaced by a brick wall. It was around this time that a new entrance gate was built, carrying an inscription referring to Emperor Septimius Severus . The reason for this was that Emperor Severus himself had given the order to repair the damages inflicted on

1540-554: The wall. During its glory days, the army camp consisted of approximately four hundred soldiers. Similar to other Limes-forts, the Albaniana most probably was built close to a civilian settlement ( vicus ). From archaeological findings can be concluded, south-west of the fort, on higher grounds, locals did offer their goods and services to the Romans. This formed a meeting ground of cultures, where local Batavians and Cananefates mingled with Romans and mutually influenced each other. In

1584-423: The well-known scientists originating from South Holland are: As far as art examined, several famous painters originate from this province; such as: Albaniana (Roman fort) Albaniana was the name the ancient Romans gave a settlement on the southern banks of Rhine river, some 40 kilometers from its mouth in the North Sea , known as Alfen and modern-day Alphen aan den Rijn , Netherlands . They did build

1628-533: The white waters". These white waters likely refer to the Old Rhine , where the army camp was situated. A dendrochronological dating of the wood enables us to say that the fort was built after the state visit of Caligula to Germania Inferior in AD 40–41. The wooden building was meant to protect the 'limes'; the Roman border consisting of the Rhine . Caligula built this fort with the idea of crossing over to Great Britain ; this

1672-682: Was constructed along the coast. After the Second World War, in 1953, the south of South Holland was heavily struck by the North Sea flood , which took the lives of 677 South Hollanders. After this, the Dutch government decided for the construction of the Delta Works , which came to an end with the completion of the Maeslantkering in 1997. South Holland covers an area of 3,308 km (1,277 sq mi), of which 609 km (235 sq mi)

1716-885: Was founded in Leiden by William the Silent. The Hague , which had originated around the castle of the counts of Holland, became its new political centre. Both the States of Holland and the States General seated in the Binnenhof . The Dutch Golden Age blossomed in the 17th century. The south of Holland, back then often referred to as the Zuiderkwartier (literally "South Quarter"), was the birthplace and residence of scientists such as Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Christiaan Huygens , philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle , and painters such as Johannes Vermeer , Rembrandt van Rijn and Jan Steen . The province of South Holland as it

1760-604: Was founded near modern-day Voorburg , Forum Hadriani . It was built according to the grid plan, and facilitated a square, a court, a bathhouse and several temples. After the departure of the Romans, the area belonged to the Frisian Kingdom , after which it was conquered by the Frankish king Dagobert I in 636. In 690, the Anglo-Saxon monk Willibrord arrived near Katwijk and was granted permission to spread Roman Catholicism by

1804-479: Was mentioned in Antoninus' register of roads Itinerarium Antonini from the 3rd century. The fortress must have been surrounded by a wall of ground and wooden poles, with gates and watch towers. The origin of Alphen aan den Rijn can be dated back to approximately 40 AD. The town that now consists of over 70,000 inhabitants was than a rural settlement with little more than 100 inhabitants. The name Albaniana means "by

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1848-521: Was not accomplished during his reign, although his successor Claudius succeeded. The building was an isolated outpost, few colonies were located nearby. The complex was exclusively made of wood. It had wooden outer walls and wooden watchtowers. Outside the walls canals were dug. This wall was approximately a hundred and twenty meters long and eighty meters wide. During the Revolt of the Batavi (between AD 69 and 70)

1892-498: Was split up into three departments. The islands in the south were merged with Zeeland and the west of North Brabant to form the Department of the Scheldt and Meuse . The north of the area became the Department of the Delf . A small region in the east of the area became part of the Department of the Rhine , which spanned much of Gelderland and Utrecht. In 1801, the old borders were restored when

1936-461: Was the first electrified railway line in the Netherlands (using world-unique 10 kV 25 Hz voltage, changed in 1926 to Netherlands standard 1500 V). The terminus in Rotterdam was Rotterdam Hofplein station , which gives the line its name. In Rotterdam, connecting curves to the main railway towards Rotterdam Delftsche Poort and from 1951 also towards Rotterdam Noord Goederen existed, but nevertheless

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