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159-669: Formally established on 12 November 2022 from the central and mountainous former part of the province of Papua , it is located on the central highlands of Western New Guinea , where it is the first and only landlocked province in Indonesia. The capital of Highland Papua is in Jayawijaya Regency , in Walesi District. The legal provision for the province's establishment was approved by the People's Representative Council on 30 June 2022, with

318-705: A Duyfken expedition led by the commander Wiliam Jansen from Holland landed in Papua. This expedition consisted of 3 ships, where they sailed from the north coast of Java and stopped at the Kei Islands , at the southwestern coast of Papua. With the increasing Dutch grip in the region, the Spanish left New Guinea in 1663. In 1660, the Dutch recognized the Sultan of Tidore's sovereignty over New Guinea. New Guinea thus became notionally Dutch as

477-420: A hite , which is the bark of an arrow. The Noken is a traditional Papuan bag carried with the head and made of bark fibers, although it is also used as head and body covering. Similar to bags, in general, this bag is used to carry daily necessities. Papuan people usually use it to bring agricultural products such as vegetables, tubers and also to bring merchandise to the market. Because of its uniqueness that

636-540: A chisel was a tool used to trim the fingers during mourning of a dead family member. Unfortunately, this culture has been strongly discouraged and sometimes banned by the government and can only be used as a tool in industry. The chisel-making process is not complicated but can take up to two weeks to make. The handle will have Kele Makwy coiled wrappings made from wood fibers and secured using hidden pegs made from ironwood or cassowary bones. Papuan knife blades are usually used for slashing or cutting when hunting animals in

795-567: A distinct culture and traditions that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia. Coastal Papuans are usually more willing to accept modern influence into their daily lives, which in turn diminishes their original culture and traditions. Meanwhile, most inland Papuans still preserves their original culture and traditions, although their way of life over the past century are tied to the encroachment of modernity and globalization . Each Papuan tribe usually practices their own tradition and culture, which may differ greatly from one tribe to another. One of

954-549: A few years later (1526–1527), he refers to the region as 'Papua', which was mentioned in the diary of Antonio Pigafetta , the clerk for the Magellan voyage . The name Papua was known to Pigafetta when he stopped on the island of Tidore. On 16 May 1545, Yñigo Ortiz de Retez , a Spanish maritime explorer in command of the San Juan de Letran , left port in Tidore, a Spanish stronghold in

1113-438: A great framework for solving the conflict in Papua. The administration has implemented a one-price fuel policy in Papua, with Jokowi assessing that it is a form of "justice" for all Papuans. The administration has also provided free primary and secondary education. Security forces have been accused of abuses in the region including extrajudicial killings, torture, arrests of activists, and displacements of entire villages. On

1272-615: A harder penalty, with capital punishment for Petro Jandi, and a life sentence to Stevanus Yoseph. Meanwhile, another organization was formed on the 17 August 1947, called the Association of Young Men of Indonesia (PPI) under the leadership of Abraham Koromath. Around the Bomberai Peninsula area of Fakfak , specifically in Kokas, an Indonesian nationalist movement was led by Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan . On 1 March 1946, he ordered that all

1431-590: A higher degree of autonomy level compared to other Indonesian provinces . The island of New Guinea has been populated for tens of thousands of years. European traders began frequenting the region around the late 16th century due to spice trade . In the end, the Dutch Empire emerged as the dominant leader in the spice war, annexing the western part of New Guinea into the colony of Dutch East Indies . The Dutch remained in New Guinea until 1962, even though other parts of

1590-503: A hole dug in the ground and covered with leaves; this cooking method is called bakar batu (burning the stone), and it is an important cultural and social event among Papuan people. In some Papuan communities who are Muslim or when welcoming Muslim guests, pork can be replaced with chicken or beef or mutton or can be cooked separately with pork. This is, for example, practiced by the Welesi and Meteo communities in Jayawijaya Regency to welcome

1749-735: A local branch of KIM was joined with Perserikatan Indonesia Merdeka (PIM) which was formed earlier in September 1945 under the leadership of Lukas Rumkorem  [ id ] . Lukas would be captured and exiled to Hollandia, with the charge he instigated violence among local population accused of trying to kill Frans Kaisiepo and Marcus Kaisiepo. Still the movement did not disappear in Biak, Stevanus Yoseph together with Petero Jandi, Terianus Simbiak, Honokh Rambrar, Petrus Kaiwai and Hermanus Rumere on 19 March 1948, instigate another revolt. Dutch authorities had to send reinforcements from Jayapura. The Dutch imposed

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1908-640: A local government for Jakarta in Irian Jaya Barat (West) took place in February 2003 and a governor was appointed in November; a government for Irian Jaya Tengah (Central Irian Jaya) was delayed from August 2003 due to violent local protests. The creation of this separate Central Irian Jaya Province was blocked by Indonesian courts, who declared it to be unconstitutional and in contravention of the Papua's special autonomy agreement. The previous division into two provinces

2067-510: A naval leader of Waigeo from Biak. The Biak people is the largest Melanesian tribe, spread on the northern coast of Papua, making the Biak language widely used and considered the language of Papuan unity. Due to the relationship of the coastal areas of Papua with the Sultans of Maluku, there are several local kingdoms on this island, which shows the entry of feudalism. Since the 16th century, apart from

2226-564: A new province of Okmekmin (its residents had been advocating for a new cultural region of Okmekmin as they consider themselves different from other La Pago tribes). But their inclusion was rejected by Tabi customary council of the original Papua province as well as from the South and Highlands. Local government officials and some residents of the regency threatened to secede and join Papua New Guinea if their demands were not met. On 16 July when

2385-548: A part of the same tectonic plate as Australia. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level), and combined with lands now inundated into the tectonic continent of Sahul , also known as Greater Australia. The two landmasses became separated when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the end of the Last Glacial Period . The province of Papua

2544-604: A picturesque landscape characterized by deep valleys bordered by imposing mountains, attracting adventurers seeking unique experiences. Facilitated by tour guides, travelers can embark on expeditions to explore scattered traditional villages nestled within these valleys, each adorned with traditional dwellings and lifestyles emblematic of the region's cultural heritage. However, accessing these settlements entails traversing rugged terrains fraught with hazards, including steep gradients, precarious ravines, and river crossings. Highland Papua predominantly consisted of highlands referred to as

2703-406: A province-level administration. On 11 December 2002 three new regencies were created - Keerom and Sarmi from parts of Jayapura Regency, and Waropen from part of Yapen Waropen Regency (the rest of this regency was renamed as Yapen Islands ). On 18 December 2003 a further regency - Supiori - was created from part of Biak Numfor Regency, and on 15 March 2007 a further regency - Mamberamo Raya -

2862-438: A rebellion, however Dutch authorities would be alerted by a defecting member of Papuan Battalion on 14 December 1945, utilising forces from Rabaul , Dutch authorities would also capture 250 people possibly involved in this attack. The news of Indonesian independence proclamation arrived in New Guinea primarily through shipping laborers associated with Sea Transport Union of Indonesia (Sarpelindo), who were working for ships under

3021-509: A red and white flag-raising ceremony to commemorate the Indonesian independence day . KIM and PKII members began to start movements in other areas of New Guinea, most of these were unsuccessful, and the perpetrators were either imprisoned or killed. In Manokwari , a movement called Red and White Movement (GMP) was founded, which was led by Petrus Walebong and Samuel D. Kawab. This movement later spread to Babo, Kokas, Fakfak, and Sorong. In Biak,

3180-490: A row and tied at the ends using wood barks or rattans. Usually it takes a month to made one piece of armor. Walimo is made from rattan and wood barks. The rattans were cleaned and shaped till they have rounded cross-section, then woven like forming a basket and shaped to be worn like a shirt. Their function is to protect the body from arrows from piercing the body, other uses include worn for ceremonial purposes and as part of traditional dance attire. Pikon  [ id ]

3339-534: A significant threat to agriculture, often resulting in crop failures and, in severe cases, famine . One such instance occurred in Kuyawage, Lanny Jaya, where frost-induced hardships were observed. However, the delivery of aid to such areas is hindered by minimal infrastructure and the presence of the Free Papua Movement , a terrorist group operating in the region. In contrast, the southern and northern flanks of

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3498-405: A similar province-level special status). According to Law 21/2001 on Special Autonomy Status (UU Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi khusus Papua), the provincial government of Papua is provided with authority within all sectors of administration, except for the five strategic areas of foreign affairs, security and defense, monetary and fiscal affairs, religion and justice. The provincial government

3657-530: A souvenir. The traditional food of Papuan from the Central Highland , usually consists of roasted boar with Tubers such as sweet potato ( hipere ) as the staple food. This is unlike the staple foods in the lowlands of Western New Guinea and eastern Indonesia in general with sago , or western Indonesian cuisines that favour rice as their staple food. In Highland Papua, pig roast which consists of pork and yams are roasted in heated stones placed in

3816-797: A staple food among local tribes. Examples of such valleys include the Baliem Valley in Jayawijaya Regency and the Toli Valley in Tolikara Regency. Moreover, these mountains serve as the wellspring for major rivers on Papua Island, notably the Mamberamo River flowing north and the Digul River coursing southward. Certain regions in this province are susceptible to frost , a consequence of extreme cold temperatures. This climatic phenomenon poses

3975-660: A thousand moving to the Netherlands. Following a sustained period of harassment against Dutch diplomatic representatives in Jakarta , the Indonesian government formally severed relations with the Netherlands in August 1960. In response to Indonesian aggression, the Netherlands government stepped up its efforts to prepare the Papuan people for self-determination in 1959. These efforts culminated in

4134-410: Is a traditional house called honai . Honai is a traditional Papuan house, especially in the mountainous region . The basic shape of the honai is a circle with a wooden frame and woven walls and a conical roof made of straw. The honai is spread across almost all corners of the Baliem Valley which covers an area of 1,200 square kilometres. The distance from the surface of the house to the ceiling

4293-459: Is a traditional wind instrument typical of the highland tribes such as Hubula , more commonly called Dani, inhabiting the Baliem Valley . Pikon comes from the word Pikonane in the Dani language , which means a sound musical instrument. While Walak people called it Goknggaik and Lani people called it Longger . Pikon consists of vibrating sticks which are attached with a rope in the middle, so that it

4452-456: Is able to produce a variety of sounds. Originally the sticks are made of wood or bamboo but iron have been used to produce higher pitch sound. This musical instrument is generally played by men in the Dani tribe. They play pikon as a fatigue reliever, even though the resulting sound tends not to be melodious because it is just like the sound of birds chirping without tone. However, with the development of

4611-707: Is an indivisible part of Unitary State of Republic of Indonesia and will not be separated from Bangsa Indonesia (Indonesian Nation) from Sabang to Merauke . In December, the government issued Law No. 12 of 1969 concerning the Establishment of the Autonomous Province of West Irian and Autonomous Regencies in the Province of West Irian. One of them was Jayawijaya Regency which included the Local Government areas of Baliem, Bokondini, Tiom, and Oksibil . This regency

4770-527: Is another name for Onin as recorded in old communal poems or songs from Wersar, while Sran popularly misunderstood to refers to Seram Island in Maluku , is more likely another name for a local Papuan kingdom which in its native language is called Sran Eman Muun , based in Kaimana and its furthest influence extends to the Kei Islands , in southeastern Maluku. In his book Nieuw Guinea, Dutch author WC. Klein explained

4929-410: Is authorized to issue local regulations to further stipulate the implementation of the special autonomy, including regulating the authority of districts and municipalities within the province. Due to its special autonomy status, Papua province is provided with significant amount of special autonomy funds, which can be used to benefit its indigenous peoples . But the province has low fiscal capacity and it

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5088-427: Is between 80% and 89%. The average annual rainfall is between 1,500 mm and 7,500 mm. Snowfalls sometime occurs in the mountainous areas of New Guinea, especially the central highlands region. Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a hot, humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with

5247-497: Is carried with its head, this noken is registered with UNESCO as one of the traditional works and world cultural heritage. On 4 December 2012, the noken was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as a cultural heritage of Indonesia . In several areas of Papua, noken – instead of the usual ballot box – is preferred as a way to place ballots, where it is recognized as a ballot tool in

5406-421: Is even one of the legacies of Indonesia's prehistoric times. In Papuan culture, this dance is a symbol of how strong and brave the Papuan people are. Allegedly, this dance was once a part of traditional ceremonies when fighting other tribes and now can be seen preserved during Baliem Valley Festival. The dancers who perform this dance are a group of men, the number starts from seven people or more. They danced to

5565-436: Is highly dependent on unconditional transfers and the above-mentioned special autonomy fund, which accounted for about 55% of total revenues in 2008. After obtaining its special autonomy status, to allow the local population access to timber production benefits, the Papuan provincial government issued a number of decrees, enabling: As of 2022 (following the separation of Central Papua, Highland Papua, and South Papua province),

5724-496: Is little correlation between the size or length of the koteka and the social status of the wearer. In 1971–1972 the Indonesian New Order government launched "Operasi Koteka" ("Operation Penis Gourd") which consisted primarily of trying to encourage the people to wear shorts and shirts because such clothes were considered more "modern". But the people did not have changes of clothing, did not have soap, and were unfamiliar with

5883-553: Is located between 2 ° 25'LU – 9 ° S and 130 ° – 141 ° East. The total area of Papua is now 82,680.95 km (31,923.29 sq mi). Until its division in 2022 into four provinces, Papua Province was the province that had the largest area in Indonesia, with a total area of 312,816.35 km , or 19.33% of the total area of the Indonesian archipelago . The boundaries of Papua are: Pacific Ocean (North), Highland Papua (South), Central Papua (Southwest) and Papua New Guinea (East). Papua, like most parts of Indonesia, has two seasons,

6042-491: Is only about 1 metre. Within the honai, there is a fireplace which is located right in the middle. The thatched roof and wooden walls of the Honai actually bring cool air inside If the air is too cold, the whole house will be warmed by the smoke from the fireplace. For the Dani people , smoke from firewood is no longer unusual for being smoked for a long time. As long as the door is still open, oxygen can still flow inside. The honai

6201-416: Is referred to by the local community as "Tul". The spear was a weapon that could be used for both fighting and hunting. In addition, Papuan culture often uses the spear as a property in dances. The material used to construct the spears are from Papuan ironwood called Kayu Yoli or blackwood called Kayu Yomalo , river stone that was sharpened as a spearhead or instead used to sharpen the tip. For that reason,

6360-736: Is remembered as the namesake of the Carstensz Pyramid, the highest peak in Oceania, and the Carstensz Range. In 1920, van Overeem and Kremer led an expedition that successfully discovered the Swart Valley, now known as the Toli Valley in Tolikara Regency , and the Lani people who lived there. This exploration further led to the discovery of Lake Habema and allowed for access to Wilhelmina Peak from

6519-472: Is steep and covered in snow. During their journey, the expedition members rested and witnessed a traditional procession in the village of the Pesechem or Pesegem tribe. Following this initial expedition, de Bruyn, Franssen Herderschee, Karel Doorman , and others conduct their own expedition to explore and document the interior regions of Papua that had previously been unexplored by outsiders. Today, Jan Carstenszoon

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6678-551: Is still being carried out today. This tradition symbolizes harmony, unity, and strength that comes from within a person and within a family. According to the culture of the Dani people, family is the most valuable pedestal that a human has, fingers are believed to symbolize the existence and function of a family itself. So that the tradition of cutting is carried out when someone loses a family member or relative such as husband, wife, children, younger siblings and older siblings forever. For Dani people, sadness and grief due to adversity and

6837-432: Is supported by 4 main poles called heseke, which are stuck in the ground at a certain distance (about 1 metre) so that they are square. In the middle of this main pillar is placed a fireplace called a round wulikin . An honai is made in an attic so that it is divided into two rooms, at the top it is called henaepu as a bed and the bottom is called agarowa as a place to rest, tell stories or chat, and eat. The upper part of

6996-528: The Tri Komando Rakjat (People's Triple Command), calling the Indonesian people to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in the territory, and be ready for mobilisation at any time. In 1962 Indonesia launched a significant campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations against the disputed territory, beginning with a seaborne infiltration launched by Indonesian forces on 15 January 1962. The Indonesian attack

7155-656: The Central Range montane rain forests zone from a height of around 1,000 - 3,000 meters above sea level and the Central Range sub-alpine grasslands 3,000 meters above sea level. Its flora and fauna are similar to Australia such as bird-of-paradise and echidna . One of the conservation areas established to protect this region is Lorentz National Park , which is the largest national park in Southeast Asia. Religion in Highland Papua (2022) The native Papuan people has

7314-726: The Maluku Islands and going by way of the Talaud Islands and the Schoutens , reached the northern coast of New Guinea, which was coasted till the end of August when, owing to the 5°S latitude, contrary winds and currents, forcing a return to Tidore arriving on 5 October 1545. Many islands were encountered and first charted, along the northern coast of New Guinea, and in the Padaidos , Le Maires , Ninigos , Kaniets and Hermits , to some of which Spanish names were given. On 20 June 1545 at

7473-766: The New Guinea Highlands , spanning from Central Papua to Papua New Guinea . The Jayawijaya Mountains are located on the Indonesian side of the New Guinea Highlands. This range encompasses peaks exceeding 4000 meters above sea level. Notable peaks within this province include Puncak Trikora , towering at 4,760 meters, and Puncak Mandala , reaching 4,750 meters above sea level. Nestled amidst these lofty peaks are valleys with elevations surpassing 1,500 metres above sea level. Renowned for their fertility, these valleys serve as location for traditional settlement and agricultural land, primarily cultivating sweet potatoes ,

7632-460: The People's Representative Council . The Highland Papua Electoral District consists of all of the 8 regencies in the province, and elects 3 members to the People's Representative Council. According to Statistics Indonesia , Highland Papua's land area is 51,213.330 km. Highland Papua is the first and only province in Indonesia without a seacoast (i.e. it is landlocked ). Highland Papua presents

7791-458: The People's Representative Council . The Papua Electoral District consists of all of the 8 regencies in the province, together with the city of Jayapura, and elects 3 members to the People's Representative Council. The island of New Guinea lies to the east of the Malay Archipelago , with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago. Geologically it is

7950-971: The Raja Ampat Islands which was contested between the Bacan Sultanate, Tidore Sultanate, and Ternate Sultanate , other coastal areas of Papua from the island of Biak to Mimika became vassals of the Tidore Sultanate. The Tidore Sultanate adheres to the trade pact and custom of Uli-Siwa (federation of nine), there were nine trade partners led by Tidore in opposition to the Ternate-led Uli Lima (federation of five). In administering its regions in Papua, Tidore divide them to three regions, Korano Ngaruha ( lit. Four Kings ) or Raja Ampat Islands, Papoua Gam Sio ( lit. Papua The Nine Negeri ) and Mafor Soa Raha ( lit. Mafor The Four Soa ). The role of these kingdoms began to decline due to

8109-836: The Sepik on the eastern side. The result is a large area of lakes and rivers known as the Lakes Plains region. Star Mountains The Star Mountains ( Dutch ( colonial ) : Sterrengebergte ; Indonesian : Pegunungan Bintang ) are a mountain range in eastern end of Highland Papua , Indonesia and the western Papua New Guinea , stretching from the eastern end of Indonesia to the Hindenburg Range in Papua New Guinea. Mountain ranges Bintang Mountains Regency in Indonesia and Star Mountains Rural LLG in Papua New Guinea are part of this mountain range. The earlier Western expedition to

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8268-626: The United Nations should oversee a referendum of the Papuan people , in which they would be given two options: to remain part of Indonesia or to become an independent nation. For a period of time, Dutch New Guinea were under the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority , before being transferred to Indonesia in 1963. A referendum was held in 1969, which was referred locally as Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat (Determination of

8427-466: The colo-colo sambal combination which has a spicy-sweet taste. Extensive mountainous terrain and underdeveloped infrastructure highlight the crucial role of air transportation in Highland Papua. Each regency capital have its own airport listed below: In addition, numerous airfield cater to isolated districts and villages with limited infrastructure (some aren't even paved). These airfields are supported by pioneering routes ( rute perintis ) subsidized by

8586-423: The northeast monsoon season. Another major habitat feature is the vast northern lowlands. Stretching for hundreds of kilometers, these include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and some of the largest expanses of mangrove forest in the world. The northern lowlands are drained principally by the province's largest river, the Mamberamo River and its tributaries on the western side, and by

8745-493: The 1780s. He commanded loyalty from both Moluccan and Papuan chiefs, especially those of Raja Ampat Islands. Following Tidore's defeat, much of the territory it claimed in western part of New Guinea came under Dutch rule as part of the Dutch East Indies . In 1511, Antonio d'Arbau, a Portuguese sailor, called the Papua region as "Os Papuas" or llha de Papo . Don Jorge de Menetes , a sailor from Spain also stopped by in Papua

8904-760: The 2019–2024 period consists of 13 political parties where the Nasdem Party is the political party with the most seats, with 8 seats, followed by the Democratic Party which also won 8 seats and the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle which won 7 seats. The province of Papua is one of seven provinces to have obtained special autonomy status, the others being Aceh , West Papua , Southwest Papua , Central Papua , Highland Papua and South Papua (the Special Regions of Jakarta and Yogyakarta have

9063-467: The 20th century that the tribes residing in the Papuan Highlands Province made contact with the outside world. The first recorded contact was made during an expedition led by Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz in 1909 with representatives from Pesegem ( Nduga people misidentified as Dani ). The purpose of the expedition was to find a path to reach Wilhelmina Peak (now known as Trikora Peak ), which

9222-578: The Baliem River, which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in villages. The people, known as the Dani , were the last society of its size to make first contact with the rest of the world. The region became important in World War II with the Pacific War upon the Netherlands' declaration of war on Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbor . In 1942, the northern coast of West New Guinea and

9381-663: The Central Mountains feature lower-lying plains. These lowland areas are home to key urban centers, such as the capitals Yahukimo in Dekai and Nduga in Kenyam. While these locales are not subject to the extreme cold of the mountains, they face their own challenges. The warmer climate makes them vulnerable to malaria outbreaks, necessitating concerted efforts in disease control and prevention. In terms of ecoregion (ecosystem and biodiversity area), Highland Papua can be divided into two. Namely

9540-477: The Dutch government, led by Frits Veldkamp, established a government post in the region to consolidate its authority in the interior. As a result, several villages, airfields, and infrastructure facilities were erected, laying the groundwork for a town that would later become known as Wamena . December 10, 1956 marked the official establishment of the Dutch government post, and the date is now commemorated as founding day of Wamena. The Star Mountains , are located in

9699-514: The Dutch held power over Tidore. Dutch New Guinea in the early 19th century was administered from the Moluccas . Although the coast had been mapped in 1825 by Lieutenant Commander D.H. Kolff, there had been no serious effort to establish a permanent presence in Dutch New Guinea. The British, however, had shown considerable interest in the area, and were threatening to settle it. To prevent this,

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9858-726: The Dutch's flags in Kokas to be changed into Indonesian flags. He was later imprisoned in Doom Island , Sorong, where he managed to recruit some followers as well as the support from local Sangaji Malan Dutch authorities later aided by incoming troops from Sorong arrested the King Rumagesan and he was given capital punishment. Meanwhile, in Kaimana , King Muhammad Achmad Aituarauw founded an organization called Independence With Kaimana, West Irian (MBKIB), which similarly boycotted Dutch flags every 31 August. In response of this activity, Aituarauw

10017-456: The Governor of the Moluccas, Pieter Merkus , urged the Dutch government to establish posts along the coast. An administrative and trading post established in 1828 on Triton Bay on the southwest coast of New Guinea. On 24 August 1828, the birthday of King William I of the Netherlands , the Dutch flag was hoisted and the Dutch claimed all of Western New Guinea , which they called Nieuw Guinea Several native chieftains proclaimed their loyalty to

10176-411: The Highland Papua autonomous region, to be the center of information for the new province. After Law no. 16 of 2022 was inaugurated, the regents in the new province collaborated with the Ministry of Home Affairs through the Kelompok Kerja (Pokja) III Task Force to support the New Autonomous Region to establish the location of the governor's office and temporary service, the provisional budget prior to

10335-428: The Jayawijaya Regency were finally reunited into the Highland Papua Province in 2022. Since it was incorporated to Indonesia, this area has been marked by acts of violence by the pro-independence group Free Papua Organization (OPM). Several incidents caused by Free Papua Organization include research team hostage in Mapenduma in 1996, killing of Istaka Karya workers who were building a bridge in Nduga in 2018, and

10494-477: The Netherlands formally purchased West New Guinea from the Sultanate of Tidore, incorporating it into the Netherlands East Indies. Dutch activity in the region remained in the first half of the twentieth century, notwithstanding the 1923 establishment of the Nieuw Guinea Beweging (New Guinea Movement) in the Netherlands by ultra right-wing supporters calling for Dutchmen to create a tropical Netherlands in Papua. This pre-war movement without full government support

10653-440: The Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia , on 27 December 1949. However, the Dutch refused to include Netherlands New Guinea in the new Indonesian Republic and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. Following the failure of the Dutch and Indonesians to resolve their differences over West New Guinea during the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference in late 1949, it

10812-537: The Netherlands. The post was named Fort Du Bus for the then-Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, Leonard du Bus de Gisignies . 30 years later, Germans established the first missionary settlement on an island near Manokwari . While in 1828 the Dutch claimed the south coast west of the 141st meridian and the north coast west of Humboldt Bay in 1848, they did not try to develop the region again until 1896; they established settlements in Manokwari and Fak-Fak in response to perceived Australian ownership claims from

10971-468: The Pacific. Following the splitting off of twenty regencies to create the three new provinces of Central Papua , Highland Papua , and South Papua on 30 June 2022, the residual province is divided into eight regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ), the latter being the provincial capital of Jayapura . The province has a large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc. Papua, along with five other Papuan provinces , has

11130-427: The Papua regional leadership elections. The koteka is a penis sheath traditionally worn by native male inhabitants of some (mainly highland) ethnic groups in New Guinea to cover their genitals. They are normally made from a dried-out gourd , Lagenaria siceraria , although unrelated species such as pitcher-plant Nepenthes mirabilis , are also used. They are held in place by a small loop of fiber attached to

11289-405: The Papuan people. It was only at the beginning of 700 AD that traders from Persia and Gujarat began to arrive in what is now Papua and called it Dwi Panta or Samudrananta , which means 'at edge of the ocean'. The 14th-century Majapahit poem Nagarakretagama mentioned Wwanin or Onin and Sran as a recognized territory in the east, today identified as Onin peninsula in Fakfak Regency in

11448-716: The People's Opinion) or Act of Free Choice by independence activists. The referendum was recognized by the international community and the region became the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya. The province has been renamed as Papua since 2002. Following the Act of Free Choice in 1969, Western New Guinea was formally integrated into the Republic of Indonesia. Instead of a referendum of the 816,000 Papuans, only 1,022 Papuan tribal representatives were allowed to vote, and they were coerced into voting in favor of integration. While several international observers including journalists and diplomats criticized

11607-479: The United States of Indonesia and proclaimed the unitary Republic of Indonesia . Indonesia also began to initiate incursions to New Guinea in 1952, though most of these efforts would be unsuccessful. Most of these failed infiltrators would be sent to Boven-Digoel which would form clandestine intelligence groups working from the primarily southern part of New Guinea in preparation for war. Meanwhile, following

11766-537: The Wamena Mall. The temporary governor's office sign was installed on 6 September 2022 but was vandalised a day later by 9 members of the Jayawijaya Regency Student Association (HMKJ) who were eventually arrested by the police. The province follows the original administrative boundaries of Jayawijaya Regency as it existed between 1969 and December 2002. Culturally, Highland Papua roughly covers

11925-402: The agricultural industry, and for dowry during weddings but only the ones made from heirloom stones. Furthermore, parang can also be used as home decoration and collection. Papuan armors consists of shields called Wali Moken and worn body armors called Walimo . Wali Moken is made from sea shells and wood barks, it is usually hanged on the neck to protect the torso. Sea shells are arranged in

12084-463: The attic or floor is made of fruit wood and covered with woven lokop wood (a kind of very small bamboo) and can be covered again with straw or dry grass. There is usually only one door in the honai , which is small and short so that people come out and enter on all fours. To the left or right of the entrance is a door leading to the attic. Weapons and armors from these section is from Dani people of Kurulu District of Jayawijaya . The Papuan spear

12243-400: The axe has symbolic meaning during construction of Itonay houses. Papuan Chisels are traditional Papuan weapons that have various uses, such as cutting rattan for weaving, tools for punching holes in wood, as well as emergency tools for stabbing enemies in the event of war. However, most of their functions have now shifted to tools used in the carpentry field. Historically, in ancient times

12402-542: The base of the koteka and placed around the scrotum. A secondary loop placed around the chest or abdomen is attached to the main body of the koteka. It is traditional clothing in certain New Guinea highlands societies including in the Grand Baliem Valley . It is usually worn without other clothing, tied in upward position, although Yali people wore them with body coils made of rattan . Many tribes can be identified by

12561-494: The beginning of the influence of the Bacan Sultanate in Papua. There he wrote: In 1569 Papoese hoof den bezoeken Batjan. Ee aanterijken worden vermeld (In 1569, Papuan tribal leaders visited Bacan , which resulted in the creation of new kingdoms). According to the oral history of the Biak people, there used to be a relationship and marriage between their tribal chiefs and the sultans of Tidore in connection with Gurabesi ,

12720-502: The bill signed into Law No. 16/2022 by President Joko Widodo on 25 July, making it one of Indonesia's three then-youngest provinces, alongside Central Papua and South Papua . It borders Papua New Guinea . In the 17th century, Sailor Jan Carstenszoon recorded the existence of high, snow-covered mountains in the middle of the island, despite its location on the equator. The Europeans referred to this area as terra incognita , meaning an uncharted and mysterious territory. It wasn't until

12879-803: The burning of high schools and health centers along with the killing of health workers in the Pegunungan Bintang Regency . In the highlands of Papua, there are also frequent community unrest which caused material losses and casualties, for example the burning of government offices in Yalimo due to the 2021 regional elections, riots in Wamena in 2019 that killed 10 Minang migrants, and clashes between tribes of Lanny Jaya (predominantly Lani and Dani ) against Nduga in Wouma District, Jayawijaya Regency using arrows and burning houses in 2022. Highland Papua

13038-464: The care of such clothes so the unwashed clothing caused skin diseases. There were also reports of men wearing the shorts as hats and the women using the dresses as carrying bags. Nevertheless, regular usage have been decreasing. As of 2019, it is estimated that only 10% highland population (in Central Papua and Highland Papua) regularly uses koteka, and it is only worn during cultural festival or as

13197-529: The conquest of the Philippines in March 1945. Over twenty U.S. bases were established and half a million US personnel moved through the area. West New Guinean farms supplied food for the half million US troops. Papuan men went into battle to carry the wounded, acted as guides and translators, and provided a range of services, from construction work and carpentry to serving as machine shop workers and mechanics. Following

13356-509: The coronation of tribal chiefs, and the gathering of soldiers. The name of this tradition varies in each region. The name Barapen is from the Biak language , Lago Lakwi ( Lani in Tolikara ) or Logo Lakwi ( Dani in Puncak ), Mogo Gapil ( Paniai ), Kit Oba Isogoa ( Wamena , Jayawijaya ), Kerep Kan ( Nduga ), and Hupon ( Pegunungan Bintang ). It is called the stone-burning tradition because

13515-540: The crash, special operations were deployed, and three individuals were eventually rescued. The survival story of these individuals gained significant media attention at the time. In 1954, a team of missionaries from the American Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA), including pastors Lloyd Evan Stone and Einer Mickelson, were flown from Sentani into the Baliem Valley to introduce Christianity. Concurrently,

13674-446: The current province of Papua. This relationship plays an important historical role in binding the archipelagic civilizations of Indonesia to the Papuan world. Another theory is that the word Papua comes from the Malay word 'papuwah', which means 'frizzled hair'. It was first mentioned in the 1812 Malay Dictionary by William Marsden , although it was not found in earlier dictionaries. In

13833-838: The customary region of La Pago, which include the unrecognized customary region of Okmekmin. The new province comprises eight regencies ( kabupaten ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2020 Census and according to the official estimates as at mid 2023. Until 2002 all eight of the current regencies now comprising this province were part of a larger Jayawijaya Regency, but on 11 December 2002 three new regencies were created from parts of that regency - Pegunungan Bintang ( Star Mountains ), Tolikara and Yahukimo . Subsequently, on 4 January 2008 another four new regencies were created from other parts of Jayawijaya Regency - Lanny Jaya , Mamberamo Tengah ( Central Mamberamo ), Nduga and Yalimo . The province now forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to

13992-488: The defeat of the third Afro-Asian resolution in November 1957, the Indonesian government embarked on a national campaign targeting Dutch interests in Indonesia; A total of 700 Dutch-owned companies with a valuation total of around $ 1.5 billion was nationalised. By January 1958, ten thousand Dutch nationals had left Indonesia, many returning to the Netherlands. By June 1960, around thirteen thousand Dutch nationals mostly Eurasians from New Guinea left for Australia , with around

14151-400: The difference on the arrowheads. If the aim is to hunt birds, then the arrowheads used are made of Kayu Yomalo and Kayu Dion and made three-pronged with two serrated tips and one not serrated tip, to hunt pigs a bamboo tip is used instead. Meanwhile, when going to war, the indigenous tribes in Papua have rules that require that the spearhead used is made of animal bones or hardwood, meanwhile

14310-460: The dry season and the rainy season. From June to September the wind flows from Australia and does not contain much water vapor resulting in a dry season. On the other hand, from December to March, the wind currents contain a lot of water vapor originating from Asia and the Pacific Ocean so that the rainy season occurs. The average temperature in Papua ranges from 19 °C to 28 °C and humidity

14469-545: The eastern half of New Guinea. Great Britain and Germany had recognized the Dutch claims in treaties of 1885 and 1895. At the same time, Britain claimed south-east New Guinea, later as the Territory of Papua , and Germany claimed the northeast, later known as the Territory of New Guinea . The German, Dutch and British colonial administrators each attempted to suppress the still-widespread practices of inter-village warfare and headhunting within their respective territories. In 1901,

14628-754: The end of the war, the Dutch retained possession of West New Guinea from 1945. In 1944, Jan van Eechoud set up a school for bureaucrats in Hollandia (now Jayapura). One early headmaster of the school was Soegoro Atmoprasojo , an Indonesian nationalist graduate of Taman Siswa and former Boven-Digoel prisoners, in one of these meetings the name "Irian" was suggested. Many of these school early graduates would go on to found Indonesian independence movement in Western New Guinea, while some went on to support Dutch authorities and pursue Papuan independence. In December 1945, Atmoprasojo alongside his students were planning for

14787-489: The entire Western New Guinea until the inauguration of the province of West Papua (then West Irian Jaya) in 2001. In 2002, Papua adopted its current name and was granted a special autonomous status under Indonesian legislation . Papua is a province rich in natural resources and cultural diversity, offering great potential for future development. As of 2020, Papua had a GDP per capita of Rp 56.1 million (US$ 3,970), placing it 11th among Indonesian provinces. Efforts to improve

14946-506: The entry of traders from Europe to the archipelago marking the beginning of colonialism in the Indonesian Archipelago . During Tidore's rule, the main exports of the island during this period were resins, spices, slaves and the highly priced feathers of the bird-of-paradise . Sultan Nuku , one of the most famous Tidore sultans who rebelled against Dutch colonization, called himself "Sultan of Tidore and Papua", during his revolt in

15105-582: The establishment of a hospital in Hollandia (modern–day Jayapura, currently Jayapura Regional General Hospital or RSUD Jayapura), a shipyard in Manokwari , agricultural research sites, plantations, and a military force known as the Papuan Volunteer Corps . By 1960, a legislative New Guinea Council had been established with a mixture of legislative, advisory and policy functions. Half of its members were to be elected, and elections for this council were held

15264-608: The far eastern region near the borders of Indonesia. This area was one of the unexplored territories of the Netherlands until the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society (KNAG), or the Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap , launched an expedition in 1959. The expedition consisted of scientists from various fields, such as zoology, botany, and anthropology. The expedition members not only gained new knowledge about

15423-460: The first vice president of Indonesia, and Sutan Sjahrir , the first Indonesian Prime Minister . Before about 1930, European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests. When first flown over by aircraft, numerous settlements with agricultural terraces and stockades were observed. The most startling discovery took place on 4 August 1938, when Richard Archbold discovered the Grand Valley of

15582-843: The flag of Australian and the Dutch. This led to the formation of the Komite Indonesia Merdeka or KIM branch in Abepura, Hollandia in October 1946, originally an organization for Indonesian exiles in Sydney. It was led by Dr. J.A. Gerungan, a woman doctor who led an Abepura hospital, by December 1946, it came to be led by Martin Indey . KIM was one of the first Indonesian nationalist groups in New Guinea, whose members were mostly former associates of Soegoro. Simultaneously another separate Indonesian nationalist movement in New Guinea formed when Dr. Sam Ratulangi ,

15741-765: The following year. Most importantly, the Dutch also sought to create a sense of West Papuan national identity, and these efforts led to the creation of a national flag (the Morning Star flag ), a national anthem, and a coat of arms . The Dutch had planned to transfer independence to West New Guinea in 1970. Following the raising of the Papuan National Flag on 1 December 1961, tensions further escalated. Multiple rebellions erupted inside New Guinea against Dutch authorities, such as in Enarotali, Agats, Kokas, Merauke, Sorong and Baliem Valley. On 18 December 1961 Sukarno issued

15900-482: The forest. Even though the animals they face are large mammals and crocodiles, the Papuan people still adhere to prevailing customs. The custom is that it is not permissible to use any kind of firearm when hunting. Papuan Daggers are knives made of bones of the cassowary or pigs, 15–20 cm long. It was then sharpened using stone and shaped like a dagger. they were used for ceremonial purposes and to cut vegetables or meat during cooking. The Papuan parang called by

16059-455: The former colony has declared independence as the Republic of Indonesia in 1945. Following negotiations and conflicts with the Indonesian government, the Dutch transferred Western New Guinea to a United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA), which was again transferred to Indonesia after the controversial Act of Free Choice . The province was formerly called Irian Jaya and comprised

16218-477: The government to increase mobility among the populace. These airfield have limited police and military presence which create high risk for pilot and its passengers. One notable incident is Nduga hostage crisis in 2023 where Free Papua Movement attacked a plane and took its pilot and all five passengers hostage in Paro district of Nduga. Papua (province) Papua is a province of Indonesia , comprising

16377-486: The highlands were an early and independent center of agriculture, and show that agriculture developed gradually over several thousands of years; the banana has been cultivated in this region for at least 7,000 years. Austronesian peoples migrating through Maritime Southeast Asia settled in the area at least 3,000 years ago, and populated especially in Cenderawasih Bay . Diverse cultures and languages have developed in

16536-459: The highlands. For example, 125 Dani villagers were killed in an attack by an enemy clan on 4 June 1966. There are a lot of traditional dances that are native to the province of Papua. Each Papuan tribe would usually have their own unique traditional dances. Each Papuan tribe usually has their own war dance . The Papuan war dance is one of the oldest dances of the Papuan people because this classical dance has been around for thousands of years and

16695-415: The holy month of Ramadan . Udang selingkuh ( Cherax sp. ) is a type of crawfish dish native to Wamena and the surrounding area. Udang selingkuh is usually served grilled with minimal seasoning, which is only salt. The slightly sweet natural taste of this animal makes it quite salty. The serving of Udang selingkuh is usually accompanied by warm rice and papaya or kale. It is usually also served with

16854-623: The island due to geographical isolation; there are over 300 languages and two hundred additional dialects in the region. Ghau Yu Kuan, a Chinese merchant, came to Papua around the latter half of 500 AD and referred to it as Tungki , the area where they obtained spices. Meanwhile, in the latter half of 600 AD, the Sumatra -based empire of Srivijaya referred to the island as Janggi . The empire engaged in trade relations with western New Guinea, initially taking items like sandalwood and birds-of-paradise in tribute to China , but later making slaves out of

17013-452: The loss of a family member are not only appreciated by crying, but also cutting fingers. The Dani people believes that cutting off a finger is a symbol of the sadness and pain of losing a family member. The finger-cutting tradition is also seen as a way to prevent the recurrence of a catastrophe that claimed the life of a grieving family member. A culture of inter-tribal warfare and animosity between neighboring tribes has long been present in

17172-411: The manufacturing process, this spear frame takes a long time. Starting from the wood taken from the tree, then cut to the size of 3 m and dried in the sun. After drying it in the sun, the wood for the handle is shaped in such a way, then rubbed with sea snail powder until it is sharp, which takes about 1 week. In traditional Papuan customs, the spear is interpreted as a symbol of a man's prowess. Therefore,

17331-424: The most well-known Papuan tradition is the stone burning tradition ( Indonesian : Tradisi Bakar Batu or Barapen ), which is practiced by most Papuan tribes in the province. The stone burning tradition is an important tradition for all indigenous Papuans. For them, is a form of gratitude and a gathering place between residents of the village. This tradition is usually held when there are births, traditional marriages,

17490-548: The mountains was led by Jan Sneep , a Dutch colonial civil servant who operated from the Sibil Valley. The expedition, which started in April 1959, mapped the terrain and collected anthropological data of the people who lived in the area. The expedition used two small Bell helicopters , but the altitudes severely limited their effectiveness and one of them crashed, forcing the expedition to rely more on traditional manpower. Climbers from

17649-595: The mouth of the Mamberamo River (charted as San Agustin ) he took possession of the land for the Spanish Crown, in the process giving the island the name by which it is known today. He called it Nueva Guinea owing to the resemblance of the local inhabitants to the peoples of the Guinea coast in West Africa. The first map showing the whole island as an island was published in 1600 and shown 1606, Luís Vaz de Torres explored

17808-506: The name "jalowy". In the manufacturing process, this Papuan machete takes a lot of time. Derived from a split stone, then sharpened and shaped to form a machete that has an edge. To increase the level of hardness and durability, machete craftsmen add pork oil and pork blood before sharpening it multiple times until it is smooth and sharp. Papuan parangs basically has many uses. For household purposes, namely cooking, cutting meat, and cutting down sago. In addition, Papuan machetes are also used in

17967-473: The name from Mansren Koreri myths, Iri-an from the Biak language of Biak Island , meaning "hot land" referring to the local hot climate, but also from Iryan which means heated process as a metaphor for a land that is entering a new era. In Serui Iri-an ( lit. land-nation) means "pillar of nation", while in Merauke Iri-an ( lit. placed higher-nation) means "rising spirit" or "to rise". The name

18126-551: The nearby islands were occupied by Japan . By late 1942, most of the Netherlands Indies were occupied by Japan . Behind Japanese lines in New Guinea, Dutch guerrilla fighters resisted under Mauritz Christiaan Kokkelink. Allied forces drove out the Japanese after Operations Reckless and Persecution , with amphibious landings near Hollandia, from 21 April 1944. The area served as General Douglas MacArthur 's headquarters until

18285-510: The north coast of Papua proper, the Schouten Islands or Biak Island. When the Dutch colonized this island as part of the Dutch East Indies , they called it Nieuw Guinea . Speakers align themselves with a political orientation when choosing a name for the western half of the island of New Guinea . The official name of the region is "Papua" according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Independence activists refer to

18444-500: The northern coast of Western New Guinea together with island groups in Cenderawasih Bay to the west. It roughly follows the borders of Papuan customary region of Tabi Saireri . It is bordered by nation of Papua New Guinea to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the north, Cenderawasih Bay to the west, and the provinces of Central Papua and Highland Papua to the south. The province also shares maritime boundaries with Palau in

18603-733: The northern side. The Baliem Valley , home to the Dani Tribe, was accidentally discovered by an expedition led by Richard Archbold from the American Museum of Natural History in 1938. This expedition was joined by dozens of Dutch soldiers and Dayak people who acted as porters. The Dutch named the Baliem Valley the Groote Vallei or the Great Valley. In the book titled Lost in Shangri-La published in 2011, author Mitchel Zuckoff uncovered that

18762-626: The origin of the word Papua. One theory is that the name comes from the word 'Papo Ua', named by the Tidore Sultanate , which in the Tidore language means "not joining" or "not being united", meaning that there was no king who rules the area. Before the age of colonization, the Tidore Sultanate controlled some parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula in what is now the provinces of West Papua and Southwest Papua before expanding to also include coastal regions in

18921-446: The other hand, separatists have been accused and claimed much of the same violence, such as extrajudicial killings of both Papuan and non-Papuan civilians, torture, rapes, and attacking local villages. Protests against Indonesian rule in Papua happen frequently, the most recent being the 2019 Papua protests , one of the largest and most violent, which include burning of mostly non-Papuan civilians and Papuans that did not want to join

19080-657: The province is the Papuan People's Assembly ( Majelis Rakyat Papua ), which was formed by the Indonesian government in 2005, as mandated by the Papua Special Autonomy Law, as a coalition of Papuan tribal chiefs, Papuan religious leaders, and Papuan women representatives, tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs. Since 2014, the DPRP has 55 members who are elected through General elections every five years and 14 people who are appointed through

19239-606: The province was waiting to be formalized, TPNPB gunmen shot and killed eleven civilians (mostly traders from other islands) and injured two others in the village of Nogolait, Nduga Regency. On 22 July, the Highland Papua Secretariat Office was established in Wesaput District, Jayawijaya Regency, by the Tim Daerah Otonomi Baru (DOB) Provinsi Papua Pegunungan , an advocacy group for the formation of

19398-479: The province’s Human Development Index, currently at 0.604, are ongoing, with significant investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. For example, the Trans-Papua Highway project is creating new opportunities for connectivity, trade, and tourism. Additionally, the government's focus on empowering indigenous communities and promoting sustainable development is bringing economic and social benefits to

19557-556: The rally. In July 2022, regencies in central and southern Papua were separated from the province, to be created into three new provinces: South Papua administered from Merauke Regency , Central Papua administered from Nabire Regency , and Highlands Papua administered from Jayawijaya Regency . The province of Papua is governed by a directly elected governor and a regional legislature, People's Representative Council of Papua ( Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua , abbreviated as DPRP or DPR Papua). A unique government organization in

19716-523: The records of 16th century Portuguese and Spanish sailors, the word 'Papua' is the designation for the inhabitants of the Raja Ampat Islands and the coastal parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula. The former name of the province, Irian Jaya, was suggested during a tribal committee meeting in Tobati, Jayapura, formed by Atmoprasojo, head of the bestuur school in the 1940s. Frans Kaisiepo , the committee leader suggested

19875-459: The referendum as being rigged, the U.S. and Australia support Indonesia's efforts to secure acceptance in the United Nations for the pro-integration vote. That same year, 84 member states voted in favor for the United Nations to accept the result, with 30 others abstaining. Due to the Netherlands' efforts to promote a West Papuan national identity, a significant number of Papuans refused to accept

20034-457: The region and its inhabitants but also managed to climb Juliana Peak, which is now called Mandala Peak . Prior to the expedition, a survey was conducted to find a suitable place for a camp and an airstrip. In 1955, Dutch officials such as Jan Sneep, Nol Hermans, and Pim Schoorl were sent on a small expedition to the Sibil Valley where they met the Sibil or Ngalum people. However, Dutch rule in the region

20193-456: The region as " West Papua ," while Indonesian officials have also used " West Papua " to name the westernmost province of the region since 2007. Historically, the region has had the official names of Netherlands New Guinea (1895–1962), West New Guinea or West Irian (1945–73), Irian Jaya (1973–2002), and Papua (2002–present). Papuan habitation of the region is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. Research indicates that

20352-522: The region was not yet mapped during World War II . The geography of the area was treacherous with its high and cloudy mountains, dense forests, and hostile tribes, leading to numerous fatalities. The most well-known incident took place on May 13, 1945, when Gremlin Special plane crashing into a mountain in Uwambo Village, Pass Valley (now Abenaho District, Yalimo Regency ), north of Baliem Valley. Following

20511-437: The region. Despite the challenging terrain and climate of New Guinea, major infrastructure projects are being implemented, connecting remote areas and fostering economic growth. The expansion of telecommunications services and renewable energy projects are further accelerating development in rural areas. The 2020 census revealed a population of 4,303,707, of which the majority were Christian. The official estimate for mid 2022

20670-592: The regional elections, the State Civil Apparatus (ASN), as well as grants from each regencies, the parent province, and the central government. Pokja also reviewed the potential location of the future Provincial Government office centre with alternatives offered between Muliama District, Wamena, Megapura, or Hubikiak. Meanwhile, the temporary governor's office is located at the Education Office of Jayawijaya Regency although there are other recommendations such as

20829-687: The republic and proclaimed Sukarno as the Tribal Leader of Highland Papua through a blood oath with their thumbs. Because the blood of Doga was considered to have mixed with that of Sukarno and vice versa, he was later known as Silo Karno Doga and named his district as such. Meanwhile, PEPERA in the Jayawijaya Regency (current Highland Papua) was implemented by Deliberative Council for Determining People's Opinion in Jayawijaya Regency led by Clement Kiriwaib (former member of New Guinea Council ) on 16 July 1969 in Wamena, where they agreed on two decision, West Irian

20988-463: The residual Papua Province consisted of 8 regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ); on the map below, these regencies comprise the northern belt from Waropen Regency to Keerom Regency, plus the island groups to their northwest. Initially the area now forming the present Papua Province contained three regencies - Jayapura , Yapen Waropen and Biak Numfor . The City of Jayapura was separated on 2 August 1993 from Jayapura Regency and formed into

21147-475: The rest of Indonesia also tend to inhabit the coastal regions. The province is also home to some uncontacted peoples . [REDACTED] Dutch East India Company 1640s–1799 [REDACTED] Dutch East Indies 1800–1942; 1944–1949 [REDACTED] Empire of Japan 1942–1944 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Dutch New Guinea 1949–1962 [REDACTED] UNTEA 1962–1963 [REDACTED] Indonesia 1963–present There are several theories regarding

21306-412: The services of the arrow. Papuan Stone Axes are called Jee Jugum usually made from river stones with the colour of green, dark blue, and black. The stones were then split in half, marked according to the design and grinded with another stone. Water is prepared beforehand to cool the stones from getting to hot. They were used for households needs, chop woods, and kill enemies in battlefields. In Kurulu,

21465-412: The shaft is made from Pohon Atar . In addition, arrows also function as property and souvenirs for home decoration in several areas in Papua, including Jayapura , Wamena , and Kurulu. In these areas, arrows are only intended for house collections. The collection of bows and arrows is also not allowed to be placed carelessly, that is, they are placed on the wall of the house to still respect the culture of

21624-444: The sound of drums and war songs. Their movements were characteristically excited as if they were warriors heading for battle. The Papuan war dance is unique, varied and energetic to indicate the heroism and courage of the Papuan people. Apart from the dancers movements in playing the weapons they carry, the uniqueness of this dance is also seen in the dancers' clothes. Papua is famous for its varieties of traditional houses, one of which

21783-568: The southern coast of New Guinea from Milne Bay to the Gulf of Papua including Orangerie Bay, which he named Bahía de San Lorenzo . His expedition also discovered Basilaki Island , naming it Tierra de San Buenaventura , which he claimed for Spain in July 1606. On 18 October, his expedition reached the western part of the island in present-day Indonesia, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. In 1606,

21942-446: The spear is able to survive as a weapon that must be present in hunting and fighting activities. What makes this traditional Papuan weapon feel special is that there is a rule not to use a spear other than for hunting and fighting purposes. For example, it is forbidden to cut young tree shoots with a spear, or to use a spear to carry garden produce. If this rule was broken, the person who wielded this spear would have bad luck. Meanwhile, in

22101-425: The spears must always be properly stored. Usually hung from the ceiling or placed on a house wall support. The bow and arrow is a traditional Papuan weapon that is used for hunting wild boar and other animals. In addition, the Papuan bow and arrow were tools that were always carried side by side with the spear. Arrows used for war are called Suap , meanwhile arrows used for hunting birds are called Wam Wakiwy with

22260-610: The special autonomy, bringing the total number of DPRP members to 69 people. The DPRP leadership consists of 1 Chairperson and 3 Deputy Chairmen who come from political parties that have the most seats and votes. The current DPRP members are the results of the 2019 General Election which was sworn in on 31 October 2019 by the Chairperson of the Jayapura High Court at the Papua DPR Building. The composition of DPRP members for

22419-444: The stones are burned until they are hot enough to be used to cook food. Meat, sweet potatoes , and vegetables are placed on top of banana leaves, which are used to cover the hot stone surface. The finger cutting tradition ( Indonesian : Tradisi Potong Jari or Iki Paleg ) is practiced among the Dani people of the Baliem Valley in central Papua. The tradition of cutting fingers on the Dani people has existed since ancient times and

22578-474: The territory's integration into Indonesia. These formed the separatist Organisasi Papua Merdeka (Free Papua Movement) and have waged an insurgency against the Indonesian authorities, which continues to this day. In January 2003 President Megawati Sukarnoputri signed an order dividing Papua into three provinces: Central Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Tengah), Papua (or East Irian Jaya, Irian Jaya Timur), and West Papua (Irian Jaya Barat). The formality of installing

22737-491: The times, now the sounds made by Pikon can be heard as do, mi and sol tones. Pikon is also played in the Jayawijaya Baliem Valley Cultural Festival commemorating Indonesia's Independence Day . The length of the pikon in general is 5.2 cm. The way to play pikon is to blow the center of the stick that has been given a hole while pulling the rope that joins the sticks. Pikon can also be formed using

22896-533: The two is merely the terminology, with kepala distrik being the district head. The regencies ( kabupaten ) and the city ( kota ) are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2020 census and subsequent official estimates for mid 2023, together with the 2020 Human Development Index of each administrative divisions. ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) The province now forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to

23055-430: The way they wear their koteka. Some wear them pointed straight out, straight up, at an angle, or in other directions, which in Lani culture signify the social status of the wearer. The diameter of the koteka can also be a clue. Lani people used a large-diameter koteka called kobewak, which is also used to keep small change and other items, while Yali people used a longer and thinner koteka. Contrary to popular belief, there

23214-525: The western part of the larger Bomberai Peninsula south of the Bird's Head Peninsula. At that time, Papua was said to be the eighth region of the Majapahit Empire. Wanin or Onin was one of the oldest indigenous names in recorded history to refer to the western part of the island of New Guinea. A transcript from the Nagarakretagama says the following: According to some linguists, the word Ewanin

23373-457: Was 4,418,581 prior to the division of the province into four separate provinces. The official estimate of the population in mid 2023 of the reduced province was 1,047,098 (comprising 548,505 males and 498,593 females). The interior is predominantly populated by ethnic Papuans while coastal towns are inhabited by descendants of intermarriages between Papuans, Melanesians and Austronesians , including other Indonesian ethnic groups. Migrants from

23532-439: Was allowed to stand as an established fact. Following his election in 2014 , Indonesian president, Joko Widodo , embarked on reforms intended to alleviate grievances of Native Papuans , such as stopping the transmigration program and starting massive infrastructure spending in Papua, including building Trans-Papua roads network. The Joko Widodo administration has prioritized infrastructure and human resource development as

23691-507: Was arrested by the Dutch and exiled to Ayamaru for 10 years in 1948. Other movements opposing the Dutch under local Papuan kings includes, New Guinea Islamic Union (KING) led by Ibrahim Bauw, King of Rumbati, Gerakan Pemuda Organisasi Muda led by Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan and Abbas Iha, and Persatuan Islam Kaimana (PIK) of Kaimana led by Usman Saad and King of Namatota, Umbair. Following the Indonesian National Revolution ,

23850-528: Was created from the western part of Sarmi Regency. These regencies and the city are together subdivided as into districts ( distrik ), and thence into "villages" ( kelurahan and desa ). With the release of the Act Number 21 of 2001 concerning the Special Autonomous Region of Papua Province, the term distrik was used instead of kecamatan in the entire Western New Guinea . The difference between

24009-488: Was decided that the present status quo of the territory would be maintained and then negotiated bilaterally one year after the date of the transfer of sovereignty. However, both sides were still unable to resolve their differences in 1950, which led the Indonesian President Sukarno to accuse the Dutch of reneging on their promises to negotiate the handover of the territory. On 17 August 1950, Sukarno dissolved

24168-601: Was defeated by Dutch forces including the Dutch destroyers Evertsen and Kortenaer , the so-called Vlakke Hoek incident . Amongst the casualties was the Indonesian Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff; Commodore Yos Sudarso . It finally was agreed through the New York Agreement in 1962 that the administration of Western New Guinea would be temporarily transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia and that by 1969

24327-495: Was exiled at Serui , along with his six staff by the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration on 5 July 1946. In exile he met with Silas Papare who was also exiled from a failed Pagoncang Alam led rebellion to free Atmoprasojo, on 29 November 1946, an organization called Indonesian Irian Independence Party (PKII) was formed. A year later, on 17 August 1947, former students of Soegoro and others would held

24486-485: Was formally enacted on 25 July 2022, along with South Papua and Central Papua, and was inaugurated on 12 November. Soon after the approval of the bill for the creation of the province on 30 June, Pegunungan Bintang Regency objected to their inclusion in the new province, stating that their access to public services are much closer to Jayapura than to Wamena , and demanded to stay instead within Papua province or to be created as

24645-640: Was formed on 4 July 1968 to prepare for the execution of Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat or shortened to PEPERA. To support PEPERA, tribal leaders from the Central Highlands of Irian, like Alex Doga, Kurulu Mabel (or in some sources Gutelu), and Ukhumiarek Asso, formed PEPERA Headquarters (which currently houses the RRI Wamena branch). Later, these tribal leaders led by Silo Doga, were invited to meet Sukarno in Merdeka Palace . There they declared their loyalty to

24804-685: Was largely unsuccessful in its drive, but did coincide with the development of a plan for Eurasian settlement of the Dutch Indies to establish Dutch farms in northern West New Guinea. This effort also failed as most returned to Java disillusioned, and by 1938 just 50 settlers remained near Hollandia and 258 in Manokwari . The Dutch established the Boven Digul camp in Tanahmerah , as a prison for Indonesian nationalists. Among those interned here were writer Marco Kartodikromo , Mohammad Hatta , who would become

24963-419: Was precursor of the Highland Papua Province. On 11 December 2002, Jayawijaya Regency was divided into Jayawijaya, Yahukimo, Bintang Mountains ( Pegunungan Bintang ), and Tolikara Regencies. Then on 4 January 2008, the remaining Jayawijaya Regency was again divided into Jayawijaya, Lanny Jaya, Nduga, Central Mamberamo ( Mamberamo Tengah ), and Yalimo Regencies. These eight regencies which had originally been part of

25122-609: Was promoted in 1945 by Marcus Kaisiepo, brother of the future governor Frans Kaisiepo. The name Irian was politicized later by Marthin Indey and Silas Papare with the Indonesian acronym 'Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland' (Join the Republic of Indonesia oppose the Netherlands). The name was used throughout the Suharto administration , until it was changed to Papua during the administration of President Abdurrahman Wahid . The Dutch, who arrived later under Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten , called it Schouten island . They later used this name only to refer to islands off

25281-418: Was short-lived as Dutch New Guinea was annexed into Indonesia in 1963, thus ending Dutch influence in the area. After control of Western New Guinea under UNTEA was incorporated into Indonesia, the government through Ministry of Home Affairs issued decision No. 37 and No.38 of 1968 to form eight Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) in West Irian Province. Regional council of Jayawijaya Highland

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