The Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg ( German : Fürstbistum Augsburg; Hochstift Augsburg ) was one of the prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire , and belonged to the Swabian Circle . It should not be confused with the larger diocese of Augsburg, over which the prince-bishop exercised only spiritual authority.
170-456: The city of Augsburg proper, after it gained free imperial status, was a separate entity and constitutionally and politically independent of the prince-bishopric of the same name. The prince-bishopric covered some 2365 km and had approximately 100,000 inhabitants at the time it was annexed to Bavaria in the course of the German mediatization . Nothing is known with certainty about the history of
340-536: A fief , with Bolesław I recognizing Henry II as his overlord. Henry II refused to allow Bolesław I to keep possession of Meissen, however. Shortly after Bolesław I's departure from Merseburg, an assassination attempt was made against him. Though the attempt failed, Bolesław I was seriously injured. The Polish Duke accused Henry II of instituting the attack, and relations between the two countries were severed. Bolesław I also refused to pay tribute to Germany. Prior to open rebellion in 1004, Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia ,
510-559: A siege ensued through the winter of 1634/35 and thousands died from hunger and disease. During the Swedish occupation and the siege by Catholic troops, the population of the city was reduced from about 70,000 to about 16,000. Diseases such as typhus and the plague ravaged the city. In the first half of the 17th century Augsburg was pivotal in the European network of goldsmiths . Augsburg attracted goldsmith journeymen from all over Europe and in
680-584: A university , and, in 1564, gave the direction of the new university to the Jesuits, for whom he had built a college in Dillingen. It is due to his untiring labours and those of Canisius that much larger portions of the diocese were not lost to the Church. Under the immediate successors of Otto, the revival instituted by him progressed rapidly, and many excellent decrees were formulated. Under Marquard II von Berg (1575–91)
850-731: A Byzantine ally in 1026. Upon assuming the German throne, Henry II revised many policies of his predecessor, Emperor Otto III . Whereas Otto III had promoted a policy of "Restoration of the Roman Empire" ( Renovatio imperii Romanorum ), Henry II sought a policy of "Restoration of the Frankish Kingdom" ( Renovatio regni Francorum ). Compared to the other members of the Ottonian dynasty , Henry II spent relatively little time in Italy, only traveling south of
1020-449: A German army and proclaimed himself Duke. The state he regained was a small one, however, as Polish forces would hold Moravia , Silesia , and Lusatia until 1018. During the next part of the offensive, Henry II retook Meissen and, in summer 1005, his army advanced deep into Poland, suffering significant losses along the way. At the Polish city of Poznań , the German forces were ambushed by
1190-634: A certain number are especially prominent, either on account of the offices they filled in the Empire, or for their personal qualifications; thus Witgar, Chancellor and Archchaplain of Louis the German ; Adalbero (887–910), of the line of the Counts of Dillingen , confidant and friend of Emperor Arnulf , who entrusted Adalbero with the education of his son, the German King Louis the Child , distinguished for generosity to
1360-475: A close when Arduin became ill and sought peace with Henry II. He resigned the office of Margrave of Ivrea to become a monk in a monastery at Fruttuaria . He died on 14 December 1015. His brief "reign" as King of Italy would be the last time a native Italian would reign over Italy until its unification under Victor Emmanuel II in 1861. After Arduin's death Henry ordered the Margravate of Ivrea, which had given
1530-422: A forward impulse, as, for instance, under Bishop Walther II Count Palatine von Dillingen (1133–52), under whom the possessions of the diocese were again consolidated and increased by his own inheritance; under Udalskalk (1184–1202), who with great ceremony placed the recently discovered bones of St. Ulrich in the new church of Sts. Ulrich and Afra . These days of peace alternated with periods of conflict into which
1700-508: A great friend and benefactor of monasteries and of the poor, and patron of the arts and sciences. During the episcopate of these bishops, Augsburg acquired, through the industry of its citizens, a worldwide commerce. Some members of its families, e.g. the Fuggers and the Welsers , were the greatest merchants of their time; they lent large sums of money to the emperors and princes of Germany, conducted
1870-524: A great-great-grandson of Emperor Otto I , to succeed him after his death in 1024. Conrad was the first of the Salian dynasty of emperors. Henry was born in May 973, the son of Duke Henry II of Bavaria , and Gisela of Burgundy . Through his father, he was the grandson of Duke Henry I of Bavaria , and the great-grandson of King Henry I of Germany . By his mother, he was the grandson of King Conrad I of Burgundy , and
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#17328522842482040-621: A large forestland. The city itself is also heavily verdant. As a result, in 1997 Augsburg was the first German city to win the Europe-wide contest Entente Florale for Europe's greenest and most livable city. Augsburg is surrounded by the counties Landkreis Augsburg in the west and Aichach-Friedberg in the east. The suburbs of Augsburg are Friedberg , Königsbrunn , Stadtbergen , Neusäß , Gersthofen , Diedorf . Neighbouring municipalities: Rehling , Affing , Kissing , Mering , Merching , Bobingen , Gessertshausen . The city of Augsburg
2210-557: A loyal ally of the Empire. However, the protracted German-Polish wars brought the two nations into open warfare for over sixteen years. Henry II inherited several unresolved ecclesiastical disputes from his predecessor Otto III. Issues of particular importance were the reestablishment of the Diocese of Merseburg and the settlement of the Gandersheim Conflict . In May 1017, Empress Cunigunde became seriously ill, while staying at
2380-458: A loyal supporter of Otto III, but Henry II's actions caused Bolesław I to seek new German allies. Of the major candidates seeking to succeed to the German throne, Bolesław I supported Margrave Eckard I of Meissen over Henry. Only after Eckard was assassinated by Saxon nobles in April 1002 did Bolesław I lend his support to Henry II. Bolesław I traveled to Merseburg on 25 July 1002 and paid homage to
2550-629: A mixed Catholic–Protestant city council presided over a majority Protestant population; see Paritätische Reichsstadt . Augsburg's economic boom years occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to the bank and metal businesses of the merchant families Fugger , Welser and Hochstetter . These families held a near total monopoly in important industries. Monopolies were considered criminal in contemporary laws and these families' practices were criticised by Martin Luther himself, but as Emperor Charles V needed their financial assistance, he cancelled
2720-643: A period of centralized authority throughout the Holy Roman Empire . He consolidated his power by cultivating personal and political ties with the Catholic Church . He greatly expanded the Ottonian dynasty's custom of employing clerics as counter-weights against secular nobles. Through donations to the Church and the establishment of new dioceses, Henry strengthened imperial rule across the Empire and increased control over ecclesiastical affairs. He stressed service to
2890-442: A pitched battle, and Henry II was forced to turn back, his army weakened by diseases and suffering heavy losses. Henry II almost executed the treacherous prince of Capua, but he relented at the last moment at Pilgrim's pleading. Instead, Henry II sent him off to Germany in chains and appointed Pandulf V to replace him as prince of Capua. The expedition ultimately achieved little, and Pandulf IV would be reinstated as Prince of Capua as
3060-630: A pontifical boarding school (alumnatus) was founded in Dillingen, colleges were established by the Jesuits in Landsberg , and through the bounty of the Fugger family, in Augsburg (1580). Heinrich von Knöringen, made bishop at the early age of twenty-eight, took especial interest in the university and the Seminary of Dillingen, both of which he enriched with many endowments; he convened several synods, converted Wolfgang ,
3230-595: A population of 100,000, as per the Bavarian Gemeindeordnung . The mayor of Augsburg has been Eva Weber of the Christian Social Union (CSU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows: The Augsburg city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and
3400-712: A population of about 30,000. This put it on a level with cities like Cologne and Prague . Augsburg passed 100,000 residents in 1909 and the population has grown steadily since then. Augsburg is twinned with: The main road link is autobahn A 8 between Munich and Stuttgart . Public transport is very well catered for. It is controlled by the Augsburger Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Augsburg transport and tariff association, AVV) extended over central Swabia. There are seven rail Regionalbahn lines, five tram lines, 27 city bus lines and six night bus lines, as well as several taxi companies. The Augsburg tramway network
3570-564: A revolt against imperial rule in Italy in 1002. Before Henry II could arrive, however, Otto III died of fever, leaving no heir. After defeating several contenders to the throne, Henry II was crowned King of Germany on 9 July 1002 as the first in a line of kings to adopt the title Rex Romanorum as an antedate to his coronation in Rome as Imperator Romanorum . On 15 May 1004, he was anointed King of Italy ("Rex Italiae"). In that same year, Henry II joined Duke Jaromír of Bohemia in his struggle against
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#17328522842483740-581: A short time. At the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, at which the so-called Confessio Augustana was delivered to the emperor in the chapel of the episcopal palace, the emperor issued an edict according to which all innovations were to be abolished, and Catholics reinstated in their rights and property. The city council however, set itself up in opposition, recalled (1531) the Protestant preachers who had been expatriated, suppressed Catholic services in all churches except
3910-683: A similar alliance with other Slavic peoples. With his conquest west of the Oder River in 1002, his domain stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Carpathian Mountains . Furthermore, the Polish Duke was connected by kinship to numerous princes of Scandinavia . Henry II answered Bolesław I's rebellion by invading in the summer of 1004, reaching the Ore Mountains in northern Bohemia. He then conquered
4080-405: A smaller Kaserne for former Luftwaffe communications units. The American military presence in the city started with the U.S. 5th Infantry Division stationed at FLAK Kaserne from 1945 to 1955, then by 11th Airborne Division , followed by the 24th Infantry Division , U.S. Army VII Corps artillery, USASA Field Station Augsburg and finally the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade , which returned
4250-568: A successful rebellion against Byzantine control of Apulia . The Byzantine Empire struck back in 1018 under Catepan of Italy Basil Boioannes , delivering a devastating defeat to the joint Lombard-Norman force at the Battle of Cannae . Melus fled to the Papal States following the defeat. With the Byzantine successes in southern Italy, Pope Benedict VIII took an unusual step in 1020, traveling north across
4420-527: A synod at Dillingen, at which it was forbidden to read Luther's writings; he promulgated throughout his diocese the Bull of Pope Leo X (1520) against Luther; he forbade the Carmelites, who were spreading the new doctrine, to preach; he warned the magistrates of Augsburg, Memmingen , and other places not to tolerate the reformers, and he adopted other similar measures. Despite all this, the followers of Luther obtained
4590-658: Is now 35.5 km-long after the opening of new lines to the university in 1996, the northern city boundary in 2001 and to the Klinikum Augsburg (Augsburg hospital) in 2002. Tram line 6, which runs 5.2 km from Friedberg West to Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), opened in December 2010. In December 2021, tram line 3 was extended southward to the neighboring city of Königsbrunn . There is one station for intercity bus services in Augsburg: Augsburg Nord, located in
4760-523: Is on the Munich–Augsburg and Ulm–Augsburg lines and is connected by ICE and IC services to Munich , Berlin , Dortmund , Frankfurt , Hamburg and Stuttgart . As of December 2007, the French TGV connected Augsburg with a direct High Speed Connection to Paris . In addition EC and night train services connect to Amsterdam , Paris and Vienna and connections will be substantially improved by
4930-537: Is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum and named after the Roman emperor Augustus . It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century. According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became "the dominant centre of early capitalism", having benefited from being part of
5100-561: The Archbishopric of Magdeburg as well as his re-occupation of the marches of Lusatia and Meissen, including the city of Bautzen . The German counter-offensive began three years later in 1010. It was of no significant consequence, beyond some pillaging in Silesia. In 1012, a second peace treaty between Germany and Poland was signed. Bolesław I quickly broke the peace, however, and once again invaded Lusatia. Bolesław I's forces pillaged and burned
5270-513: The Basilica of San Michele Maggiore . Unlike his predecessors, after gaining the Kingdom of Italy Henry II wore two crowns, one for Germany and one for Italy, instead of a common crown representing both realms. After the coronation a dispute arose between some of the residents and Henry's people. It escalated to where the residents attacked the palace where the king was dining. The army encamped outside
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5440-570: The Dachau concentration camp outside Augsburg supplied approximately 1,300 forced labourers to local military-related industry, especially the Messerschmitt AG military aircraft firm, headquartered in Augsburg. In 1941 Rudolf Hess , without Adolf Hitler 's permission, secretly took off from a local Augsburg airport and flew to Scotland, crashing in Eaglesham , to the south of Glasgow. His objective
5610-604: The Duke of Neuburg , to Catholicism, and during his long episcopate (1598–1646) reconciled many Protestant cities and parishes to the Catholic Church, being aided in a particular manner by the Jesuits, for whom he founded establishments in Neuburg, Memmingen , and Kaufbeuren . By means of the Edict of Restitution of Emperor Ferdinand II (1629), vigorously and even too forcefully executed by
5780-752: The Dutch Republic . The coalition was formed to defend the Electorate of the Palatinate and fought against France in the Nine Years' War . The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss or the Final Recess of 1803, saw the annexation of nearly all of the 51 Free Imperial Cities, excepting Augsburg and five others. However, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, Napoleon encouraged his German allies to annex their smaller neighbours, and Augsburg lost its independence. It
5950-612: The Kaiserliche Reichspost system as "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I . The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and the 1555 Peace of Augsburg . The Fuggerei , the oldest social housing complex in the world, was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger . In 2019 UNESCO recognised
6120-634: The King of Italy Arduin in his capital of Ivrea , where he remained until 1015. Henry II arrived in Rome in early 1014, restoring Benedict VIII as pope. On 14 February 1014, the Pope crowned Henry II as Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") in St. Peter's Basilica . Then, under the presidency of the Emperor and Pope, a synod was held in Rome, appointing five bishops, issuing decrees against simony and promoting chastity within
6290-898: The March of Verona to face Arduin, but Arduin successfully defeated Otto's troops at the Battle of Fabrica in 1003. In 1004 Henry II responded to calls for aid from Italian bishops and led an invasion into Italy against Arduin. Henry II gathered his troops at Augsburg and marched through the Brenner Pass to Trento , Italy. After initial military successes, much of the Italian clergy and some noble families swore allegiance to Henry II, including Archbishop Arnulf II . Joining Henry II in Bergamo , Arnulf II crowned him as King of Italy ("Rex Italiae") on 14 May 1004 in Pavia , in
6460-429: The Ottonian line . As Duke of Bavaria , appointed in 995, Henry became King of the Romans ("Rex Romanorum") following the sudden death of his second cousin, Emperor Otto III in 1002, was made King of Italy ("Rex Italiae") in 1004, and crowned emperor by Pope Benedict VIII in 1014. The son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria , and his wife Gisela of Burgundy , Emperor Henry II was a great-grandson of German king Henry
6630-598: The Principality of Capua . A third army, smaller still, under the command of Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia went through the Apennines to join Henry II in besieging the Byzantine fortress of Troia . Though Patriarch Pilgrim captured Pandulf IV of Capua and extracted oaths of allegiance from both Capua and the Principality of Salerno , all three of Henry II's armies failed to take Troia. The Byzantine troops could not be forced into
6800-720: The funeral procession moved through the Duchy of Bavaria in February 1002, Henry met the procession in Polling , just north of the Alps. To legitimise his claims, Henry demanded Archbishop Heribert of Cologne give him the Imperial Regalia , chief among them being the Holy Lance . Heribert, however, had sent these ahead of the procession, possibly out of distrust of Henry and possibly because he favoured
6970-794: The pagan Slavic Lutici tribe. As a consequence of their military alliance, Henry II halted Christianization efforts among the Slavic peoples. The new alliance with the Western Slavs against Poland was controversial, however. Many German nobles had hoped for continued missionary work and the direct submission of the Elbe Slavs . In addition, many German nobles opposed the war because they had developed family ties with Poland during Otto III's reign. It interfered with Bishop Bruno of Querfurt 's mission to Poland, so he set out for Hungary. In preparation for Henry II's coming military invasion, Bolesław I developed
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7140-579: The 0 °C isotherm, a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). The water systems of Augsburg have been the site of innovations in hydraulic engineering for centuries. Augsburg was built on top of an aquifer fed by the Lech and Wertach rivers, which provided purified groundwater that ran through the city through springs and streams. The canals channelling this water through the city were first mentioned in 1276, and by 1416 waterworks, pumps and water towers were added to distribute this water effectively. In 1545 Augsburg
7310-415: The 1490s onwards, as official members of the court of Maximilian I). Several witch hunts occurred in Augsburg in the late 16th century. Following the 1585–1588 plague epidemic, southeast Germany was shattered by the 1589–1591 witch hunts. Following the 1592–1593 plague epidemic, cities in southeast Germany entered a period of inflation , marked by brutal witch hunts in urban areas. Religious peace in
7480-614: The 18th century a large number of silversmiths and goldsmiths became master craftsman in Augsburg. In 1686 the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I formed the League of Augsburg , also known as the "Grand Alliance" after England joined in 1689. The coalition consisted at various times of Austria, Bavaria , Brandenburg , England, the Holy Roman Empire , the Electorate of the Palatinate , Portugal, Savoy , Saxony , Spain, Sweden, and
7650-409: The Abbot of St. Afra, and expelled him from the city. Only after the conclusion of the Concordat of Worms (1122) did Hermann obtain the confirmation of the pope and relief from excommunication. The political disturbances resulting from the dissensions between the popes and the German emperors reacted on the Church of Augsburg. There were short periods of rest, during which ecclesiastical life received
7820-420: The Alps into Germany to discusses the state of affairs in southern Italy with the Emperor. Meeting Henry II in Bamberg , the Pope was accompanied by a large number of Italian secular and ecclesiastical leaders, including Melus. Henry II granted Melus the empty title Duke of Apulia for his actions against the Byzantines. But Melus died just a few days later, on 23 April 1020. After settling some controversies with
7990-434: The Alps three times during his twenty-two year reign. He was absent from the Italian peninsula for over a decade between his expulsion of Margrave Arduin of Ivrea in 1004 and his return in 1014 to claim the imperial title, allowing the kingdom to mostly govern itself. Henry II's absence from Italy was primarily due to his continued conflict with Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland. During the reign of Otto III, Bolesław I had been
8160-402: The Augsburg Church during the centuries immediately following the collapse of Roman power in Germany and the turbulence of the great migrations, but it did survive. While two catalogues of the Bishops of Augsburg, dating from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, mention several bishops from this early period, the first one whose record has been historically corroborated is Wikterp (or Wicbpert), who
8330-428: The Bavarian ; Marquard I of Randeck (1348–65), again redeemed the mortgaged property of the diocese, and by the favor of Emperor Charles IV was made Patriarch of Aquileia in 1365. New dissensions between the Prince-Bishop and the Free Imperial City arose under Burkhard von Ellerbach (1373–1404), whose accession was marked by grave discord growing out of the overthrow of the Patrizier, or aristocratic government, and
8500-402: The Bavarian State Government recognised this fact and promoted Augsburg to Metropole . Emperor Henry II Henry II ( German : Heinrich II ; Italian : Enrico II ; Latin : Henricus ; 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024 AD), also known as Saint Henry , Obl. S. B. , was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014. He died without an heir in 1024, and was the last ruler of
8670-476: The Bavarian capital Munich . It is a university town and the regional seat of the Regierungsbezirk Swabia with a well preserved Altstadt (historical city centre). Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg . It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg ), with a population of 304,000 and 885,000 in its metropolitan area. After Neuss , Trier , Worms , Cologne and Xanten , Augsburg
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#17328522842488840-436: The Bishop exercised only spiritual authority. It included 1,050 parishes with more than 500,000 inhabitants. Besides the cathedral chapter, it could boast eight collegiate foundations, forty-six monasteries for men, and thirty-eight convents for women. Luther, who was summoned to vindicate himself in the presence of the papal legate before the Imperial Diet at Augsburg (1518), found enthusiastic adherents in this diocese among both
9010-412: The Bishops of Augsburg were drawn, often against their will, in their capacity as Princes of the Empire, and the life of the Church accordingly suffered decline. Under Siboto von Lechfeld (1227–47) monasteries of the newly founded mendicant orders were first established in Augsburg. Additional causes of conflict were the troubles that arose between the Bishops of Augsburg and the city authorities. During
9180-413: The Byzantine advance, Otto II suddenly died while in Rome, with his infant son Otto III succeeding him. With an infant as ruler and a political crisis to address, the Western Empire was unable to challenge Byzantine dominance. This allowed Basil II to build of his defense forces in preparation for a future Western counterattack. In 1017, aided by Norman mercenaries , the Lombard noble Melus of Bari led
9350-406: The Byzantines as a loyal lieutenant of Otto II. By 978, Pandulf had incorporated all three of the southern Lombard principalities – Benevento, Capua, and Salerno – into the Holy Roman Empire. Pandulf's death in 981, however, weakened Western dominance over the Byzantine Empire in southern Italy. By 982, the entire area once ruled by Pandulf had collapsed. The Byzantines still claimed sovereignty over
9520-429: The Church and promoted monastic reform. For his remarkable personal piety and enthusiastic promotion of the Church, he was canonized by Pope Eugene III in 1146. He is the only medieval German monarch ever to have been honoured as a saint . Henry II's wife was the equally pious Empress Cunigunde , who was canonized in 1200 by Pope Innocent III . As the union produced no children, the German nobles elected Conrad II ,
9690-472: The Diocese of Augsburg lost to the Reformation about 250 parishes, 24 monasteries, and over 500 benefices. Although the religious upheaval brought with it a great loss of worldly possessions, it was not without beneficial effect on religious life of the diocese. Bishop Christopher von Stadion , while trying to protect Catholicism from the inroads of the Reformation, had sought to strengthen and revive ecclesiastical discipline, which had sadly declined, among both
9860-410: The Edict of Restitution. Finally, the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) established equality between Catholics and Protestants, and was followed by a long period of internal peace. Owing to the losses suffered by the diocese on account of the treaty, a solemn protest was laid before the imperial chancery by Bishop Sigmund Francis , Archduke of Austria (1646–65). This bishop, on account of his youth, ruled
10030-450: The Emperor soon agreed to release Mieszko II. At the same time, Henry II entertained Yaroslav , the pretender to the throne of the Kievan Rus' . A son of Kievan Grand Duke Vladimir the Great , he was vice-regent of the Principality of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Yaroslav's eldest surviving brother, Sviatopolk I of Kiev , killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Henry II's support of Yaroslav
10200-427: The Emperor's death. Accompanied by Archbishop Arnulf II of Milan , Arduin won the support of the Italian territorial magnates. Arduin, however, had been excommunicated in 997 for the murder of the Bishop of Vercelli . This allowed Arduin's enemies in the Church, led by Archbishop Frederick of Ravenna , to side with the German King Henry II as the rightful ruler of Italy. Henry II sent Duke Otto I of Carinthia , over
10370-511: The Fowler and a member of the Bavarian branch of the Ottonian dynasty . Since his father had rebelled against two previous emperors, the younger Henry spent long periods of time in exile, where he turned to Christianity at an early age, first finding refuge with the Bishop of Freising and later during his education at the cathedral school in Hildesheim. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 995 as "Henry IV". As duke, he attempted to join his second-cousin, Emperor Otto III, in suppressing
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#173285228424810540-415: The German crown. Upon assuming the throne, however, Henry II refused to honour his promise and instead supported the rights of the Bavarians to elect their own duke. With Henry II's support, Count Henry I of Luxembourg became the Duke of Bavaria as Henry V. Betrayed by the King, Margrave Henry allied with Bolesław I of Poland against him. However, his rebellion was soon quashed and the Nordgauian Margrave
10710-434: The German re-armament before the Second World War , the Wehrmacht enlarged Augsburg's one original Kaserne (barracks) to three: Somme Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Artillerie-Regiment 27); Arras Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 27) and Panzerjäger Kaserne (housing Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 27 (later Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27)). Wehrmacht Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27 was later moved to Füssen . The MAN factory at Augsburg
10880-506: The Habsburg empire began to extend to other parts of Europe, Maximilian's loyalty to Augsburg, where he conducted a lot of his endeavours, meant that the imperial city became "the dominant centre of early capitalism" of the sixteenth century, and "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire". From Maximilian's time, as the "terminuses of the first transcontinental post lines" began to shift from Innsbruck to Venice and from Brussels to Antwerp , in these cities,
11050-450: The Imperial army crossed the Oder river and marched across Poland, Henry II's forces killed or captured several thousand Poles, including women and children. But the Imperial army suffered heavy losses throughout the campaign. Bolesław I sent a detachment of Moravian knights under the command of Mieszko II in a diversionary attack against the Empire's Eastern March . The Imperial army retreated from Poland to Merseburg in order to address
11220-448: The Kingdom to govern itself. Henry returned to Germany to take military action against the rebellious Bolesław I of Poland. The untimely death of Emperor Otto III at age 21 in 1002 upset the young Emperor's ambitious renovatio plans, which were never fully implemented. Henry II reversed Otto III's eastern policies, damaging the excellent relationship Germany and Bolesław I of Poland had enjoyed during Otto III's reign. Bolesław I had been
11390-478: The Lombard principalities, and the lack of single leader to prevent their advances into Lombard territory allowed the Byzantines to make inroads further north. While in Byzantine territory, Otto II encountered a large Muslim army brought into the region by Abu al-Qasim , Emir of Sicily , and was soundly defeated in the ensuing battle of Stilo on 14 July 982. The defeat shifted the balance of power in southern Italy into Byzantine favor. While preparing to counterattack
11560-403: The Ottonian emperors so much trouble, dissolved. The peace agreement of 1013 between Henry II and Bolesław I of Poland quickly deteriorated. In 1014, with Henry II absent from Germany, Bolesław I sent his son Mieszko II Lambert to the Duchy of Bohemia in order to persuade the new Bohemian Duke Oldřich into an alliance against Henry II. The mission failed and Oldřich imprisoned Mieszko II. He
11730-482: The Poles, thus effectively incorporating the Duchy of Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire . Unlike his predecessor Otto III, who had imposed plans on sovereign administration and active political involvement in Italy , Henry spent most of his reign concerned with the renovation of the imperial territories north of the Alps , a policy summed up on his seal as Renovatio regni Francorum , which replaced Otto's Renovatio imperii Romanorum . A series of conflicts with
11900-537: The Polish Duke Bolesław I , who had already conquered a number of countries surrounding him, required Henry II's full attention and years of political and military maneuvering. Henry did, however, lead three expeditions into Italy to enforce his feudal claim ( Honor Imperii ): twice to suppress secessionist revolts and once to address Byzantine attempts to obtain dominance over southern Italy . On 14 February 1014, Pope Benedict VIII crowned Henry Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. The rule of Henry II has been characterized as
12070-409: The Polish army and suffered significant losses. Meeting in Poznań, Henry II and Bolesław I signed a peace treaty . According to its terms, Bolesław I lost Lusatia and Meissen and was forced to give up his claim to the Bohemian throne. The peace lasted only two years as neither party recognized the claims of the other. In 1007, Henry II denounced the Peace of Poznań, resulting in Bolesław I's attack on
12240-583: The Saxon Margrave Eckard I of Meissen. Henry II's involvement in Italian politics and his coronation as emperor inevitably brought him into conflict with the Byzantine Empire . In 969, Emperor Otto I entered into an alliance with Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes in which both Eastern and Western Empires would jointly-govern southern Italy . Otto I's death in 973 and John I's death in 976 caused this alliance to deteriorate. Otto I's successor in
12410-450: The Seminary of Meersbury and introduced missions among the people. Joseph, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1740–68) exhumed with great ceremony the bones of St. Ulrich and instituted an investigation into the life of Crescentia Höss of Kaufbeuren, who died in the odour of sanctity. Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony and Poland (1768–1812) made a great number of excellent disciplinary regulations, and took measures for their execution; after
12580-808: The Virgin Mary; and obtained from the Emperor Charlemagne an exact definition of his diocesan limits. His jurisdiction extended at that time from the Iller eastward over the Lech , north of the Danube to the Alb , and south to the spurs of the Alps. Moreover, various estates and villages in the valley of the Danube, and in Tyrol , belonged to the diocese. Among the bishops of the following period,
12750-578: The Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site because of its unique medieval canals and water towers and its testimony to the development of hydraulic engineering. Augsburg lies at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach and on the Singold . The oldest part of the city and the southern quarters are on the northern foothills of a high terrace, which has emerged between
12920-554: The West, his son Emperor Otto II, and John I's successor in the East, his nephew Basil II , brought the two empires once again into conflict over control of southern Italy. Under Otto I and Otto II, the Lombard leader Pandulf Ironhead expanded Western imperial control over central and southern Italy. Originally appointed by Otto I as Prince of Benevento and Capua in 961, Pandulf waged war against
13090-560: The administrative capital of the Roman province of Raetia . Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the fifth century AD, by Charlemagne in the eighth century and by Welf I, Duke of Bavaria in the 11th century. Augsburg was granted the status of a Free Imperial City on 9 March 1276 and from then until 1803, it was independent of its former overlord, the Prince-Bishop of Augsburg . Frictions between
13260-698: The airport is used almost entirely by business airplanes. Augsburg is a vibrant industrial city. Many global market leaders namely MAN , EADS or KUKA produce high technology products like printing systems, large diesel engines, industrial robots or components for the Airbus A380 and the Ariane carrier rocket. After Munich , Augsburg is considered the high-tech centre for Information and Communication in Bavaria and takes advantage of its lower operating costs , yet close proximity to Munich and potential customers. In 2018
13430-507: The assault without making any permanent territorial gains east of the Oder River. During the retreat to Germany, Gero II , margrave of the Eastern March, was ambushed by Polish forces and killed late in 1015. Following the attack on the Eastern March, Bolesław I's forces took the offensive. Bolesław I sent Mieszko II to besiege Meissen in 1017, then under the command of Mieszko II's brother-in-law Margrave Herman I . His attempt at conquering
13600-466: The attitude towards Catholics. At the outbreak of hostilities (1546) between the emperor and the Schmalkaldic League, Augsburg, as a member of the league, took up arms against Charles V, and Bishop Otto invested and plundered Füssen, and confiscated nearly all the remaining possessions of the diocese. After the victory at Mühlberg (1547), however, the imperial troops marched against Augsburg, and
13770-693: The base of two banking families that rose to great prominence, the Fuggers and the Welsers . The Fugger family donated the Fuggerei part of the city devoted to housing for needy citizens in 1516, which remains in use today. In 1530, the Augsburg Confession was presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Augsburg . Following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, after which the rights of religious minorities in imperial cities were to be legally protected,
13940-507: The beginning of the conflict in 1004, the Imperial army simultaneously marched in a pincer movement from the German north, south, and center. Henry II himself commanded the center army, supported by allied Slavic tribes, and moved from Magdeburg to cross the Oder river into Poland. Henry II was soon joined from the south by Bohemian Duke Oldřich and from the north by Duke Bernard II of Saxony . As
14110-450: The bishop withdrew with the cathedral chapter to Dillingen, whence he addressed to the pope and the emperor an appeal for the redress of his grievances. In the city of Augsburg the Catholic churches were seized by Lutheran and Zwinglian preachers; at the command of the council pictures were removed, and at the instigation of Bucer and others a storm of popular iconoclasm followed, resulting in
14280-617: The bishop, the Thirty Years' War first accomplished an almost complete restoration of the former possessions of the Diocese of Augsburg. The occupation of Augsburg by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1632) restored temporarily the balance of power to the Protestants. Until the relief of the city by imperial troops (1635), the Catholics were hard pressed and were forced to give up all they had gained via
14450-518: The bishop. Burkhard proceeded with great energy against the heresy of the Wyclifites who had gained a foothold in Augsburg and condemned to the stake five persons who refused to abjure. After the death of Eberhard II (1404–13), a quarrel arose in 1413 because the city of Augsburg declined to recognize the lawful bishop, Anselm von Nenningen (1413–23), and set up in opposition Friedrich von Grafeneek who had been presented by Emperor Sigismund . This trouble
14620-561: The bishops of Mainz and Würzburg , the Pope convinced Henry II to return to Italy for a third campaign to counter the growing power of the Byzantine Empire. In 1022, Henry II set out down the Adriatic coast for southern Italy commanding a large force. He sent Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne ahead with a slightly smaller army along the Tyrrhenian littoral with the objective of subjugating
14790-401: The castle at Žatec and wiped out the Polish army left there. At the same time, Jaromir (the younger brother of the deposed Bohemian Duke Boleslaus III) invaded Bohemia with German military support. At Merseburg, Jaromír promised to hold Bohemia as a vassal under Henry II, definitively incorporating Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire . Forcing Bolesław I to flee, Jaromír occupied Prague with
14960-460: The castle in Meissen in an act of war. Returning from Italy after reclaiming the Italian throne, Henry II launched a military campaign against Poland in 1004 that would last until 1018, spanning three wars and several smaller campaigns. Returning from his first expedition to Italy, in 1004 Henry II gathered an army to march against Poland. The previous year in 1003, Henry II had formed an alliance with
15130-475: The cathedral (1534), and in 1537 joined the Schmalkaldic League . At the beginning of this year a decree of the council was made, forbidding everywhere the celebration of Mass, preaching, and all ecclesiastical ceremonies, and giving to the Catholic clergy the alternative of enrolling themselves anew as citizens or leaving the city. An overwhelming majority of both secular and regular clergy chose banishment;
15300-459: The cause of education by founding schools; he summoned the Jesuits to his diocese, among others Blessed Peter Canisius , who from 1549, in the capacity, of cathedral preacher, confessor, and catechist, exercised a remarkable fruitful and efficacious ministry. In 1549, Bishop Otto founded a seminary in Dillingen for the training of priests, obtained from the pope (1554) a decree raising it to the rank of
15470-403: The charge in the 1530s. In the 16th century Augsburg became one of Germany's largest cities. Augsburg was a major manufacturing centre for textiles , armor , scientific instruments , as well as gold- and silver-smithing. The prolific printers of Augsburg also made the city the largest producer of German-language books in the Holy Roman Empire . Like other free imperial cities , Augsburg
15640-582: The citizens passed to open violence under the Bishop Hartmann von Dillingen (1248–86), and wrung from the bishops many municipal liberties and advantages. A characteristic instance is the confirmation by King Rudolph I of Germany at the Imperial Diet held in Augsburg (1276) of the Stadtbuch , or municipal register, containing the ancient customs, episcopal and municipal rights, etc., specified in detail; on
15810-424: The city failed, however, and he was forced to retreat back to Poland. Henry II and Bolesław I then opened peace negotiations and a ceasefire was declared in summer 1017. As negotiations failed by autumn 1017, Henry II again marched his army into Poland. His army reached Głogów , where Bolesław I was entrenched, but it was unable to take the city. Henry II then besieged Niemcza , but was likewise unable to capture
15980-531: The city of Lubusz . In 1013, a third peace treaty was signed at Merseburg, requiring in part that Bolesław I recognize Henry II as his overlord in exchange for receiving the March of Lusatia and the March of Meissen as fiefs . To seal their peace, Bolesław I's son Mieszko II married Richeza of Lotharingia , daughter of the Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia , granddaughter of Emperor Otto II . John XVIII reigned as pope from 1003 until 1009. He
16150-411: The city swiftly moved to protect the king, and in the onslaught the city caught fire and many residents were killed. After receiving the homage of the remaining Italian nobles, Henry returned to Germany in the early summer of 1004 without first traveling to Rome to claim the Imperial crown. This is most likely due to opposition from Pope John XVIII . Henry would not return to Italy for a decade, leaving
16320-467: The city was forced to beg for mercy, surrender twelve pieces of artillery, pay a fine, restore the greater number of churches to the Catholics and reimburse the diocese and the clergy for property confiscated. In 1547 the bishop, Otto von Truchsess , who had meanwhile been created a cardinal, returned to the city with the cathedral chapter, followed shortly after by the emperor. At the Diet held at Augsburg in 1548
16490-582: The city was largely maintained despite increasing tensions up to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1629, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution , which restored the legal situation of 1552. However, the edict was revoked in April 1632, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden occupied Augsburg. In 1634, the Swedish army was defeated at the nearby Battle of Nördlingen . By October 1634, Catholic troops had surrounded Augsburg. The Swedish army refused to surrender and
16660-462: The city-state and the prince-bishops were to remain frequent however, particularly after Augsburg became Protestant and curtailed the rights and freedoms of Catholics . With its strategic location at an intersection of trade routes to Italy, the Free Imperial City of Augsburg became a major trading centre. Augsburg produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles. Augsburg became
16830-483: The city. As his army besieged Niemcza, disease brought about from the winter cold devastated the Imperial forces. His attacks unsuccessful, Henry II was forced to retreat back to Merseburg in Germany. With this defeat, Henry II was ready to end the war and begin serious peace negotiations with Bolesław I. On 30 January 1018, Henry II and Bolesław I signed a fourth peace treaty, known as the Peace of Bautzen . The Polish duke
17000-409: The clergy, and ordering the restitution of Church property. Shortly afterwards, the Emperor moved north again where he established the Diocese of Bobbio . Celebrating Easter in Pavia and Italy, Henry then returned to Germany in mid-May 1014. He left the rule of Rome to the Pope and thereafter rarely intervened in the politics of Italy or the Papal States . In 1015 the conflict with Arduin came to
17170-429: The collegiate church of St. Afra, and added to the episcopal possessions by the gift of his own inheritance of Straubing. Under Henry II of Augsburg (1047–63), the guardian of Henry IV , the diocese secured the right of coinage and was enriched by many donations; under Embrico (or Emmerich, 1063–77) the cathedral was dedicated (1065) and the canonicate and church of St. Peter and St. Felicitas were built. During
17340-452: The communication system and the news market started to converge. As the Fuggers as well as other trading companies based their most important branches in these cities, these traders gained access to these systems as well (despite a widely circulated theory which holds that the Fuggers themselves operated their own communication system, in reality they relied upon the imperial posts, presumably from
17510-546: The courage of the citizens, compelled the Hungarians to withdraw, and contributed much to the decisive victory on the Lechfeld (955). He built churches in honor of Saint Afra and Saint John , founded the monastery of Saint Stephen for Benedictine nuns. His success was largely due to the example he set his clergy and diocese. The diocese suffered much during the episcopate of his successor, Henry I (973–82), for he sided with
17680-495: The creation of the planned Magistrale for Europe . The AVV operates seven Regionalbahn lines from the main station to: Starting in 2008, the regional services are planned to be altered to S-Bahn frequencies and developed long term as integrated into the Augsburg S-Bahn. Until 2005 Augsburg was served by nearby Augsburg Airport (AGB). In that year all air passenger transport was relocated to Munich Airport . Since then,
17850-609: The deaths of several hundred people. Following the war the three Kasernen changed hands confusingly between the American and Germans, finally ending up in US hands for the duration of the Cold War . They became the three main US barracks in Augsburg: Reese, Sheridan and FLAK. US Base FLAK had been an anti-aircraft barracks since 1936 and US Base Sheridan 'united' the former infantry barracks with
18020-545: The decadent moral and intellectual life of the clergy; he restored the discipline and renewed the fallen splendor of many monasteries, canonries and collegiate churches. He completed the rebuilding of the cathedral in Gothic style, consecrated it in 1431 and in 1457 laid the cornerstone of the new church of SS Ulrich and Afra . Succeeding prelates carried on the reformation of the diocese with no less solicitude and zeal. Among them were John II, Count of Werdenberg (1469–86), tutor to
18190-431: The destruction of many monuments of art and antiquity. The greatest intolerance was exercised towards the Catholics who had remained in the Free Imperial City; their schools were dissolved; parents were compelled to send their children to Lutheran institutions; it was even forbidden to hear Mass outside the city under severe penalties. Under Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (1543æ73) the first signs of improvement were noted in
18360-613: The diocese lying outside of Bavaria were separated from it and annexed to other dioceses. It was not until 1817 that the Concordat between the Holy See and the Bavarian government reconstructed the Diocese of Augsburg and made it subject to the Metropolitan of Munich – Freising . In 1821, the territory subject to the ecclesiastical authority of Augsburg was increased by the addition of sections of
18530-534: The diocese through administrators, and later resigned his office. His successor, Johann Christopher von Freiberg (1665–90), was particularly desirous of liquidating the heavy burden of debt borne by the chapter, but was nevertheless generous towards churches and monasteries. His successor, Alexander Sigmund (1690–1737), son of the Elector Palatine , guarded the purity of doctrine in liturgical books and prayer books. Johann Friedrich von Stauffenberg (1737–40) founded
18700-547: The distinguished painters Hans Holbein the Elder , Burgkmair and others. With wealth, however, came a spirit of worldliness and cupidity. Pride and a super-refinement of culture furnished the rank soil in which the impending religious revolution was to find abundant nourishment. The Reformation brought disaster on the Diocese of Augsburg, which extended well beyond the territory of the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg and over which
18870-532: The elder Henry in Ingelheim . After escaping, Henry again revolted against Otto II . When this second revolt failed, Otto II deposed Henry as Duke of Bavaria and sent him into exile under the custody of the Bishop of Utrecht in April 978. As a consequence of his revolt, the Emperor stripped the Duchy of Bavaria of its southeastern territories bordering Italy and formed the Duchy of Carinthia . During his father's exile,
19040-435: The elder Henry to be released from custody and to return from exile. The elder Henry claimed regency over Otto III , the three-year-old child of Otto II. After a failed attempt to claim the German throne for himself in 985, the elder Henry relinquished the regency to the child's mother Theophanu . In return for his submission to the child king, Henry was restored as Duke of Bavaria . The younger Henry, now thirteen years old,
19210-434: The emperor's son, afterwards Emperor Maximilian I , who convened a synod in Dillingen, and encouraged the recently invented art of printing; Friedrich von Zollern (1486–1505) pupil of the great preacher Geiler of Kaysersberg , and founder of a college in Dillingen, who held a synod in the same city, promoted the printing of liturgical books , and greatly enriched the possessions of the diocese; Henry IV of Lichtenau (1505–17),
19380-433: The end of 1013, Henry II gathered his army at Augsburg to march into Italy. Earlier in 1013, Henry signed a peace treaty with Duke Bolesław of Poland at Merseburg . The peace with Poland gave Henry opportunity to address affairs in Italy. On the march across the Alps, Henry was accompanied by his wife, Queen Cunigunde , and a number of clerics. Upon reaching Pavia other bishops and abbots joined him. Henry's forces trapped
19550-532: The establishment and expansion of the Kaiserliche Reichspost in the late 15th and early 16th century. This postal system, which was the first modern postal service in the world, was created through negotiations and agreements between the Taxis family represented by Franz von Taxis [ de ] and the early Habsburgs monarches, notably Maximilian I , his son Philip the Handsome and grandson Charles V. Even when
19720-602: The fall of Augsburg from the dignity of a principality of the Empire. In 1802, by an act of the Delegation of the Perpetual Imperial Diet ( Reichsdeputationsrezess ) the territory of the Diocese of Augsburg was given to the Elector of Bavaria , who took possession of it on 1 December 1802. The cathedral chapter, together with forty canonicates, forty-one benefices, nine colleges, twenty-five abbeys, thirty-four monasteries of
19890-413: The financial enterprises of the papacy, and even extended their operations to the newly discovered continent of America. Among the citizens of Augsburg famous at that time in literature and art were the humanist Conrad Peutinger ; the brothers Bernard and Conrad Adelmann von Adelmannsfelden; Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg , secretary to Emperor Frederick III , and later Cardinal and Archbishop of Salzburg ;
20060-406: The foes of Emperor Otto II , and remained for several months in prison. After his liberation he renounced his former views and bequeathed to his church his possessions at Geisenhausen. The diocese attained great splendor under Bishop Bruno (1006–20), brother of Emperor Henry II ; he restored a number of ruined monasteries, founded the church and college of St. Maurice , placed Benedictine monks in
20230-556: The following year, after which, although recognizing the minor Hermann III as his father's titular successor, Henry II effectively assumed all power over the Duchy himself. In 1003 Henry of Schweinfurt , Margrave of Nordgau in Bavaria , revolted against Henry II's rule. Henry II had promised to install the Margrave as his successor to the Duchy of Bavaria in exchange for supporting his claim to
20400-533: The former Kaserne to German hands in 1998. Originally the Heeresverpflegungshauptamt Südbayern and an Officers' caisson existed on or near the location of Reese-Kaserne but was demolished by the occupying Americans. From 1266 until 1548, the terms Stadtpfleger (head of town council) and Mayor were used interchangeably, or occasionally, simultaneously. In 1548 the title was finally fixed to Stadtpfleger , who officiated for several years and
20570-468: The great-grandson of King Rudolf II of Burgundy . The elder Henry came into conflict with his cousin Holy Roman Emperor Otto II , in 974. The elder Henry and Otto II disputed each other's claims to authority over the Duchy of Swabia : Henry claimed the duchy as his birthright while Otto II maintained his right to name a duke of his choosing. After an initial failed revolt, Otto II imprisoned
20740-545: The immediate precincts of Augsburg. Thus, after many perturbations and temporary restorations of the Catholic religion, the Protestants finally gained the upper hand in Württemberg , Oettingen , Neuburg , the Free Imperial Cities of Nördlingen , Memmingen , Kaufbeuren , Dinkelsbühl , Donauwörth , Ulm , in the ecclesiastical territory of Feuchtwangen and elsewhere. Altogether during these years of religious warfare
20910-657: The imperial estates in Kaufungen . Henry II vowed to found a monastery on the site if she recovered. Upon her recovery in 1018, Henry ordered the construction of the Kaufungen Abbey . After Henry II's death in 1024, Cunigunde retreated to the Abbey, where she remained until her own death in 1040. Sincerely religious, Henry II supported service to the Church (he was celibate ) and promoted various monastic reforms. He also strongly enforced clerical celibacy , perhaps partly in order that
21080-427: The last years of his episcopate, in the quarrel of Emperor Henry IV with the papacy, Embrico took the imperial side and only temporarily yielded to the papal legate. The struggle continued under his successors; four anti-bishops were set up in opposition to Siegfried II (1077–96). Hermann, Count of Vohburg (1096 or 1097–1132) supported with treachery and cunning his claim to the see he had purchased, violently persecuted
21250-408: The mendicant orders, and two convents were the victims of this act of secularization . Unfortunately, owing to the inconsiderate conduct of the commissioners appointed by the Bavarian minister, Montgelas , innumerable artistic treasures, valuable books, and documents were destroyed. For five years after the death of the last bishop of princely rank (1812) the episcopal see remained vacant; the parts of
21420-417: The monasteries. The See of Augsburg reached the period of its greatest splendor under Saint Ulrich (923-973). He sought to improve the low moral and social condition of the clergy by the reformation of existing schools and the establishment of new ones. He provided for the poor, and rebuilt decayed churches and monasteries. During the incursion of the Hungarians and the siege of Augsburg (955), he sustained
21590-453: The new German king. Bolesław I had taken advantage of Germany's internal strife following Otto III's death, occupying important German territories west of the Oder River : the March of Meissen and the March of Lusatia . Bolesław I took control of these territories following the assassination of Margrave Eckard I. Henry II accepted Bolesław I's gains, allowing the Polish Duke to keep Lusatia as
21760-487: The north of the city. Augsburg has seven stations, the Central Station ( Hauptbahnhof ), Hochzoll , Oberhausen , Haunstetterstraße , Morellstraße , Messe and Inningen . The Central Station, built from 1843 to 1846, is Germany's oldest main station in a large city still providing services in the original building. It is currently being modernised and an underground tram station is built underneath it. Hauptbahnhof
21930-476: The public land and offices he granted to clerics would not be devised to heirs. He encouraged the reform of the Church, fostered missionary activity, and made several charitable foundations for the poor. Henry II wished to become a monk, and in virtue of his imperial power he ordered the Abbot of Verdun to accept him in his monastery. Thereupon, the Abbot ordered him, in virtue of the vows he had professed, to continue
22100-891: The results were as follows: Augsburg is located in the Wahlkreis 253 Augsburg-Stadt constituency, which includes Königsbrunn and parts of the District of Augsburg ( Landkreis Augsburg ). Volker Ullrich of the CSU was directly elected to the Bundestag in the 18th German Bundestag . Indirectly elected to the Bundestag to adhere to the Landesliste were Ulrike Bahr for the SPD and Claudia Roth for Bündnis 90/Die Grünen . Augsburg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) or, following
22270-521: The right of preaching. During the German Peasants' War , many monasteries, institutions, and castles were destroyed. Between 1524 and 1573, there was a significant Anabaptist presence in Augsburg. It was the venue for the Martyrs' Synod in late August 1527, an international meeting of representatives from various Anabaptist groups. A majority of the participants died as martyrs for their witness within
22440-457: The rise in municipal power of the crafts or guilds. Irritated by Burkhard's support of the nobility in their struggle with the Swabian cities, the inhabitants of Augsburg plundered the dwellings of the canons, drove some of the clergy from the city (1381), destroyed, after a short interval of respite (1388), the episcopal stronghold, the deanery, and the mint, and became almost completely independent of
22610-435: The same occasion Augsburg was recognized as a Free Imperial City . Hartmann bequeathed to the Church of Augsburg his paternal inheritance, including the town and castle of Dillingen. Peace reigned under the succeeding bishops, of whom Frederick I (1309–31) acquired for his see the castle and stronghold of Füssen; Ulrich II of Schönegg (1331–37), and his brother Henry III of Schönegg (1337–48) remained faithful to Emperor Louis
22780-488: The secular and regular clergy, but especially among the Carmelites , in whose convent of St. Anne he dwelt; he also found favor among the city councillors, burghers, and tradesmen. Bishop Christoph von Stadion (1517–43) did all in his power to arrest the spread of the now teachings; he called learned men to the pulpit of the cathedral, among others Urbanus Rhegius , who, however, soon went over to Martin Luther ; he convened
22950-411: The secular and regular clergy. This work was carried on even more energetically by Bishop Otto Truchsess, who achieved a fruitful counter-reformation. By frequent visitations he sought to become familiar with existing evils, and by means of diocesan synods and a vigorous enforcement of measures against ignorant and dissolute clerics, secular and regular, he endeavored to remedy these conditions. He advanced
23120-579: The see, hitherto suffragan to the Patriarchate of Aquileia , was placed among the suffragan sees of the newly founded Archdiocese of Mainz (746). Saint Simpert (c. 810), hitherto abbot of Murbach , and a relative of Charlemagne , renovated many churches and monasteries laid waste in the wars of the Franks and Bavarians , and during the incursions of the Avari ; he built the first cathedral of Augsburg in honour of
23290-420: The so-called "Augsburg Interim" was arranged. After a temporary occupation of the city and suppression of Catholic services by the Elector, Prince Maurice of Saxony (1551), the "Religious Peace of Augsburg " was concluded at the Diet of 1555; it was followed by a long period of peace. The disturbances of the Reformation were more disastrous in their results throughout the diocese and adjoining lands than within
23460-426: The steep rim of the hills of Friedberg in the east and the high hills of the west. In the south extends the Lechfeld, an outwash plain of the post ice age between the rivers Lech and Wertach, where rare primeval landscapes were preserved. The Augsburg city forest and the Lech valley heaths today rank among the most species-rich middle European habitats. Augsburg borders the nature park Augsburg Western Woods ,
23630-405: The struggles between the popes and the emperors, Augsburg, like other large cities throughout the greater part of Germany, attained enormous wealth, owing to the industrial and commercial activity of the citizens. From time to time efforts were made to restrict as much as possible the ancient civil rights of the bishops and their stewards, and even to abrogate them entirely. From a state of discontent
23800-507: The succession of his relative Duke Herman II of Swabia as the next king. In order to force Herman II to relinquish the Holy Lance to him, Henry imprisoned the Archbishop and his brother the Bishop of Würzburg . With neither the symbols of imperial authority, the crown jewels, nor the cooperation of Heribert, Henry was unable to convince the nobles attending Otto III's funeral procession to elect him as king. A few weeks later, at Otto III's funeral in Aachen Cathedral , Henry again attempted to gain
23970-409: The support of the Saxons, Henry arranged for Archbishop Willigis to crown his wife, Cunigunde of Luxembourg as Queen of Germany on 10 August 1002 in Paderborn , in present-day Germany. Henry II spent the next several years consolidating his political power within his borders. Herman II, Duke of Swabia , in particular fiercely contested Henry II's right to the throne. The Swabian Duke believed he
24140-433: The support of the kingdom's nobles and was again rejected. So it was without the support of the kingdom's nobility that Henry took the radical action of having himself anointed and crowned King of Germany ("Rex Romanorum") by Willigis , Archbishop of Mainz on 9 July 1002 at Mainz , in present-day Germany. Henry's action marked the first time a German king was not crowned in Aachen Cathedral since Emperor Otto I began
24310-400: The suppressed See of Constance, and the present limits were then defined. Augsburg Augsburg ( UK : / ˈ aʊ ɡ z b ɜːr ɡ / , OWGZ -burg ; US : / ˈ ɔː ɡ z -/ , AWGZ - ; German: [ˈaʊksbʊʁk] ; Swabian German : Ougschburg ) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia , Germany, around 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of
24480-434: The suppression of the Society of Jesus he afforded its members protection and employment in his diocese; he made a vigorous resistance to the rapidly spreading Rationalism and infidelity, and was honored by a visit from Pope Pius VI (1782). During this episcopate began the worldwide upheaval inaugurated by the French Revolution . It was destined to put an end to the temporal power of the Church in Germany, and to bring about
24650-458: The tradition in 936 and the first time a German king assumed the throne without election by the German nobility. Under the regal name of "King Henry II", he appeared before the Saxons in mid-July in full regal apparel. There, Henry convinced Bernard I, Duke of Saxony , to support his claims to the throne. In return for his support, Henry guaranteed Bernard's right to rule the Saxons and to represent their interests before him. Shortly after gaining
24820-419: The upper hand in the city council, which was facilitated by the fact that Augsburg, being a Free Imperial City, was totally independent of the Prince-Bishop. By 1524, various Catholic ecclesiastical usages, notably the observance of fast days, had been abolished in Augsburg. The apostate priests, many of whom, after Luther's example, had taken wives, were supported by the city council, and the Catholics were denied
24990-548: The various duchies of his kingdom – Saxony , Bavaria , Swabia , Upper Lorraine , Lower Lorraine , Franconia . This was done in order to obtain the general consent of his subjects as opposed to traditional election. Henry II's familial ties to the Ottonian dynasty eventually caused the kingdom's nobles to accept him as king. After being defeated at a battle near Strasburg , Herman II submitted to Henry II's authority on 1 October 1002. In exchange for this surrender, Henry II allowed Herman II to remain Duke of Swabia until his death
25160-408: The world to generate electricity from water and they are still in use today. On 6 July 2019 the Water Management System of Augsburg was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Augsburg has a population of about 300,000. It is the third largest city in Bavaria and the largest city in the Swabia region. In the 16th century, Augsburg was one of the largest cities in Holy Roman Empire , with
25330-412: The younger Henry lived in Hildesheim . As a child he was educated in the Christian faith by Bishop Wolfgang of Regensburg , and then studied at the Hildesheim Cathedral . The Emperor himself ensured the younger Henry received an ecclesiastical education in order that by becoming a religious official he would be prevented from participating in the Imperial government. The death of Otto II in 983 allowed
25500-417: Was Otto III's true successor, as he had married a daughter of Liudof , eldest son of Emperor Otto I . Armed conflicts between Henry II and Herman II broke out but proved to be inconclusive. This forced the two men to fight each other politically for the support of the Swabian nobles. Unable to decisively defeat Herman in Swabia, Henry II attempted to legitimize his seizing the throne by traveling throughout
25670-457: Was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Meissen on purely nominal terms of vassalage , with Bolesław I recognizing Henry II as his feudal lord. Henry II also promised to support Bolesław I in the Polish ruler's expedition to Kiev to ensure his son-in-law, Sviatopolk, claimed the Kievan throne. To seal the peace, Bolesław I, then a widower, reinforced his dynastic bonds with the German nobility by marrying Oda of Meissen , daughter of
25840-482: Was an independent entity, and had authority over its tax policies. Augsburg's wealth attracted artists seeking patrons . The city rapidly became a creative centre for sculptors and musicians . Augsburg became the base of the Holbein family, starting with Hans Holbein the Elder . The composer Leopold Mozart was born and educated in Augsburg. Rococo became so prevalent that it became known as "Augsburg style" throughout Germany. Augsburg benefitted majorly from
26010-428: Was annexed to the Kingdom of Bavaria . In 1817, the city became an administrative capital of the Oberdonaukreis , then administrative capital in 1837 for the district Swabia and Neuburg . During the end of the 19th century, Augsburg's textile industry again rose to prominence followed by the machine manufacturing industry. Augsburg was historically a militarily important city due to its strategic location. During
26180-472: Was bishop about 739 or 768. He took part in several synods convened in Germany by Saint Boniface . Along with Magnus of Füssen , he founded the monastery of Füssen , and, with Saint Boniface, dedicated the monastery at Benediktbeuern . Under either Saint Wikterp or his successor, Tazzo (or Tozzo), about whom little is known, many monasteries were established, among others the abbeys of Wessobrunn , Ellwangen , Polling and Ottobeuren . At this time, also,
26350-466: Was captured, blinded, and imprisoned, where he would remain until his death some thirty years later. Claiming dominion over Bohemia for himself, Bolesław I invaded Bohemia in 1003 and conquered the duchy without any serious opposition. Bohemia had previously been under the influence and protection of Germany, with the Polish invasion further increasing tension between Germany and Poland. Bolesław I openly rebelled against Henry II's rule in 1004, burning down
26520-411: Was composed of parts of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27. The Infanterie Regiment 40 remained in Augsburg until the end of the war, finally surrendering to the United States on 28 April 1945 when the U.S. Army occupied the city. The city and its Messerschmitt works were bombed on three occasions during the war. Collateral damage included the destruction of just under 25% of all homes in the city and
26690-453: Was deposed in 1004. Henry II then abolished the March of Nordgau, established the Diocese of Bamberg in 1007, and transferred secular authority over the March's former territory to the Diocese in order to prevent further uprisings. The death of Otto III in 1002 and the resulting political turmoil over his successor allowed Italy to fall from German control. Margrave Arduin of Ivrea proclaimed himself King of Italy at Pavia soon after
26860-414: Was elected to succeed him. Upon assuming the chair of St. Peter , however, Benedict VIII was forced to flee Rome by Gregory VI , an antipope , whom John Crescentius installed as the new head of the Catholic Church. Fleeing across the Alps to Germany, Benedict VIII appealed to Henry II for protection. Henry II agreed to restore Benedict VIII to his papal throne in return for his coronation as emperor. Near
27030-407: Was founded in 15 BC on the orders of Emperor Augustus . Emperor Augustus conducted extensive military campaigns and established administrative settlements. The Roman colony that became Augsburg was known as Augusta Vindelicorum , meaning "the Augustan city of the Vindelici ". The settlement was established at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach . In 120 AD Augsburg became
27200-412: Was in direct opposition to not only Sviatopolk but to Bolesław I as well. Years before, Bolesław I had married one of his daughters to Sviatopolk, making the new Kievan Grand Duke a son-in-law to the Polish Duke. Henry II returned to Germany in 1015 after being crowned Emperor by Pope Benedict VIII and prepared for a third invasion of Poland. With three armies at his command, the largest contingent since
27370-561: Was named his regent over Bavaria. When the elder Henry died in 995, the younger Henry was elected by the Bavarian nobles as the new duke to succeed his father. In 999 Henry married Cunigunde of Luxembourg , a daughter of Count Siegfried of Luxembourg . This marriage granted him an extensive network of contacts in Germany's western territories. In 1001, Emperor Otto III experienced a revolt against his reign in Italy. The Emperor sent word for Henry II to join him with reinforcements from Germany, but then died unexpectedly in January 1002. Otto
27540-407: Was one of the first European towns to separate drinking water from water used for industry, effectively preventing water-borne diseases. The pumps and waterwheels also generated power for fountains and food processing, such as a 17th-century butcher's hall that still stands today. In the 19th and 20th centuries hydroelectic power plants were also installed. These power plants were some of the first in
27710-442: Was only 21 at the time of his death and had left no children and no instructions for the Imperial succession. In the Ottonian dynasty , succession to the throne had belonged to the Saxon branch, not the Bavarian line of which Henry was a member. Rival candidates for the throne, including Count Ezzo of Lotharingia , Margrave Eckard I of Meissen , and Duke Herman II of Swabia , strongly contested Henry's right to succeed Otto III. As
27880-445: Was ousted in a revolt in 1002. Bolesław I intervened in the Bohemian affair and reinstalled Boleslaus III upon the Bohemian throne in 1003. Boleslaus III soon undermined his own position, however, by ordering a massacre of his leading nobles. Bohemian nobles secretly sent a messenger to Bolesław I, requesting his direct intervention in the crisis. The Polish duke willingly agreed and invited the Bohemian duke to Poland. There, Boleslaus III
28050-426: Was released only after the intervention of the Emperor, who, despite the planned invasion of Poland, loyally acted on behalf of his nominal vassal Bolesław I. As a result, Mieszko II was sent to Henry II's imperial court in Merseburg as a hostage. Henry II probably wanted to force the presence of Bolesław I in Merseburg and make him explain his actions. The plan failed, however, because, under pressure from his relatives,
28220-418: Was settled by Pope Martin V , who compelled both bishops to resign, and on his own authority replaced them by Peter von Schauenberg, Canon of Bamberg and Würzburg (1423–69). Peter was endowed by the Pope with extraordinary faculties, made cardinal and legate a latere for all Germany. He worked with zeal and energy for the reformation of his diocese, held synods and made episcopal visitations in order to raise
28390-463: Was succeeded by Sergius IV from 1009 to 1012. Both John XVIII and Sergius IV, though the nominal Pope, were subservient to the power John Crescentius . As leader of the Crescentii clan and Patrician of Rome , John Crescentius was the effective ruler of the city. John Crescentius' influence prevented Henry II from meeting the Pope on numerous occasions, preventing him from claiming the imperial title. Following Sergius IV's death in 1012, Benedict VIII
28560-434: Was the largest German manufacturer of engines for U-boats in World War II and became the target of the Augsburg Raid. When the Avro Lancaster bomber was new in service, the RAF sent 12 at low level to bomb the factory in daylight, on 17 April 1942. The bombers were intercepted en route and only five returned, all damaged. The factory was damaged but production continued; the factory was repeatedly bombed later. A subcamp of
28730-422: Was then awarded the title for life (though no longer governing), thus resulting confusingly, in records of two or more simultaneous Stadtpfleger . After the transfer to Bavaria in 1806, Augsburg was ruled by a Magistrate with two mayors, supported by an additional council of "Community Commissioners": the Gemeindebevollmächtige . As of 1907, the Mayor was entitled Oberbürgermeister , as Augsburg had reached
28900-508: Was to meet the Duke of Hamilton in an attempt to mediate the end of the European front of World War II and join sides for the upcoming Russian Campaign. The Reichswehr Infanterie Regiment 19 was stationed in Augsburg and became the base unit for the Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 40, a subsection of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27 (which later became the Wehrmacht Panzerdivision 17). Elements of Wehrmacht II Battalion of Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 99 (especially Wehrmacht Panzerjäger Kompanie 14)
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