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166-545: However, the achievements of the writers of the Hippocratic Corpus , the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often conflated; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician and credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath , which is still relevant and in use today. He

332-467: A hypothesis for their account hot or cold or wet or dry or anything else they want". The method put forward in this treatise "could certainly be characterized as an empirical one", preferring the effects of diet as observed by the senses to cosmological speculations, and it was seized upon by Hellenistic Empiricist doctors for this reason. However, "unlike the Empiricists, the author does not claim that

498-592: A 2nd-century Greek physician , was Hippocrates's first biographer and is the source of most personal information about him. Later biographies are in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes , which date from the 12th century AD. Hippocrates is mentioned in passing in the writings of two contemporaries: in Plato 's dialogues Protagoras and Phaedrus , and in Aristotle 's Politics , all of which date from

664-458: A French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole history of internal medicine." According to Aristotle 's testimony, Hippocrates was known as "The Great Hippocrates". Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, dignified, old country doctor" and later as "stern and forbidding". He is certainly considered wise, of very great intellect and especially as very practical. Francis Adams describes him as "strictly

830-540: A center of production of unrefined silk, oars and amphorae . Kos economic development during the period can further be exemplified by the 3rd- and 2nd-century BC construction of a theatre, a new market with multiple stoas , a temple to Apollo at Alisarna, construction and expansion of the Asclepeion, fortification works at Alisarna and multiple richly decorated houses. In 240 BC, Ziaelas of Bithynia , Seleucus II Callinicus and Ptolemy III Euergetes provided guarantees for

996-642: A closely related group. Hermann Grensemann  [ de ] identified five layers of material in this group, from the mid-fifth century to the mid-fourth century. The oldest stratum is found in On the Nature of the Woman and On the Diseases of Women II. Generation and On the Nature of the Child constitute a single work by a late-fifth-century author, who may also be identified as

1162-519: A democracy was instituted and the capital was transferred from Astypalaea (at the west end of the island near the modern village of Kefalos ) to the newly built town of Cos , laid out in a Hippodamian grid. After helping to weaken Athenian power, in the Social War (357–355 BC) , it fell for a few years to king Mausolus of Caria . Proximity to the east gave the island first access to imported silk thread. Aristotle mentions silk weaving conducted by

1328-411: A dispute between Klazomenai and Teos , provided a temporary law code for the synoecism of Teos and Lebedus , and accepted requests to send judges to resolve internal disputes at Ilium , Samos , and Telos . In the following two centuries, they accepted further requests to send judges to Naxos , Thasos , Erythrae , Mytilene , and four cities whose names are not preserved. The Koan settlement of

1494-478: A famous passage of On Ancient Medicine , the author insists on the importance of knowledge of causal explanations: "It is not sufficient to learn simply that cheese is a bad food, as it gives a pain to one who eats a surfeit of it; we must know what the pain is, the reasons for it [ dia ti ], and which constituent of man is harmfully affected." The writers of the treatises in the Hippocratic Corpus emphasized

1660-421: A fixed time after the contraction of a disease. If a crisis occurred on a day far from a critical day , a relapse might be expected. Galen believed that this idea originated with Hippocrates, though it is possible that it predated him. Hippocratic medicine was humble and passive. The therapeutic approach was based on "the healing power of nature" ( Latin : vis medicatrix naturae ). According to this doctrine,

1826-481: A focus on natural approaches, he also began to look into anatomical and physiological relationships in the body. He also heavily believed in the study of anatomy and the nervous system. By understanding the anatomy of the human body, Hippocrates was able to recognize symptoms holistically when diagnosing a patient. To align completely with his emphasis on the physical observation of the human body, Hippocrates eliminated any religious element from his account of medicine. In

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1992-445: A form of treatment. For lichenoid skin conditions, vinegar, steam baths, pumice stones, and manna (sugar substance derived from mica thuris plant) were recommended to treat this skin disease. The Hippocratic text also offers sulfur as a treatment for lichenoid, which has a strong antibacterial effect that is still prescribed in dermatologic medications today. For leprosy and vitiligo, lime water and concentrated vinegar are recommended by

2158-567: A friendly attitude toward the Romans; in 53 AD it was made a free city . The island of Kos also featured a provincial library during the Roman period. The island first became a center for learning during the Ptolemaic dynasty, and Hippocrates , Apelles , Philitas and possibly Theocritus came from the area. An inscription lists people who made contributions to build the library in the 1st century AD. One of

2324-514: A great development in clinical practice. Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from modern medicine, in which the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates's day has generated serious criticism of their denunciations; for example, the French doctor M. S. Houdart called

2490-564: A great part of the old city and damaged many new buildings. Architect Rodolfo Petracco drew up the new city plan, transforming the old quarters into an archaeological park, and dividing the new city into a residential, an administrative, and a commercial area. In World War II , the island, as Italian possession, was part of the Axis . It was controlled by Italian troops until the Italian surrender in 1943. British and German forces then clashed for control of

2656-589: A heavy head and difficulty thinking, and a soft wine inflames the spleen and liver and produces wind in the intestine. Other observations of the ingestion of wine included the varying levels of tolerance within the population being observed. This observation led to the belief that the size of one's body and one's environment had an influence on ability to handle wine. Because of this, different people would require different concentrations and dilutions of wine for medicinal use. After observation, men with larger bodies were able to consume more than men with smaller bodies and

2822-615: A hot iron. Other treatments such as applying various salves are suggested as well. Today, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes burning, strangling, and excising." Also, some of the fundamental concepts of proctoscopy outlined in the Corpus are still in use. For example, the uses of the rectal speculum , a common medical device, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus. This constitutes the earliest recorded reference to endoscopy . Hippocrates often used lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise to treat diseases such as diabetes , what

2988-488: A librarian in Alexandria . The volumes were probably produced by his students and followers. The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing viewpoints; significant contradictions can be found between works in

3154-533: A long time. The centuries after Hippocrates's death were marked as much by retrograde movement as by further advancement. For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of taking clinical case-histories died out," according to Fielding Garrison . After Hippocrates, another significant physician was Galen , a Greek who lived from AD 129 to AD 200. Galen perpetuated the tradition of Hippocratic medicine, making some advancements, but also some regressions. In

3320-511: A man of high morals went hand in hand with being a morally just physician. A famous maxim ( Epidemics I.11) advises: "As to diseases, make a habit of two things—to help, or at least to do no harm ." The most famous work in the Hippocratic Corpus is the Hippocratic Oath , a landmark declaration of medical ethics. The Hippocratic Oath is both philosophical and practical; it not only deals with abstract principles but practical matters such as removing stones and aiding one's teacher financially. It

3486-528: A manuscript which contains a medical recipe of Hippocrates. The manuscript also contains three recipes with pictures of herbs that were created by an anonymous scribe. The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum ) is a collection of around seventy early medical works collected in Alexandrian Greece . It is written in Ionic Greek . The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of any of

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3652-436: A natural approach is also a topic that can be found in the Hippocratic Corpus. Hippocratic tradition also found that it is important to understand the causes of physiological factors and how these physiological factors hold a therapeutic significance. To add to the natural approach of health and wellness, Hippocratic tradition also emphasized that the mind, body, and spirit were all independent of one another. Health promotion

3818-452: A natural approach to health and wellness. During the Asclepius paradigm, Hippocrates used a natural way to treat disease. These natural approaches emphasized the importance of the harmony between the human body and the environment in which we live in. Writings in the Hippocratic Corpus also emphasized the importance of realizing how the environment might cause diseases. Treating diseases with

3984-499: A natural cause, and its supposed divine origin is due to men's inexperience and to their wonder at its peculiar character." An exception to this rule is found in Dreams ( Regime IV), in which prayers to the gods are prescribed alongside more typically Hippocratic interventions. Though materialistic determinism goes back in Greek thought at least to Leucippus , "One of the greatest virtues of

4150-490: A number of nightclubs forming the town's "bar street". The seaside village of Kardamena is a popular resort for young holidaymakers (primarily from the United Kingdom and Scandinavia ) and has a large number of bars and nightclubs. The last decade has seen a significant growth in the number of luxury hotels. While one-star and two-star hotels have decreased, four-star and five-star luxury hotels have sprung up throughout

4316-403: A powerful substance, that when consumed in excess can cause physical disorders, today known as, intoxication. Although the negative effects of wine on the human body are documented within the Hippocratic Corpus, the author/authors maintain an objective attitude towards wine. During this time, those studying medicine were interested in the physical effects of wine, therefore no medical text condemned

4482-453: A procedure, and Decorum includes advice on good manners to be observed in the doctor's office or when visiting patients. With many books incorporating different urology practices and observations and nearly 30 works in the Hippocratic book collection entitled Aphorism seemingly solely dedicated to urology in general, urology was one subject that was thoroughly investigated. Seemingly, the main and most problematic topic covered in urology

4648-676: A scalpel and inserted a drainage tube which would remove all of the pus. The research and descriptions that the Greek physicians performed were so accurate that they were the foundation of what we know about empyemas today. The Hippocratic Corpus provides valuable guidance for dermatology and the diagnosis of skin diseases or infections. Hippocrates described multiple dermatologic diseases, specifically in neonatal and pediatrics. These diseases included intertrigo , lichenoid eruptions , vitiligo , furuncle , leprosy , papulosquamous disease, skin reactions to specific medications, skin reactions to mosquito bites, warts, scabies, and impetigo . Along with

4814-424: A specific organ which goes as follows; blood with the heart, yellow bile with the liver, black bile with the spleen and phlegm with the brain. With each humour, there were specific properties that applied to changes in the fluids such as blood is hot and moist, phlegm is cold and moist, yellow bile is hot and dry and black bile is cold and dry. The authors of the Hippocratic Corpus described that these four humors play

4980-558: A translation without a surviving original cannot be known, it is difficult to identify the author with certainty. "Hippocratic" texts survive in Arabic , Hebrew , Syriac , and Latin . The majority of the works in the Hippocratic Corpus date from the Classical period , the last decades of the 5th century BC and the first half of the 4th century BC. Among the later works, The Law , On the Heart , On

5146-531: A very important role in our health as when there is a little or too much of one of the humours, a disease might occur. The most controversial elements of health and disease during the BC time was the issue of mental illnesses as it was always related to a higher power punishment or demonic nature. The Hippocratic Corpus employed many new vocabulary words to describe mental ailments that coincided with intensity, duration or severity and used these terms to scale from mildest to

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5312-618: A well-fortified port. Its position gave it a high importance in Aegean trade; while the island itself was rich in wines of considerable fame. Under Alexander the Great and the Ptolemies the town developed into one of the great centers in the Aegean; Josephus quotes Strabo to the effect that Mithridates I of the Bosporus was sent to Kos to fetch the gold deposited there by queen Cleopatra of Egypt. Herod

5478-429: Is "the first surviving book of science". The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing view points; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus. One significant portion of

5644-470: Is a Closed Controlled Access Centre (CCAC), i.e. a refugee camp, with a stated capacity of 2,140. It is one of a number on Greek islands. The island is part of a chain of mountains from which it became separated after earthquakes and subsidence that occurred in ancient times. The remnants of these mountains include the islands of Kalymnos and Kappari which are separated by an underwater chasm approximately 70 metres (230 ft; 38 fathoms) deep, as well as

5810-526: Is a collection of around 60 early Ancient Greek medical works strongly associated with the physician Hippocrates and his teachings. The Hippocratic Corpus covers many diverse aspects of medicine, from Hippocrates' medical theories to what he devised to be ethical means of medical practice, to addressing various illnesses. Even though it is considered a singular corpus that represents Hippocratic medicine, they vary (sometimes significantly) in content, age, style, methods, and views practiced; therefore, authorship

5976-515: Is a complex and probably not the work of one man. It remains in use, though rarely in its original form. The preamble of On the Physician offers "a physical and moral portrait of the ideal physician", and the Precepts also concern the physician's conduct. Treatises such as On Joints and Epidemics VI are concerned with the provision of such "courtesies" as providing a patient with cushions during

6142-515: Is a disease that is mentioned numerous times throughout and is described as occurring in five ways. Jaundice is when the skin or eyes turn yellow. The Greek physicians thought of Jaundice to be a disease itself rather than what medical professionals know now to be a symptom of various other diseases. The Greeks also believed that there were five kinds of jaundice that can occur and report the differences between them. The first kind can quickly turn fatal. The skin appears to be green. The analogy made in

6308-414: Is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine , summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works. Historians agree that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos ; other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue. Soranus of Ephesus ,

6474-403: Is also known as Hippocratic fingers. Hippocratic succussion is the internal splashing noise of hydropneumothorax or pyopneumothorax . Hippocratic bench (a device which uses tension to aid in setting bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage are two devices named after Hippocrates. Hippocratic Corpus and Hippocratic Oath are also his namesakes. Risus sardonicus , a sustained spasming of

6640-744: Is an effort of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Shadyside Medical Center , "to develop advanced planning, simulation, and execution technologies for the next generation of computer-assisted surgical robots." Both the Canadian Hippocratic Registry and American Hippocratic Registry are organizations of physicians who uphold the principles of the original Hippocratic Oath as inviolable through changing social times. Hippocrates's legendary genealogy traces his paternal heritage directly to Asklepius and his maternal ancestry to Heracles . According to Tzetzes's Chiliades ,

6806-424: Is credited as the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally, not because of superstition and gods. He was acknowledged by the disciples of Pythagoras for allying philosophy and medicine. He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors , diet, and living habits. There

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6972-405: Is largely unknown. Hippocrates began Western society's development of medicine, through a delicate blending of the art of healing and scientific observations. What Hippocrates was sharing from within his collection of works was not only how to identify symptoms of disease and proper diagnostic practices, but more essentially, he was alluding to his personable form of art, "The art of true living and

7138-512: Is named after the island, from where it is said to have originated. In Homer 's Iliad , a contingent of Koans fought for the Greeks in the Trojan War . In classical mythology the founder-king of Kos was Merops , hence "Meropian Kos" is included in the archaic Delian amphictyony listed in the 7th-century Homeric hymn to Delian Apollo ; the island was visited by Heracles . Kos was said to be

7304-521: Is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did hold many convictions that were based on incorrect anatomy and physiology , such as Humorism . Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split into the Knidian and Koan on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis. Medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of

7470-620: Is now used by the Municipality of Kos for various events, mainly cultural. The island has a 14th-century fortress at the entrance to its harbour, erected in 1315 by the Knights Hospitaller , and another from the Byzantine period in Antimachia . The ancient market place of Kos was considered one of the biggest in the ancient world. It was the commercial and commanding centre at the heart of

7636-490: Is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently, the authenticity of the document's author has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar oaths and laws that define good medical practice and morals. Such derivatives are regularly taken by modern medical graduates about to enter medical practice. Although Hippocrates neither founded

7802-422: Is said to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a case history to discover whether the patient was lying. Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment. "To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation." Hippocrates and his followers were the first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. He is given credit for the first description of clubbing of

7968-481: Is said to have provided an annual stipend for the benefit of prize-winners in the athletic games, and a statue was erected there to his son Herod the Tetrarch ("C. I. G." 2502 ). Paul briefly visited Kos according to Acts 21:1 . Except for occasional incursions by corsairs and some severe earthquakes, the island's peace was rarely disturbed. Following the lead of its larger neighbour, Rhodes, Kos generally displayed

8134-461: Is through the appearance of the urine itself and the changes that occur with the urine over time. In Aphorism , it was simply stated that as the appearance of urine diverges more and more from the appearance of "healthy" urine, the more likely it is to be diseased and the worse the disease becomes. In Aphorism works, it was noted that urine lacking color could indicate diseases of the brain – some today think that this author who made this statement

8300-398: Is to feed your sickness". However, potent drugs were used on certain occasions. This passive approach was very successful in treating relatively simple ailments such as broken bones, which required traction to stretch the skeletal system and relieve pressure on the injured area. The Hippocratic bench and other devices were used to this end. In Hippocrates's time it was thought that fever

8466-513: Is today called lifestyle medicine . Two popular but likely misquoted attributions to Hippocrates are "Let food be your medicine, and medicine be your food" and "Walking is man's best medicine". Both appear to be misquotations, and their exact origins remain unknown. In 2017, researchers claimed that, while conducting restorations on the Saint Catherine's Monastery in South Sinai , they found

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8632-512: The Coan school of ancient Greek medicine ; works from the Cnidian school are included as well. Only a fraction of the Hippocratic writings have survived. The lost medical literature is sometimes referred to in the surviving treatises, as at the beginning of Regimen . Some Hippocratic works are known only in translation from their original Greek to other languages; given that the quality and accuracy of

8798-631: The Middle Ages , the Islamic world adopted Hippocratic methods and developed new medical technologies. After the European Renaissance , Hippocratic methods were revived in western Europe and even further expanded in the 19th century. Notable among those who employed Hippocrates's rigorous clinical techniques were Thomas Sydenham , William Heberden , Jean-Martin Charcot and William Osler . Henri Huchard ,

8964-555: The Sea of Marmara . Several different accounts of his death exist. He died, probably in Larissa , at the age of 83, 85 or 90, though some say he lived to be well over 100. It is thus with regard to the disease called Sacred : it appears to me to be nowise more divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause from the originates like other affections. Men regard its nature and cause as divine from ignorance and wonder... Hippocrates

9130-574: The University of Athens . In the late 1920s about 3,700 Turks lived in Kos city, slightly less than 50% of the population, who were mainly in the west part of the city. Today, the population of the Turkish community in Kos has been estimated at 2,000 people. A village with significant Turkish population is Platani (Kermentes) near the town of Kos. The people of Kos are predominantly Orthodox Christians – one of

9296-463: The ahnentafel of Hippocrates II is: 1. Hippocrates II. 2. Heraclides 4. Hippocrates I. 8. Gnosidicus 16. Nebrus 32. Sostratus III. 64. Theodorus II. 128. Sostratus, II. 256. Thedorus 512. Cleomyttades 1024. Crisamis 2048. Dardanus 4096. Sostratus 8192. Hippolochus 16384. Podalirius 32768. Asklepius Hippocratic Corpus The Hippocratic Corpus ( Latin : Corpus Hippocraticum ), or Hippocratic Collection ,

9462-569: The day and the sun respectively. During the Greco-Persian Wars , before it twice expelled the Persians , Kos was ruled by Persian-appointed tyrants, but as a rule it seems to have been under oligarchic government. In the 5th century, it joined the Delian League , and, after the revolt of Rhodes , it served as the chief Athenian station in the south-eastern Aegean (411–407 BC). In 366 BC,

9628-509: The pre-Socratic philosophers , these two tendencies can exist side-by-side: "The close association between knowledge and experience is characteristic of the Hippocratics," despite "the Platonic attempt to drive a wedge between the two". The author of On Ancient Medicine launches immediately into a critique of opponents who posit a single "cause in all cases" of disease, "having laid down as

9794-429: The seasons . During the winter, wine must be undiluted, to counter the cold and wet, because wine's properties are dry and hot. During fall and spring, wine should be moderately diluted, and during the summer, wine should be diluted as much as possible with water, because of the hot temperatures. The practice of mixing wine and diluting wine is also seen in prescription form, however, the dosage and quantities are left to

9960-407: The 2nd century BC, the building was extended toward the interior yard. The building was destroyed in an earthquake in 469 AD. In the southern end of the market, there was a round building with a Roman dome and a workshop which produced pigments including Egyptian Blue . Coins, treasures, and copper statues from Roman times were later uncovered by archaeologists. In the western side excavations led to

10126-588: The 4th century BC. Soranus wrote that Hippocrates's father was Heraclides , a physician, and his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco , and his son-in-law, Polybus , were his students. According to Galen , a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates's true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named Hippocrates (Hippocrates III and IV). Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather ( Hippocrates I ), and studied other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias . Hippocrates

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10292-495: The Corpus. Among the treatises of the Corpus are The Hippocratic Oath ; The Book of Prognostics ; On Regimen in Acute Diseases ; Aphorisms ; On Airs, Waters and Places ; Instruments of Reduction ; On The Sacred Disease ; etc. The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the ethics of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written after his death. This

10458-710: The Dodecanese after Rhodes. The island measures 42.1 by 11.5 kilometres (26 by 7 miles). Administratively, Kos constitutes a municipality within the Kos regional unit , which is part of the South Aegean region . The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is the town of Kos. The name Kos ( Ancient Greek : Κῶς ) is first attested in the Iliad , and has been in continuous use since. Other ancient names include Meropis, Cea, and Nymphaea. In many Romance languages , Kos

10624-399: The Greek taboo forbidding the dissection of humans. The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms. The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and prognosis , not diagnosis. It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for

10790-473: The Hippocratic Corpus to treat these conditions. Kos Kos or Cos ( / k ɒ s , k ɔː s / ; Greek : Κως [kos] ) is a Greek island, which is part of the Dodecanese island chain in the southeastern Aegean Sea . Kos is the third largest island of the Dodecanese, after Rhodes and Karpathos ; it has a population of 37,089 (2021 census), making it the second most populous of

10956-417: The Hippocratic text On Flesh, On Regimen, On Diseases I, On Winds, relevant works from the Hippocratic Corpus, he firmly established the limited focus he planned to employ with his medical concerns, that is, he had determined that he would only entertain natural phenomena that are relevant to the medical issue at hand. Another contribution Hippocrates had to medicine was evidence-based knowledge. Hippocrates

11122-482: The Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death". If you want to learn about the health of a population, look at the air they breathe, the water they drink, and the places where they live. Analogies have been drawn between Thucydides' historical method and the Hippocratic method, in particular the notion of "human nature" as a way of explaining foreseeable repetitions for future usefulness, for other times or for other cases. An important concept in Hippocratic medicine

11288-519: The Municipality of Kos and the Central Board of Jewish Communities, commissioned architect Elias V. Messinas to restore the interior of the synagogue, and make possible a dual use of the building for religious services, and cultural activities. The ancient physician Hippocrates is thought to have been born on Kos, and in the center of the town is the Plane Tree of Hippocrates , a dream temple where

11454-536: The Olympic games was olive oil being used to warm up athletes' body temperatures so that they could perform to the best of their abilities. Ancient greeks believed that it was essential to have a harmony between the body and the mind. This led to the idea of a "Healthy mind in a Healthy Body" which is a common phrase that people might hear. Food was another topic of health promotion in the Hippocratic Corpus. These writings discussed that in order for food to be beneficial to

11620-673: The Ottoman General Census of 1881/82–1893, the kaza of İstanköy (استانكوی) had a total population of 12,965, consisting of 10,459 Greeks , 2,439 Muslims and 67 Jews . The island was occupied by the Kingdom of Italy on 20 May 1912. Kos was transferred to the Kingdom of Italy in 1912 after the Italo-Turkish War . The Italians developed the infrastructures of the island, after the ruinous earthquake of 23 April 1933, which destroyed

11786-507: The Ottomans due to the terms of the agreement. When Captain Behram Bey arrived in front of Kos and Bodrum, the castle guards handed over the castle to him and left, and this news reached the camp on 17 Safer 929 (5 January 1523). As soon as the island was taken, a qadi , a castellan and guards were sent to the largest and fortified castle, Nerantzia, which was repaired. The Greek Orthodox people of

11952-449: The Physician , and On Sevens are all Hellenistic , while Precepts and On Decorum are from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Some of the earliest works of the corpus (mid-fifth century) are connected to the Cnidian school: On Diseases II–III and the early layer within On the Diseases of Women I–II and On Sterile Women . Prorrhetics I is also mid-fifth century. In the second half of

12118-528: The Ptolemaic Kingdom, the island kept its political autonomy (shown in a 3rd-century BC decree found at Kos). The island was ruled autonomously through to its citizens assembly and magistrates (the monarch, the prostates , the exegetes, etc.). The fact that the city could legislate and apply its own laws shows political independence from the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The city-state remained in control of its political institutions and civil rights. Kos also became

12284-513: The Roman tria nomina ; possibly relating to this financial support or another endowment. The bishopric of Kos was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Rhodes . Its bishop Meliphron attended the First Council of Nicaea in 325. Eddesius was one of the minority Eastern bishops who withdrew from the Council of Sardica in about 344 and set up a rival council at Philippopolis. Iulianus went to

12450-418: The ailments of the human rectum and the treatment thereof, despite the school's poor theory of medicine. Hemorrhoids , for instance, though believed to be caused by an excess of bile and phlegm, were treated by Hippocratic physicians in relatively advanced ways. Cautery and excision are described in the Hippocratic Corpus, in addition to the preferred methods: ligating the hemorrhoids and drying them with

12616-461: The ancient city. It was organised around a rectangular yard 50 metres (160 ft) wide and 300 metres (980 ft) long. It began in the Northern area and ended south on the central road (Decumanus) which went through the city. The northern side connected to the city wall towards the entrance to the harbour. Here there was a monumental entrance. On the eastern side there were shops. In the first half of

12782-471: The art of fine medicine combined." The Hippocratic Corpus became the foundation upon which Western medical practice was built. Hippocrates was born c.  460 BCE on the Greek island of Kos . The verifiable details of his life are few, despite centuries of hagiographic accounts. According to tradition, Hippocrates was born into a hereditary order of priest-like physicians known as Asclepiads . At

12948-430: The athletes so that the high concentration of glucose in the food would give them the energy they needed to compete to the best of their ability. The duties of the physician are an object of the Hippocratic writers' attention. The series of texts composing the Corpus educates readers on the practices of identifying symptoms in patients, diagnosis, prognosis, treatments, ethics, and bedside manner. In Ancient Greece, being

13114-615: The author misunderstands this and treats Lango and Kos as distinct islands. In Italian , the island is known as Coo . A person from Kos is called a "Koan" (or "Coan") in English. The word is also an adjective, as in "Koan goods". Kos is in the Aegean Sea , across from Bodrum , Turkey. Its coastline is 112 kilometres (70 miles) long, extending from west to east. The island has several promontories , some with names known in antiquity: Cape Skandari , anciently Scandarium or Skandarion in

13280-404: The author of On Diseases IV and of sections of On the Diseases of Women I. The latest layer is On Sterile Women , which was composed after the other gynecological treatises were in existence. A single fourth-century author probably wrote On Fistulae and On Hemorrhoids . Author Susan Wise Bauer writes that, because it explains disease "without blaming or invoking the gods", the Corpus

13446-497: The author of On the Places in Man "the principles discovered in it clearly have very little need of good luck", the author of The Art acknowledges the practical limitations that arise in the therapeutic application of these principles. Likewise for the author of On Regimen , the "knowledge and discernment of the nature of man in general—knowledge of its primary constituents and discernment of

13612-435: The authors of the Hippocratic Corpus. Throughout the books of the Hippocratic Corpus, there are varying hypotheses as to reasons why and exactly how urinary tract stones actually formed. It is noted that these hypotheses were all based on the use of uroscopy and observation of patients by doctors of the time. The main mechanism of detecting bladder disease's symptoms, including inflammation and urinary tract stone formations,

13778-507: The beginning of the fourth century, one author likely wrote Epidemics II–IV–VI and On the Humors . The coherent group of surgical treatises ( On Fractures , On Joints , On Injuries of the Head , Surgery , Mochlicon ) is of similar date. The gynecological treatises On the Nature of the Woman , On the Diseases of Women , Generation , On the Nature of the Child , and On Sterile Women constitute

13944-559: The best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and predict its likely progression based upon data collected in detailed case histories. Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline, and rigorous practice. The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of

14110-478: The birthplace of the goddess Leto ; the mother of Apollo . Supposedly Leto's father Coeus was the first inhabitant of the island. The island was supposedly colonised by the Carians , but Dorians invaded it in the 11th century BC, establishing a Dorian colony with a large contingent of settlers from Epidaurus , whose Asclepius cult made their new home famous for its sanatoria . Its early history – as part of

14276-505: The body cavity, another common complication was that of the cells of the testes dying due to the spermatic cord inadvertently being cut during the procedure. In fact, due to these and other complications and the lack of antiseptics and pain medicines, the Hippocratic Oath opted for the avoidance of surgery – unless absolutely necessary – especially when concerning surgeries that dealt with the urinary tract and more so when stone removal

14442-492: The body contains within itself the power to re-balance the four humours and heal itself ( physis ). Hippocratic therapy focused on simply easing this natural process. To this end, Hippocrates believed "rest and immobilization [were] of capital importance". In general, the Hippocratic medicine was very kind to the patient; treatment was gentle, and emphasized keeping the patient clean and sterile. For example, only clean water or wine were ever used on wounds, though "dry" treatment

14608-521: The cause and solution of medical issues. In addition to Greek poetry and tragedy, magicians, charlatans, and purifiers can also be considered responsible for the widespread of 'sacred' explanations. Doing this allowed them to step in and provide inefficacious remedies that could convince the gods to intervene and fix these sacred issues experienced by individuals. Thus On the Sacred Disease considers that epilepsy (the so-called "sacred" disease) "has

14774-401: The chest, and a cough. Treating an empyema was primarily done using herbal remedies or non-invasive treatments. Mostly mixtures of plants and organic matter were drunk or bathed in. There are a few extreme cases in which invasive procedures were performed and mentioned in detail. One of these treatments included the patient behind held down in a chair while the physician cut between the ribs with

14940-454: The components by which it is controlled" may be completely worked out, and yet in practice it is difficult to determine and apply the correct and proportionate diet and exercise to the individual patient. The Hippocratic Corpus explains diseases using the Four Humours in which are described a Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Blood and Black Bile. These medical writings associated each of the humours with

15106-423: The corpus is made up of case histories . Books I and III of Epidemics contain forty-two case histories, of which 60% (25) ended in the patient's death. Nearly all of the diseases described in the Corpus are endemic diseases : colds, consumption, pneumonia, etc. In several texts of the corpus, the ancient physicians develop theories of illness, sometimes grappling with the methodological difficulties that lie in

15272-527: The dispute at Telos is recorded in an inscription ( IG XII.4.1 132); one of the most detailed surviving records of foreign judges activities in the Hellenistic period. This judgement, drawing on Koan religious and financial regulations, allowed a group convicted of political crimes to pay off their fines and be reconciled with the wider community by paying for sacrifices and repairs to temples. Diodorus Siculus (xv. 76) and Strabo (xiv. 657) describe it as

15438-550: The doctor's knowledge is limited to what can be observed by the senses. On the contrary, he requires the doctor to have quite extensive knowledge of aspects of the human constitution that cannot be observed directly, such as the state of the patient's humors and internal organs". The author of The Art is at pains to defend the status of medicine as an art ( techne ), against opponents who (perhaps following Protagoras ' critique of expert knowledge ) claim it produces no better results against disease than chance (an attack served by

15604-415: The doctor. The prescription of wine as a treatment was prohibited with diseases that affected the head, brain, and those accompanied by a fever. Wine could also be used as an external remedy by mixing it with other substances such as honey , milk , water , or oil to make salves or soaks. Patients with pneumonia like illnesses would soak in a wine mixture and breath in the vapors with the intent to expel

15770-413: The elbows, and advise to take hot baths, drink cucumber juice, and induce vomiting to clear the bowels. If the treatment is followed, a full recovery is possible. The several forms of jaundice that the Greek physicians proclaimed might be because jaundice occurs due to varying sicknesses like hepatitis, gallstones and tumors. The diverse set of symptoms were probably the effects of the sicknesses rather than

15936-407: The exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on the lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of the scientific spirit." "His figure... stands for all time as that of the ideal physician," according to A Short History of Medicine , inspiring the medical profession since his death. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville reports (incorrectly) that Hippocrates

16102-649: The face muscles may also be termed the Hippocratic Smile. The most severe form of hair loss and baldness is called the Hippocratic form. In the modern age, a lunar crater has been named Hippocrates . The Hippocratic Museum , a museum on the Greek island of Kos is dedicated to him. The Hippocrates Project is a program of the New York University Medical Center to enhance education through use of technology. Project Hippocrates (an acronym of "High Performance Computing for Robot-Assisted Surgery")

16268-455: The fact that doctors refused to treat the serious and difficult cases they judged to be incurable by their art ). The treatise may be considered "the first attempt at general epistemology bequeathed to us by antiquity", although this may only be because we have lost fifth-century rhetorical works that took a similar approach. For this writer, as for the author of On the Places in Man , the art of medicine has been wholly discovered. While for

16434-453: The fifth century, a single author likely produced the treatises On Airs, Waters, Places ; Prognostics ; Prorrhetics II; and On the Sacred Disease . Other fifth-century works include On Fleshes , Epidemics I and III ( c.  410 BC ), On Ancient Medicine , On Regimen in Acute Diseases , and Polybus' On the Nature of Man / Regimen in Health (410–400 BC). At the end of the fifth or

16600-442: The findings of rooms with mosaic floors which showed beastfights, a theme popular in Kos. The synagogue Kahal Shalom of Kos, on 4, Alexandrou Diakou street in the historic city center, was built in 1935. It was designed by architects Armando Bernabiti and Rodolfo Petracco , and was built by the construction company 'De Martis-Sardelli'. The synagogue complex includes the synagogue and the adjacent rabbi's residence, today housing

16766-790: The fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic lung disease, lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease . For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers". Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe Hippocratic face in Prognosis . Shakespeare famously alludes to this description when writing of Falstaff 's death in Act II, Scene iii. of Henry V . Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute , chronic , endemic and epidemic , and use terms such as, "exacerbation, relapse , resolution, crisis, paroxysm , peak, and convalescence ." Another of Hippocrates's major contributions may be found in his descriptions of

16932-535: The foundation for modern medicine, as his protocols and guidelines for the classification of diseases are being utilized by physicians today. His principles for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases have been preserved in the Hippocratic Corpus, and are the standard for medical ethics today. Of the texts in the corpus, none is proven to be by Hippocrates himself, The works of the corpus range from Hippocrates' time and school to many centuries later and rival points of view. Franz Zacharias Ermerins identifies

17098-592: The four Orthodox cathedrals in the Dodecanese is located in Kos. In addition, there is a Roman Catholic church on the island and a mosque for the Turkish Muslim community. The synagogue is no longer used for religious ceremonies as the Jewish community of Kos was targeted and destroyed by occupying German forces in World War II . It has, however, been restored and is maintained with all religious symbols intact and

17264-412: The hands of at least nineteen authors in the Hippocratic Corpus. However, the varied works of the corpus have gone under Hippocrates' name since antiquity. According to Howard Clark Kee , its a haphazard collection of anonymous authors. The corpus may be the remains of a library of Cos , or a collection compiled in the third century BC in Alexandria . However, the corpus includes works beyond those of

17430-436: The health of humans, you must look at the seasons, winds and orientation of places, the nature of the water, the nature of the soil and the lifestyle of the inhabitants of a particular city. Epidemics 1 goes on to describe the climate on two occasions and the diseases associated with them, called constitutions . The symptoms described include more serious, sometimes lethal, fevers, eye infections, and dysentery. Jaundice

17596-445: The health of one, the source should be adapted to human nature and food is defined as more forceful or less forceful properties. It was explained in the Hippocratic Corpus that to avoid a diet that was too forceful we must implement cooking and mixing as this was already a type of medicine that can help ease the cause of suffering, illness and death. It has been discovered that during the Olympic games, figs and other fruits were given to

17762-420: The hideous dragon; they die soon thereafter. This is a version of the legend of Melusine . Some clinical symptoms and signs have been named after Hippocrates as he is believed to be the first person to describe them. Hippocratic face is the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. Clubbing , a deformity of the fingers and fingernails,

17928-456: The idea that medicine could only be practiced by those born into the priestly Asclepiad class like himself. He went on to establish a medical school at Kos and opened it to those born outside of the Asclepiad class. Known as the father of medicine, Hippocrates was an admirable physician and teacher during his time. When considered among fellow ancient Greek philosophers and physicians, Hippocrates

18094-738: The island in the Battle of Kos as part of the Dodecanese Campaign , in which the Germans were victorious. Following the battle, 100 Italian officers who had refused to join the Germans were executed in what became known as the Massacre of Kos . German troops occupied the island until 1945, when it became a protectorate of the United Kingdom, which ceded it to Greece in 1947 following the Paris peace treaty . There

18260-556: The island were left in their places and their residence was provided in the suburbs outside the castle. During the course of the Orlov revolt , a Russian fleet anchored off the Kos castle. On the night of 5 August 1773, the Russians dispatched a landing party intending to capture the castle. They suffered heavy casualties in the ensuing battle. The Russian ships departed Kos two days later, having failed to achieve their objective. According to

18426-450: The island. From 2014 to 2023, five-star hotels have practically doubled, both in units (+95.83%) and in total beds (+103.32%). Significant but smaller, is the increase of four-star hotels, both in units (+34.15%) and in total beds (+8.5%). Farming is the second principal occupation, with the main crops being grapes , almonds , figs , watermelons , olives , and tomatoes , along with wheat and corn . Cos lettuce (romaine lettuce)

18592-405: The jaundice itself. An empyema is a Greek word derived from the word empyein which means "pus-producing". According to the Hippocratic Corpus, they can occur in the thorax, the uterus, the bladder, the ear, and other parts of the body. However, the writings indicate that the thorax was the most common and provided more description. Physicians at the time thought that the cause of an empyema

18758-431: The medical field and has set the standards for physicians today. According to Hippocrates, medicine was dependent on detailed observation of symptoms and health, prognosis, treatment of the patient, and reason to establish diagnosis. While the Hippocratic Corpus was not written by Hippocrates himself, the compiled work of medical professionals all follow the same guidelines imposed by Hippocratic medicine. Hippocrates laid

18924-575: The middle of the 12th century, it was governed by a scion of the ruling Komnenos dynasty, Nikephoros Komnenos. Today the ecclesiastical metropolis of Kos remains under the direct authority of the Patriarchate of Constantinople , rather than the Church of Greece , and is also listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . Following the 11th century, Kos passed under Genoese control, although it

19090-416: The most accurate explanation for the effects of external substances that could be given for the time. During this period, physicians believed not all wines were equally potent in producing a range of perilous symptoms. According to the Hippocratic texts, physicians carefully categorized wine by properties such as color, taste, viscosity, smell, and age. According to Hippocrates, a more concentrated wine leads to

19256-417: The museum of Alexandria , and became a favourite resort for the education of the princes of the Ptolemaic dynasty. During the Hellenistic age, there was a medical school ; however, the theory that this school was founded by Hippocrates (see below) during the Classical age is an unwarranted extrapolation. It was the home of the major Hellenistic poet-scholar Philitas . Despite the incorporation of Kos into

19422-432: The northeast; Cape Lacter or Lakter in the south; and Cape Drecanum or Drekanon in the west. In addition to the main town and port, also called Kos, the main villages of Kos island are Kardamena , Kefalos , Tingaki , Antimachia , Mastihari , Marmari and Pyli. Smaller ones are Zia , Zipari , Platani , Lagoudi and Asfendiou . Kos has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. The present municipality of Kos

19588-507: The offices of the organisation 'Hippocrates'. The Jewish community of Kos dates from antiquity. An older synagogue was destroyed in the earthquake of 13 April 1933. Following the deportation of nearly 100 members of the Jewish community on Sunday 23 July 1944, the synagogue was abandoned and later purchased by the Municipality in the 1980s. The synagogue has been used as a cultural center by the Municipality of Kos, for lectures and exhibitions. In 2022

19754-572: The patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in the ancient operating room . He even kept his fingernails to a precise length. The Hippocratic school gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Hippocrates made careful, regular note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions. He

19920-595: The people responsible for the library's construction was the Koan physician Gaius Stertinius Xenophon , who lived in Rome and was the personal physician of the Emperors Tiberius , Claudius , and Nero . Herod , king of Judaea , ensured the perpetual funding for the gymnasiarch 's annual office on Kos. An inscription from the assembly of the island, dating around 14 BC, honours Gaius Iulius Herodes, affirming Herod's adoption of

20086-519: The physician of experience and common sense." His image as the wise, old doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on a wrinkled face. Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style of Jove and Asklepius . Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that have been found could be only altered versions of portraits of these deities. Hippocrates and the beliefs that he embodied are considered medical ideals. Fielding Garrison , an authority on medical history, stated, "He is, above all,

20252-493: The physicians of the Hippocratic Collection is to have stated, in its most universal form, what was later to be called the principle of determinism. All that occurs has a cause. It is in the treatise of The Art that the most theoretical statement of this principle is to be found: 'Indeed, under a close examination spontaneity disappears; for everything that occurs will be found to do so through something [ dia ti ].'" In

20418-429: The point of intoxication, however enough to provide power and guarantee strength to the fetus. Because of wine's visual similarity to blood , physicians had assumed a relationship between the two substances. For this reason, men with cardiac illness, lack of strength, or pale complexion were encouraged to consume dark, undiluted wine. Multiple texts within the Hippocratic Corpus advise the use of wine in accordance with

20584-585: The pus from their lungs. Wine was frequently prescribed as a topical remedy for sores because of its drying effect. Epidemics 1 begins by describing each season's characteristics. It states that autumn has strong south winds and many rainy days. Winter had south winds with the occasional north wind and droughts. Spring was southerly and cold with slight rain. Summer was cloudy and did not rain. It then described diseases associated with each season. For example, in spring many people began having mild fevers which, in some cases, caused hemorrhage . The hemorrhage

20750-485: The relevance of heaven in medicine, and the church's influence on the practice of medicine, but also the relevance of astronomy and cosmology in medicine as a science. Greek tragedy encouraged the spread of false knowledge about the divine origin of human diseases. Greek gods were placed on a pedestal, and seen as healers as a result. To combat this view of diseases, Hippocratic physicians restricted their diagnoses to rational causes and rejected anthropomorphic intervention as

20916-548: The religious-political amphictyonic league that included Lindos , Kamiros , Ialysos , Knidos and Halicarnassus , the Doric Hexapolis ( hexapolis means 'six cities' in Greek), – is obscure. At the end of the 6th century, Kos fell under Achaemenid domination but rebelled after the Greek victory at the Battle of Mycale in 479. Archaeological finds have shown the existence of a small shrine to Hemera and Helios ; gods of

21082-477: The same effects could be observed between them. Physician's also hypothesized that gender contributed to the effects of wine on the body. Women were noted to have a cold and wet nature which encouraged Hippocratic doctors to prescribe them undiluted wine. This differed from men, who typically were hotter by nature. It was not common practice between physicians of the time to recommend the consumption of wine for children. Physicians collectively believed that there

21248-411: The school of medicine named after him, nor wrote most of the treatises attributed to him, he is traditionally regarded as the "Father of Medicine". His contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the advancement stalled. So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too great to be improved upon and no significant advancements of his methods were made for

21414-468: The southeast and southwest sections of the castle during the raids of Yıldırım Bayezid between 1391 and 1396. Kos faced its first serious Ottoman attack in 1455. The navy under the command of Hamza Bey attacked the island, besieged and destroyed the Andimacheia Castle. The last Hospitaller governor of the island was Piero de Ponte . During the conquest of Rhodes in 1522, it was surrendered to

21580-428: The strongest form. Whatever their disagreements, the Hippocratic writers agree in rejecting divine and religious causes and remedies of disease in favor of natural mechanisms. Hippocratic medicine had been formulated to hold true to the belief that "medicine should be practiced as a scientific discipline based on the natural sciences, diagnosing and preventing disease as well as treating them." This not only influenced

21746-399: The summer because it was believed the heat of the sun causes bile, a dark green fluid produced by the liver, to rest underneath the skin. This causes a yellowish color to the skin, and pale eyes and urine. The scalp also develops a crusty substance. The treatment calls for several baths a day on top of the mixture mentioned in the first remedy. Surviving past two weeks with this form of jaundice

21912-466: The symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of thoracic empyema , i.e. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity. His teachings remain relevant to present-day students of pulmonary medicine and surgery. Hippocrates was the first documented chest surgeon and his findings and techniques, while crude, such as the use of lead pipes to drain chest wall abscess, are still valid. The Hippocratic school of medicine described well

22078-560: The synod held in Constantinople in 448 in preparation for the Council of Chalcedon of 451, in which he participated as a legate of Pope Leo I , and he was a signatory of the joint letter that the bishops of the Roman province of Insulae sent in 458 to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian with regard to the killing of Proterius of Alexandria . Dorotheus took part in a synod in 518. Georgius

22244-572: The term is ultimately unclear. During the course of the Fourth War of the Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter captured Kos from Antigonus I Monophthalmus , incorporating it into his kingdom . In the Hellenistic period , Kos attained the zenith of its prosperity. Kos was valued by the Ptolemies, who used it as a naval outpost to oversee the Aegean. As a seat of learning, it arose as a provincial branch of

22410-413: The text is that the skin is greener than a green lizard. The patient will have fevers, shiver, and the skin becomes very sensitive. In the mornings, sharp pains occur in the abdominal region. If the patient survives more than two weeks, they have a chance of recovery. The treatments suggest drinking a mixture of milk and other nuts and plants in the morning and at night. The second form develops only during

22576-465: The time, the practice of medicine involved spiritual and supernatural elements, corresponding to the prevailing belief that health and illness were conferred by the gods. Hippocrates did not share this view. For example, according to works later ascribed to him, he was the first to describe epilepsy as an inheritable brain disease rather than an infliction from the divine. In addition to his rejection of purely divine causes of illness, Hippocrates rejected

22742-412: The transformation of Kos Asclepeion into an asylum . This decision made Kos a more attractive destination for merchants and pilgrims. Kos had a strong reputation for justice from the late fourth century BC and was called on more frequently than any other city in the Hellenistic period to provide judges for the arbitration of disputes between and within other cities. Between 310 and 300 BC, Kos arbitrated

22908-484: The treatises in the corpus has not been conclusively answered, but modern debate revolves around only a few of the treatises seen as potentially authored by him. Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, the Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen). The corpus came to be known by his name because of his fame; possibly all medical works were classified under 'Hippocrates' by

23074-430: The treatment of urinary tract stones, many solutions were suggested, including drinking a lot of a water/wine mixture, taking strong medication, or trying different positions when trying to flush them out. Extracting the urinary tract stones was another option; however, this method was not utilized very often due to its serious risks and possible complications of cutting into the bladder. Other than leakage of urine into

23240-438: The use of wine in excess. According to the Hippocratic text, the consumption of wine significantly affects two regions of the body: the head and the lower body cavity. Excessive drinking can cause heaviness of the head and pain in the head, in addition to disturbances in thought. In the lower body cavity, excess wine ingestion can have a purging effect; it can be the source of stomach pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. This stomach pain

23406-500: The variety of skin diseases described in the Hippocratic Corpus is the suggest treatment. These treatments stem from the belief that dermatologic diseases were a result of imbalance in body humors. For relief from various dermatologic conditions, the Hippocratic text recommends spring water or seawater baths and topical application of a fatty substance as a form of treatment. For intertrigo, or infant chafing, myrrh oil and litharge were powerful astringent compounds that were recommended as

23572-516: The volcano of Nisyros and the surrounding islands. There is a wide variety of rocks in Kos which is related to its geographical formation. Prominent among these are the Quaternary layers in which the fossil remains of mammals such as horses, hippopotami and elephants have been found. The fossilised molar of an elephant of gigantic proportions was presented to the Paleontology Museum of

23738-417: The way of effective and consistent diagnosis and treatment. As scholar Jacques Jouanna writes, "One of the great merits of the physicians of the Hippocratic Corpus is that they are not content to practice medicine and to commit their experience to writing, but that they have reflected on their own activity". While the approaches range from empiricism to a rationalism reminiscent of the physical theories of

23904-514: The wide array of material that is medicine. The doctors whom have become experts in the urinary tract – whom we would call urologists today – are those that could perform the heightened risk procedure of stone removal. With this reliance on specialized doctors of the urinary tract, some believe that urology itself was the first definable expertise of medical history. References to wine can be found throughout Greek antiquity in both dramas and medical texts. The Hippocratic texts describe wine as

24070-454: The women of the island. Silk production of garments was conducted in large factories by female slaves. Older research believed that the island was known in antiquity for the manufacture of transparent light dresses, the coae vestes . This view goes back to Aristotle, and it has been challenged by modern research. The term Coae vestes seems to refer to a type of silk garment and not the site of production (the island of Kos). The origin of

24236-488: Was a Byzantine territory and kept for a while by the Empire of Nicaea . Genoese ruled as protectorate and lasted over four centuries. In the 1320s, Kos nominally formed a part of the realm of Genoese Vignolo de Vignoli. The Knights Hospitaller were hosted over the island paying a rent to Genoese republic. From the 14th century onwards the island experienced raids of Turkish corsairs . During this period two towers were built in

24402-406: Was a disease in and of itself. Hippocrates treated patients with fever by starving them out, believing that 'starving' the fever was a way to neutralize the disease. He may therefore have been the originator of the idea " Feed a cold, starve a fever ". One of the strengths of Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis on prognosis . At Hippocrates's time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often

24568-567: Was a participant of the Third Council of Constantinople in 680–681. Constantinus went to the Photian Council of Constantinople (879) . Under Byzantine rule, apart from the participation of its bishops in councils, the island's history remains obscure. It was governed by a droungarios in the 8th–9th centuries, and seems to have acquired some importance in the 11th and 12th centuries: Nikephoros Melissenos began his uprising here, and in

24734-415: Was another topic found in the treatises of the Hippocratic Corpus. To promote the well-being of students and their physical and mental health in schools, physical activity was conducted as a necessary activity that allowed the student's physical health to be the best it could be. An example of health promotion being used can be found during the Olympic games. One example of health promotion being used during

24900-532: Was by orally ingesting some form of foreign body where it will enter the lungs. This could be done by inhaling or drinking the foreign body. The physicians also thought that empyemas could occur after parapneumonic infections or pleurisy because the chest has not recovered from those illnesses. Parapneumonic infections can be tied to modern pneumonia which can still be fatal. There are many symptoms associated with an empyema ranging from mild to severe. The most common ones are fever, thoracic pain, sweating, heaviness in

25066-526: Was considered the most influential in the evolution of medicine as a science. He focused on a natural approach to medicine, expressing that there had to be a comprehensive understanding of the patient's health, as well as harmony between nature and the individual. Hippocrates' focal point for medicine stemmed from the practice of scientific discipline. To enforce scientific discipline, Hippocrates based his medical principles on natural sciences, diagnosing, treating, and preventing medical diseases. In addition to

25232-448: Was created in 2011 with the merger of three municipalities, which became municipal units: The municipality has an area of 290,313 km , and has a municipal unit of 67.200 km . Tourism is the main industry in Kos, the island's beaches being the primary attraction. The main port and population centre on the island, Kos town, is also a tourist and cultural centre, with whitewashed buildings including many hotels, restaurants and

25398-480: Was formerly known as Stancho , Stanchio , or Stinco , and in Ottoman and modern Turkish it is known as İstanköy , all from the reinterpretation of the Greek expression εις την Κω 'to Kos'; cf. the similar Istanbul and Stimpoli, Crete . Under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes , it was known as Lango or Langò , presumably because of its length. In The Travels of Sir John Mandeville ,

25564-400: Was meaning to refer to chronic renal failure or even diabetes. It was also suggested that the appearance of blood within urine could indicate vessels of the kidney to have burst, potentially due to necrosis of blood arteries or vessels. Furthermore, doctors noted that if bubbles formed on top of urine, the kidneys were diseased and showed the potential of long-lasting disease. When it comes to

25730-427: Was more common among athletes because of their intense diets composed mainly of meat and wine. An overall effect of wine that all Greek doctors of the time have observed and agree on is its warming property. Therefore, wine's properties are described as "hot and dry." As documented in the Hippocratic texts, extreme use of wine can result in death. Physicians tried to study the human body with pure objectivity to give

25896-422: Was no purpose for children to drink wine. However, in rare circumstances, there are records of some doctors recommending wine for children, only if heavily diluted with water, to warm the child or to ease hunger pains. Mostly, doctors prohibited wine consumption for people under eighteen. Greek physicians were very interested in observing and recording the effects of wine and intoxication, the excessive use of wine

26062-400: Was preferable. Soothing balms were sometimes employed. Hippocrates was reluctant to administer drugs and engage in specialized treatment that might prove to be wrongly chosen; generalized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis. Some of the generalized treatments he prescribed are fasting and the consumption of a mix of honey and vinegar. Hippocrates once said that "to eat when you are sick,

26228-741: Was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria . Plato mentions Hippocrates in two of his dialogues: in Protagoras , Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad "; while in Phaedrus , Plato suggests that "Hippocrates the Asclepiad" thought that a complete knowledge of the nature of the body was necessary for medicine. Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly , Thrace , and

26394-415: Was rare. In two other forms of this disease, occurring during the winter, set in due to drunkenness, chills, and the excess production of phlegm. The last form is the least fatal and most common. It is associated with eating and drinking too much. The symptoms include yellow eyes and skin, fever, headache, and weakness. The treatment however, it very different from the rest. The physician will draw blood from

26560-451: Was rarely fatal. Swelling next to both ears was also common. Coughs and sore throats accompanied the other symptoms. Based on modern knowledge, this disease was mumps , which causes salivary glands under the ears to swell. It is remarkable that this ancient work describes symptoms so vividly that modern doctors can diagnose the cause a thousand years later. This section of the Hippocratic Corpus assumes that when looking at human disease and

26726-403: Was that of a crisis , a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on critical days , which were supposed to be

26892-463: Was that of bladder disease in patients, especially when urinary tract stones (that is, stones within either the kidneys or the bladder) were present. Urinary tract stones, in general, have been seen within records all throughout history, even as far back as the ancient days of Egypt. Theorizing how these urinary tract stones formed, how to detect them and other bladder issues, and the controversy on how to treat them were all major investigating points to

27058-421: Was the first to ever establish the belief that by simply observing a patient, a physician would recognize symptoms and determine the disease. Hippocrates insisted that he must keep careful notes and follow the patient from the start of the disease to the end no matter what that might have looked like so he could compile different symptoms and treatments. The ideal of evidence-based knowledge is still implemented in

27224-405: Was the intent. Although, the urinary tract stone removal was not a necessary surgery and it appeared to be avoided in most cases, some argue that the Hippocratic Oath only wards of these procedures if the doctor holding the knife is inexperienced in that area. This idea puts forth the development of medical specialties – that is, doctors focusing on one particular area of medicine versus studying

27390-431: Was the ruler of the islands of "Kos and Lango" [sic], and recounts a legend about Hippocrates's daughter. She was transformed into a hundred-foot long dragon by the goddess Diana , and is the "lady of the manor" of an old castle. She emerges three times a year, and will be turned back into a woman if a knight kisses her, making the knight into her consort and ruler of the islands. Various knights try, but flee when they see

27556-403: Was well known to be harmful, however, it was also documented as a useful remedy. Several of the Hippocratic texts list the properties and use of foods consumed during 5th century BC. Wine was first defined as a food by all doctors. Directions for consumption varied based on gender, season, and other events in daily life. Men were encouraged to consume dark, undiluted wine before copulation, not to

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