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111-571: In 1831, Bosnian kapudan Husein Gradaščević occupied Travnik , demanding autonomy and the end of military reforms in Bosnia. Ultimately, exploiting the rivalries between beys and kapudans, the grand vizier succeeded in detaching the Herzegovinian forces, led by Ali-paša Rizvanbegović , from Gradaščević’s. The revolt was crushed, and in 1833, a new eyalet of Herzegovina was created from the southern part of

222-544: A "criminal" and a "rebel" may have convinced Gradaščević to leave. Due to various customs and procedures, however, Gradaščević's departure from Bosnia was held up for several days. After pleading with Austrian officials to ease their restrictions, Gradaščević finally reached the Sava River boundary with a large party of followers on 16 June. He crossed the river into Habsburg lands the same day, along with some 100 followers, servants, and family. Though he expected to be treated as

333-564: A "thorough cleansing of the Turks". After the Serbs finally stormed the fortress of Belgrade, Archbishop Leontii reported that the commander was killed "as well as all other Muslim inhabitants"; Turkish women and children were baptized. The slaughter was accompanied by widespread destruction of Turkish and Muslim property and mosques. A significant portion of those killed were not of actual Turkish descent, but were local Slavs who had converted to Islam over

444-656: A Bosnian vizier, he instead found himself held in quarantine in Slavonski Brod for nearly a month, with his weapons and many of his possessions taken away. Gradaščević and other rebels managed to flee across the Sava to Vinkovci and then Osijek, in Austrian territory. Some 66 men, 12 women, 135 servants and 252 horses accompanied him. Austrian officials faced constant pressure from the Ottoman government to move Gradaščević as far away from

555-466: A decisive battle occurred outside Sarajevo ; although Husein Gradaščević was initially successful, he was defeated when Serbian rebels arrived and sided with and reinforced the forces of Mahmud II . The final battle was played out on 4 June at Stup , a small locality on the road between Sarajevo and Ilidža . After a long, intense battle, it seemed Gradaščević had once again defeated the Sultan's army. Near

666-516: A government and parliament that returned land to the people, abolished forced labour , and reduced taxes. Serbia's military successes continued over the years, spurred on by the Russian Empire 's involvement in the parallel Russo–Turkish War . However, disagreements arose between Karađorđe, who sought an absolute monarchy , and other leaders who wanted to limit his power because some of his colleagues abused their privileges for personal gain. After

777-552: A large Ottoman force attacked 3,000 rebels led by commander Stevan Sinđelić on the hill of Čegar , near the town of Niš . Due to the lack of coordination between the commanders, the reinforcement of other detachments failed. Despite their numerical superiority, the Ottoman forces lost thousands of men in numerous attacks on the Serbian positions. Eventually, the rebels were overwhelmed, and their positions were overrun. To prevent his men from being captured and impaled , Sinđelić fired into

888-540: A major social break with the past. The poll tax on non-Muslims ( jizya ) was also abolished. The Battle of Deligrad in December 1806 was a decisive victory for the Serbs, which boosted the morale of the outnumbered rebels. To avoid total defeat, Ibrahim Pasha negotiated a six-week armistice with Karađorđe. By 1807, the demands for self-government within the Ottoman Empire had evolved into a war of independence, supported by

999-499: A mosque, wells, a fishery, and hunting grounds. Within the Gradačac city walls, Husein's most significant contribution to the city was the clock tower ( Bosnian : sahat-kula ) which was built in 1824. The object's base is 5.5 by 5.5 meters, while the height is 21.50 meters. It was the last object of this type to be built in Bosnia. Some 40 to 50 meters outside the city walls lies Husein's greatest architectural contribution to Gradačac:

1110-578: A population of around 368,000 prior to 1804. Belgrade , which was the seat of the eponymous pashalik became the second largest Ottoman city in Europe, with over 100,000 inhabitants, surpassed only by Constantinople . During the Austro-Turkish War of 1788, the eastern Šumadija region was occupied by the Austrian-Serbian Free Corps and Hajduks , which led to the occupation of most of

1221-574: A possible Serbian invasion. Sparked by Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II 's reforms that abolished the Janissaries and weakened the privileges of the nobility, and the autonomy and territory granted to the Principality of Serbia , much of the Bosnian nobility united and revolted. Gradaščević was chosen as the leader and claimed the title of Vizier. This uprising, with goals of autonomy, lasted three years and included

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1332-557: A punishing counterattack with the bulk of his forces, almost annihilating the Ottoman forces. Reşid Pasha himself was injured and barely escaped with his life. Following claims from the Grand Vizier that the Sultan would meet all Bosnian demands if the rebel army would return home, Gradaščević and his army turned back. On 10 August the leadership of the rebellion met at Priština and decided that Gradaščević be declared Vizier of Bosnia. Gradaščević refused at first but eventually accepted. This

1443-528: A relatively quiet life for the next two years, the only notable event being an offer from the Sultan for Gradaščević to become a high-ranking pasha in the Nizami army; an offer that Gradaščević indignantly refused. He died in Constantinople in 1834 at the age of 32. Upon his death, he became something of a martyr for Bosnian pride. There was a well-known saying among Bosniaks that for years after his death not

1554-595: A single man among our people would be able to hear his name and not shed a tear. This positive sentiment was not exclusive to the Muslim population, as Christians from Posavina are thought to have shared a similar view for decades. Although a majority of the Bosniaks in Herzegovina supported the cause of Husein Gradaščević, some of its ruling kapetans such as Ali-paša Rizvanbegović supported Sultan Mahmud II for their gains, in

1665-439: A small accompanying force to get the vizier to safety following a revolt among the troops. By 1830, Husein had risen to new political heights as he was able to speak on behalf of all (or at least most of) the captains of Bosnia. At that time, he was coordinating the defence of Bosnia against a possible invasion by Serbia , as well as taking it upon himself to address Austrian authorities and warn them against any incursion across

1776-542: A successful offensive at Novi Pazar , Serbian forces were later defeated at the Battle of Čegar . In March 1809, Hurşid Paşa was sent to the Sanjak of Smederevo to suppress the rebellion. The Ottoman force was composed of soldiers from various nearby pashaliks, mostly from Bosnia and Albania ( Scutari , Yanina ), including soldiers such as Samson Cerfberr of Medelsheim , Osman Gradaščević , and Reshiti Bushati . On 19 May 1809,

1887-650: A third of his total forces. Gradaščević split his army in two, leaving one part of it in Zvornik to defend against a possible Serbian incursion. With the bulk of the troops, he set out towards Kosovo to meet the Grand vizier, who had been sent with a large army to quell the rebellion. Along the way, he took the city of Peć with a 25,000-strong army and proceeded to Priština , where he set up his main camp. The encounter with Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha happened on 18 July near Štimlje. Although both armies were of roughly equal size,

1998-589: Is Captain Husein's alleged response to whether he was scared of waging war against the Ottoman Empire. During this lull in armed conflict with the Ottomans, attention was turned to the autonomy movement's strong opposition in Herzegovina. A small campaign was launched against the region from three different directions: As it happened, Namık Pasha had already abandoned Stolac, so this attack was put on hold. The attack on Gacko

2109-545: Is a symbol of national pride and spirit. The main streets in Gradačac and Sarajevo are both named after him, as well as numerous other places in Bosnia and Herzegovina. First Serbian Uprising From 1805 : [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire [REDACTED] Ayans [REDACTED] Pashalik of Scutari Pashalik of Yanina From 1813 : Second Serbian Uprising : The First Serbian Uprising ( Serbian : Prvi srpski ustanak ; Serbian Cyrillic : Први српски устанак ; Turkish : Birinci Sırp Ayaklanması )

2220-627: The Devshirme system, which required Christian families to provide sons for the Ottoman military. The Serbs lived in wide areas in the western Balkans; a high percentage of them, experienced fighters, had fought under their own officers in the Serbian Freicorps of the Austrian army. They came from the Sanjak of Smederevo (also known in historiography as the Pashalik of Belgrade), a border district containing

2331-474: The Husejnija mosque . Built in 1826, it features an octagonal dome roof and a particularly high minaret of 25 m. Three smaller octagonal domes are found above the verandah . Islamic decorations and artistry are seen on the door and surrounding wall as well as the interior. The entire complex is surrounded by a small stone wall and gate. Husein's rule in Gradačac was also notable because of his tolerance towards

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2442-602: The Sava . The authority he wielded in the later years of his captaincy in Gradačac explains the great role he was to have in the years to follow. In the late 1820s, Sultan Mahmud II reintroduced a set of reforms that called for further expansion of the centrally controlled army ( nizam ), new taxes and more Ottoman bureaucracy. These reforms weakened the special status and privileges of the Bosnian Muslim nobility. Many Bosnian leaders had also been disappointed by Ottoman negligence to

2553-536: The Second Serbian Uprising in 1815. Serbia had been under Ottoman rule since the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Over the centuries, the Serbs experienced oppression, heavy taxation, and cultural assimilation under the Ottoman Empire . By the 18th century, the conditions for Serbs living under Ottoman rule had become increasingly harsh. In addition to high taxes, they faced discrimination and the imposition of

2664-688: The beglerbeg of Rumelia Eyalet . He left Serbia for Plovdiv to fight against the Vidin rebels of Pazvantoğlu. During Mustafa Pasha's absence, Pazvantoğlu's troops captured Požarevac and besieged the Belgrade Fortress . In November 1797, the Obor knez Aleksa Nenadović , Ilija Birčanin and Nikola Grbović arrived in Belgrade with their troops. They successfully forced the besieging Janissary troops to retreat to Smederevo . On 30 January 1799, Selim III allowed

2775-453: The eyalet of Bosnia and given to Ali Agha Rizvanbegović as a reward for his contribution in crushing the uprising. This new entity lasted only for 18 years, that is, for the rest of Rizvanbegović's life: he was executed when the Porte discovered he was secretly building an independent power base. After Rizvanbegović's death, it was reintegrated into the Bosnia eyalet. The Pashaluk of Herzegovina

2886-462: The gunpowder magazine of his entrenchment, causing an explosion that killed all the rebels and Ottoman troops in the vicinity. Afterwards, Hurshid Pasha ordered the construction of a tower made from the skulls of Serbian revolutionaries. The resulting Skull Tower stands ten feet tall and contains 952 Serbian skulls embedded in 14 rows on all four sides. In July 1810, Russian troops arrived in Serbia for

2997-521: The Bašagić and Gradaščević families, Safvet-beg's view of Husein-kapetan is somewhat opinionated. A year later, Gradaščević was mentioned by Kunibert in his works on the first Serbian Uprising , which painted a positive picture of Gradaščević as a tragic hero. In the years that followed, Gradaščević was mentioned, either specifically or in the context of the movement he led, by D. Pavlović , Slavko Kaluđerčić , and Hamdija Kreševljaković . The general sentiment

3108-613: The Bosnian vizier Abdurahim Pasha , Husein mobilized the Gradačac populace and strengthened his defences. During talks held in Sarajevo between the vizier and the Bosnian captains, it is said that Husein stayed the longest to discuss strategy. He was appointed commander of an army that he was to mobilize from the lands between the Drina to the Vrbas . By all accounts, he did a satisfactory job. However, in mid-June 1828, Husein had to rush to Sarajevo with

3219-446: The Bosnian troops were forced to return home. Meanwhile, in Bosnia, Gradaščević decided to carry on his campaign against the captains in Herzegovina that were loyal to the Sultan, despite the unfavourable climate. The captain of Livno , Ibrahim-beg Fidrus , was ordered to launch a final attack against the local captains and to thus end all domestic opposition to the autonomy movement. To achieve this, Fidrus first attacked Ljubuški and

3330-577: The Christian populace under his jurisdiction; both Catholic and Orthodox . Though social norms of the time dictated that the Ottoman sultan's official approval was necessary for the construction of any non-Islamic religious buildings, Husein approved the construction of several such buildings without it. A Catholic school was built in the village of Tolisa in 1823, followed by a large church that could hold 1,500 people. Another two Catholic churches were built in

3441-677: The Dahije with only Belgrade under their control. The Istanbul government ordered the pashas of the neighbouring Pashaliks not to help the Dahije. At first the Serbs fought on the side of the Sultan against the Janissaries, but later they were supported by an Ottoman official and the Sipahi cavalry corps. Despite their small numbers, the Serbs achieved significant military victories, capturing Požarevac and Šabac and launching successful attacks on Smederevo and Belgrade in quick succession. In July 1804,

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3552-575: The Dahije, who had revoked the privileges granted to the Serbs by Selim III. Among those present were Stanoje Glavaš , Atanasije Antonijević , and Tanasko Rajić . They elected Đorđe Petrović , a cattle trader known as Karađorđe, as their leader. Karađorđe, a former member of the Freikorps during the Austro-Turkish War and an officer in the national militia, had considerable military experience. Serbian forces quickly took control of Šumadija , leaving

3663-469: The Danube. Bekir demanded the surrender of the Dahije. Meanwhile, Karađorđe sent his commander, Milenko Stojković , to the island. The Dahije refused to surrender, so Stojković attacked and captured them. He had them beheaded on the night of 5–6 August 1804. After destroying the power of the Dahije, Bekir Pasha wanted the Serbs disbanded. However, since the Janissaries still held important towns such as Užice ,

3774-485: The Gradačac captaincy, he focused most of his attention on the administration of internal affairs. Notably, all of Husein's construction projects were related to the city of Gradačac and its immediate area. During his rule, Gradačac further expanded its status as one of the most prosperous captaincies in Bosnia. The first and most notable construction was that of the Gradačac Castle . The fort had existed for decades and

3885-498: The Gradaščević family house. Outside of family tradition and folklore invented much later, little is known of his childhood. It is said that he spent much time around the family fort while it was undergoing renovations. He grew up during turbulent times and taking into account his father's military experience and brother Osman's services during the 1813 war against Serbia , young Husein surely heard many first-hand accounts that shaped his personality. Osman senior died in 1812 when Husein

3996-452: The Grand Vizier's troops had superior arms. Gradaščević sent a part of his army under the command of Ali Pasha Fidahić , the captain ( kapetan ) and sanjak-bey of Zvornik , ahead to meet Reşid Pasha's forces. Following a small skirmish, Fihadić feigned a retreat. Thinking that victory was within reach, the Grand Vizier sent his cavalry and artillery into forested terrain. Gradaščević immediately took advantage of this tactical error and executed

4107-483: The Janissaries to return, calling them local Muslims from the Sanjak of Smederevo. At first, the Janissaries accepted the authority of Hadži Mustafa Pasha. However, in Šabac , a Janissary named Bego Novljanin demanded a surcharge from a Serb and murdered him when he refused to pay. Fearing the worst, Hadži Mustafa Pasha marched to Šabac with a force of 600 men to ensure that the Janissary was brought to justice and that order

4218-451: The Janissaries were employed by or took refuge with Osman Pazvantoğlu , a renegade opponent of Selim in the Sanjak of Vidin . Pazvantoğlu launched a series of raids against the Serbs without the Sultan's permission, causing much instability and fear in the region. In 1793, the Serbs defeated Pazvantoğlu at the Battle of Kolari. In the summer of 1797, Mustafa Pasha was appointed by the Sultan as

4329-415: The Janissaries. In 1805, negotiations between the Porte and the Serbs broke down over the Porte's inability to accept an agreement guaranteed by a foreign power and the Serbs' refusal to lay down their arms. Fearing a Christian uprising, the Porte issued a decree on 7 May 1805, ordering the rebels to disarm and rely on regular Ottoman troops to protect them from the Dahije. The Serbs, however, summarily ignored

4440-478: The Janissary command did not subside. In 1793 and 1796, Selim issued firmans that gave the Serbs more rights. These included the collection of taxes by the obor-knez (dukes), freedom of trade and religion, and the establishment of peace. Selim also ordered the removal of some unpopular Janissaries from the Belgrade Pashalik, as he saw them as a threat to the central authority of Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Many of

4551-574: The Ottoman Pasha and took control of the Pashalik of Belgrade , ruling it independently of the Ottoman Sultan . This led to a period of tyranny, during which the Janissaries suspended the rights previously granted to the Serbs by the Sultan. They also raised taxes, imposed forced labour , and made other changes that negatively affected the Serbs. In 1804, the Janissaries feared that the Sultan would use

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4662-490: The Ottoman Empire had to grant autonomy to Serbia, and also cede it six districts. This outraged the Bosnian nobility, launching numerous protests. Between 20 and 31 December 1830, Gradaščević hosted a gathering of Bosniak aristocrats in Gradačac. A month later, from 20 January to 5 February, another meeting was held in Tuzla to prepare for a revolt. From there, a call was issued to the Bosnian Muslim populace asking them to rise to

4773-584: The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the Russian retreat to reconquer Serbia in 1813. As part of this effort, Wallachia was also recaptured and secured by the Ottomans under the loyalist Phanariote John Caradja , along with its Great Banship ( Oltenia ). In July 1813, an Ottoman–Wallachian force, including "several hundreds of Caradja's Romanians" arriving in through Oltenia, moved up the Timok River and killed Veljko at Negotin . The Ottoman forces burned villages along

4884-457: The Ottoman Empire, the Serbs expected reprisals from the Turks for their support of the Austrians. Sultan Selim III had entrusted the sanjaks of Smederevo and Belgrade to battle-hardened Janissaries who had fought against Christian forces during the Austro-Turkish War and other conflicts. Although Selim granted authority to the peaceful Hadži Mustafa Pasha in 1793, tensions between the Serbs and

4995-457: The Ottoman Turks were suppressed with great violence and repression. In February 1804, the Janissaries executed seventy-two Serbs and displayed their heads on the citadel of Belgrade. These actions led to equally brutal reprisals when the situation was reversed. The liberation of Belgrade was followed by a massacre of Turks. The event was described by the Serbian historian Stojan Novakovic as

5106-451: The Ottoman troops were under the command of Kara Mahmud Hamdi-paša , the new imperially recognized vizier of Bosnia. In this first encounter, Gradaščević was forced to retreat to Pale. The fighting continued in Pale and Gradaščević was once again forced to retreat; this time to Sarajevo. There, a council of captains decided that the fight would continue. By 1832, after a series of smaller clashes,

5217-534: The Ottomans were consistently defeated. In December 1806, the rebels, led by Petar Dobrnjac , captured Belgrade and gained control of the entire Pashalik. The rebels sent the Belgrade merchant Petar Ičko as their envoy to the Ottoman government in Constantinople . He succeeded in obtaining a favourable treaty named after him, the Ičko's Peace, which granted a measure of Serbian autonomy. However, Serbian leaders rejected

5328-581: The Porte promised a general amnesty and certain autonomous rights. The Serbs were granted control over the administration of their own affairs and the collection and payment of a fixed tribute. The reaction in Serbia was strong, with particular concern over the reoccupation of fortresses and towns and the expectation of feared reprisals. During the rebellion, some of the leaders abused their privileges for personal gain. Disagreements arose between Karađorđe and other leaders as Karađorđe sought absolute power while his dukes sought to limit it. After retaking Belgrade,

5439-528: The Porte, which were considered discriminatory on the basis of religious affiliation. Karađorđe declared himself the hereditary supreme leader of Serbia but agreed to cooperate with the Governing Council, which also served as the supreme court. During the Ottoman-Russian War of 1809, Karađorđe was initially willing to support Russia, but their cooperation proved ineffective. Although Karađorđe launched

5550-656: The Russian Empire. Combining patriarchal peasant democracy with modern national aspirations, the Serbian Revolution attracted thousands of volunteers among Serbs from across the Balkans and Central Europe. It eventually became a symbol of the nation-building process in the Balkans and provoked unrest among Christians in both Greece and Bulgaria . After a successful siege with 25,000 men in late 1806, Karađorđe proclaimed Belgrade

5661-555: The Russo-Ottoman War ended in 1812, the Ottoman Empire took advantage of these circumstances and reconquered Serbia in 1813. Although the uprising was unsuccessful, the Serbs were the first Christian population in Ottoman history to rise up against the Sultan and succeed in creating a short-lived independent state. Their uprising eventually became a symbol of the nation-building process in the Balkans and inspired unrest among neighbouring Balkan peoples. The uprising soon resumed with

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5772-413: The Sanjak into pashaliks, immediately suspending Serbian autonomy and significantly increasing taxes. Land confiscation and the introduction of forced labour, known as chiflik , prompted many Serbs to flee to the mountains. The Serbs petitioned the Sultan to inform him of the tyranny they were suffering, upon learning of this and in an attempt to prevent a rebellion, the Dahije decided to act first. At

5883-515: The Sanjak of Smederevo by the Habsburg Monarchy (1788–1791). From 15 September to 8 October 1789, an Austrian force besieged the fortress of Belgrade . The Austrians held the city until 1791, when they returned it to the Ottomans under the terms of the Treaty of Sistova . The withdrawal was a disappointment for the Serbs, according to historian Theodor N. Trâpcea. After the return of the sanjak to

5994-487: The Serbs against them, which led to the assassination of many Serbian chiefs . An assembly chose Karađorđe to lead the uprising, and the rebel army quickly defeated and took over towns throughout the sanjak, technically fighting for the Sultan. Sultan Selim III , fearing their power, ordered all the Pashaliks in the region to crush them. The Serbs marched against the Ottomans and, after major victories in 1805–06, established

6105-508: The Serbs were unwilling to stop without guarantees. In May 1804, Serbian leaders under Dorđe Petrović met in Ostružnica to continue the uprising. Their goals were to seek protection from Austria , to petition Sultan Selim for greater autonomy, and to request Russian protection from the Russian ambassador in Istanbul. The Russian government maintained a neutral policy toward the Serbian revolt until

6216-505: The Serbs, leading some to flee with their families into the woods while others organised themselves into self-defence units, as uncoordinated resistance erupted throughout the region. The events in Serbia were being closely monitored by neighbouring Christian states such as Wallachia , an Ottoman client-state bordering Serbia to the northeast, and ruled by the Phanariote Prince Constantine Ypsilantis (who

6327-424: The Sultan, fearing that the Serbian movement might get out of control, sent Bekir Pasha , former Pasha of Belgrade and now Pasha of Bosnia Eyalet , to officially help the Serbs, but in reality to keep them under control. Alija Gušanac , the Janissary commander of Belgrade, faced with both Serbs and imperial authority, allowed Bekir Pasha into the city. The Dahije had previously fled east to Ada Kale , an island in

6438-615: The Vizier's troops succeeded in crossing the Drina , Gradaščević ordered 6,000 men under Ali-paša Fidahić to meet them in Rogatica while units stationed in Višegrad were to head to Pale on the outskirts of Sarajevo. The encounter between the two sides finally happened on the Glasinac plains to the east of Sarajevo, near Sokolac , at the end of May. The Bosnian army was led by Gradaščević himself, while

6549-463: The abolition of the Janissaries was not unlike that of the rest of the Bosnian aristocracy; Gradaščević threatened with military force to subdue anybody opposed to the Sarajevo Janissaries. When the Janissaries killed naqib al-ashraf Imam Nurudin-effendi Šerifović, however, his tone shifted and he rapidly distanced himself from their cause. Gradaščević did realize that economic hardship was

6660-516: The border as possible. On 4 July he was moved to Osijek where he essentially lived in internment. His communications with the rest of his family and social circle were severely limited and he complained about his treatment to the authorities several times. His conditions would eventually improve, and before he left Osijek he remarked to local officials that he had enjoyed his stay there. Although intensely homesick and only partially in control of his destiny, Gradaščević retained his pride and dignity. He

6771-634: The capital of Serbia on 8 January 1807, after the surrender of the remaining fortifications on St. Stephen's Day. The Serbian efforts were supported by the Imperial Russian Army , which had established itself in Wallachia during the parallel Russo-Turkish War. This allowed the Serbian rebels to concentrate on the Timok Valley , deep in the Sanjak of Vidin. A local rebel named Hajduk Veljko pledged his allegiance to Karađorđe. Earlier rebellions against

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6882-445: The capital of the rebellion. The second major clash was the Battle of Mišar in 1806, where the rebels defeated an Ottoman army from Bosnia led by the Sipahi commander Suleiman-Pasa. The rebels also defeated Osman Pazvantoğlu and another Ottoman army sent from the southeast at Deligrad. Despite repeated efforts and the support of Ottoman commanders, including Ibrahim Bushati and Ali Pasha 's two sons, Muktar Pasha and Veli Pasha ,

6993-464: The castle, warning the vizier that they were prepared for a military encounter. Meanwhile, Gradaščević sent a detachment of his forces, under the command of Memiš-aga of Srebrenica, to meet Sulejmanpašić's reinforcements. The two sides met at Pirot, on the outskirts of Travnik, on 7 April. There, Memiš-aga defeated the Sulejmanpašić brothers and their 2,000-man army, forcing them to retreat and destroying

7104-429: The centre of Bosnian politics to Travnik, making it the de facto capital of the rebel state. In Travnik, he established a divan , a Bosnian congress, which together with him made up the Bosnian government. Gradaščević also collected taxes at this time and executed various local opponents of the autonomy movement. He gained a reputation as a hero and a strong, brave, and decisive ruler. One anecdote that illustrates this

7215-404: The centuries. The massacre sparked a debate within the rebel faction. The older generation of rebels viewed the massacre as a sin, but the prevailing principle was the removal of all Muslims. In 1808, Sultan Selim was executed by Mustafa IV , who was subsequently deposed by Mahmud II . During this political crisis , the Ottomans were willing to offer significant autonomy to the Serbs. However,

7326-476: The decree. Selim responded by ordering Hafiz Pasham, the Pasha of Niš, to march against the Serbs and take Belgrade. In 1805, the first major battle took place at Ivankovac , where the Serbs defeated the Sultan's army and forced it to retreat towards Niš. It was the first time that the Serbs defeated the Sultan's army and not a Muslim rebel force. In November of the same year, the fortress of Smederevo fell and became

7437-423: The defence of Bosnia. It was then that the popular Gradaščević was unofficially chosen to head the rebellion. Further details of this meeting are murky and disputable. According to certain contemporary sources, their demands from Constantinople were: Another outcome of the Tuzla meeting was an agreement that another general meeting should be held in Travnik . Since Travnik was the seat of the Bosnia Eyalet and of

7548-450: The end of January 1804, throughout the Sanjak, between 70 and 150 knezes (village leaders), livestock merchants and Orthodox priests were executed by the Dahije in an event known as the Slaughter of the Knezes . According to contemporary sources from Valjevo , the severed heads of the leaders were displayed on the central square as a warning to those who might plot against the Dahije's rule. Janissary atrocities fueled fear and anger among

7659-421: The four Janissaries referred to themselves as Dahije . As a result, Belgrade was captured and the Sanjak of Smederevo was divided among them independently of the Ottoman government, and in defiance of the Sultan, despite the dispatch of a new Pasha from Constantinople. The Janissaries enforced a system of arbitrary abuse unparalleled in the entire history of Ottoman misrule in the Balkans. The leaders divided

7770-447: The guarantor of peace in the region. Negotiations between the Serbs and the Ottomans began in May 1804, mediated by the Austrian governor of Slavonia . As Trâpcea notes, the Serbs made only modest demands, seeking autonomy within the borders of the Pashalik. This autonomy was to be under the control of a Serbian knez with the power to collect taxes for the Sublime Porte . In addition, the Serbian leaders demanded further restrictions on

7881-424: The impending disaster, Karađorđe sought help from the Habsburgs and Napoleon , but to no avail. At this point, the Serbian rebels shifted to a defensive strategy, focusing on holding their territories rather than making further gains. Meanwhile, Russia, preoccupied with a French invasion , prioritized signing a final peace treaty and acted against Serbia's interests. In particular, the Serbs were not informed of

7992-402: The imperial army entered the city on 5 June and prepared to march on Travnik. Upon realizing the difficulties that his home and family would experience if he stayed there, Gradaščević decided to leave Gradačac and continue on to Austrian lands instead. If the choice to flee Bosnia was not already clear, the Sultan's furious fatwa declaring Gradaščević "no good", an "evil-doer", a "traitor",

8103-465: The implementation of modern reforms did not go well with communist ideology. Gradaščević was briefly mentioned in such a light by Avdo Sućeska in his 1964 work on Bosnian captains. It would be another 24 years before Gradaščević was mentioned again. This time it was in Galib Šljiva 's 1988 work on Bosnia in the first half of the 19th century. Though several historiographical controversies were resolved, there

8214-536: The local captain Sulejman-beg, which he defeated and then secured the whole of Herzegovina except Stolac in the process. Unfortunately, the rebel detachments that laid siege to the Stolac Fortress met cannon fire and ambushes organized by Ali-paša Rizvanbegović in early March of the next year. Receiving information that the Bosnian ranks were depleted due to the winter, Rizvanbegović broke the siege, counterattacking

8325-506: The main invasion routes, massacred or displaced their inhabitants, and enslaved many women and children. Karađorđe and other rebel leaders fled the country, and the exiles scattered throughout the Austrian Empire , Wallachia, and Russia. As a clause of the Treaty of Bucharest, the Ottomans agreed to grant a general amnesty to the participants of the uprising. However, as soon as Turkish rule

8436-559: The main reason for Janissary dissent. After this, Gradaščević generally maintained good relations with imperial authorities in Bosnia. When Abdurahim Pasha became vizier in 1827, Gradaščević was said to have become one of his more trusted advisors. This culminated in Gradaščević's large role in the Bosnian mobilization for the Russo-Ottoman war. Following a riot in the Sarajevo camp during these preparations, Gradaščević even provided shelter for

8547-536: The negotiations and only learned of the final terms from the Ottomans. This second Russian retreat occurred at the height of Karađorđe's power and the rise of Serbian expectations. The Treaty of Bucharest , signed in May 1812, contained Article 8, which dealt with the Serbs. According to the treaty, Serbian fortifications were to be destroyed unless they were of value to the Ottomans. Pre-1804, Ottoman installations were to be reoccupied and garrisoned by Ottoman troops. In return,

8658-401: The ousted Abdurahim Pasha in Gradačac before assisting him in his escape from the country. Gradaščević was also relatively loyal to Abdurahim's successor, Namık Pasha, reinforcing Ottoman garrisons in Šabac upon his orders. The turning point for Gradaščević came with the end of the Russo-Ottoman War and the Treaty of Adrianople on 14 September 1829. According to the provisions of the treaty,

8769-658: The plight of the Muslim refugees arriving from the Principality of Serbia . Contrary to popular belief, however, Husein Gradaščević was not greatly opposed to these reforms. In 1826, during the Auspicious Incident , Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissaries , through the use of military force, executions and exile. Mahmud II then banned the revered Bektashi Order and decreed his Turkish commanders to launch campaigns against prominent Balkan Muslim leaders causing great instability in Rumelia . Gradaščević's immediate reaction to

8880-454: The position. He grew up surrounded by a political climate of turmoil in the western reaches of the Ottoman Empire. With the Russo-Turkish war (1828–29) , Gradaščević's importance rose; the Bosnian governor gave him the task of mobilizing an army between the Drina and Vrbas . By 1830, Gradaščević became the spokesman of all Ottoman captains in Bosnia and coordinated the defence in light of

8991-468: The possessions of the Sulejmanpašić family. On 21 May, Namık Pasha fled to Stolac following a short siege . Soon afterwards, Husein Gradaščević was honourably proclaimed the "commander of Bosnia, chosen by the will of the people". On 31 May he demanded that all Bosnian aristocrats immediately join his army, and called on the general populace who wished to do so. Thousands rushed to join him, among them being numerous Christians, who were said to comprise up to

9102-621: The rebels and dispersing their forces; in doing so he proved that his fortress at Stolac was nearly impregnable. Husein Gradaščević, knowing of the eventual outcome, sent another well-equipped force towards Stolac from Sarajevo, under the command of Mujaga Zlatar , but it was ordered back on 16 March after receiving news of a major offensive on Bosnia being planned by the Grand Vizier. The Ottoman campaign began in early February. The Grand Vizier sent two armies: one from Vučitrn and one from Shkodër . Both armies headed toward Sarajevo, and Gradaščević sent an army of around 10,000 men to meet them. When

9213-399: The second time. This time they provided military cooperation by sending weapons, ammunition and medical supplies. Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov also participated in planning joint actions. Russian support raised hopes of a Serbian victory. In August 1809, an Ottoman army marched on Belgrade, causing a mass exodus of people across the Danube. Among them was the Russian agent Radofinikin. Faced with

9324-706: The suggestion of some dukes, including Jakov and Matija Nenadović, Milan Obrenović, and Sima Marković. Their purpose was to check Karađorđe's powers. Boža Grujović, the first secretary, and Matija Nenadović, the first president, envisioned the Council as the government of the new Serbian state. The revolutionary government was responsible for organizing and supervising various aspects of government, including administration, economy, army supply, law and order, justice, and foreign policy. In addition to abolishing forced labour and reducing taxes, they also abolished all feudal obligations in 1806, emancipating peasants and serfs and marking

9435-488: The summer of 1804 due to the recent Russo-Turkish friendship, which was a response to the growing influence of France. At the beginning of the uprising, the Russian envoy in Montenegro refused to deliver the message when the Serbs asked for help and instructed the Serbs to petition the Sultan. However, in the summer of 1804, after the meeting in Ostružnica, the Russian government changed its policy to be recognized by Istanbul as

9546-425: The talks did not lead to an agreement between the two parties, as they could not agree on the exact borders of Serbia. Karađorđe's 1809 proclamation in the capital, Belgrade , is considered the culmination of the first phase. The proclamation called for national unity and invoked Serbian history to call for the establishment of religious freedom and a written rule of law . It also urged Serbs to stop paying taxes to

9657-473: The termination of Ottoman loyals mainly in Herzegovina. Among notable accomplishments, Gradaščević led forces victorious against the Ottoman field marshal in Kosovo . The uprising failed, and all captaincies were abolished by 1835. Temporarily exiled to Austria, he negotiated his return with the Sultan and was allowed to enter all of the Ottoman Empire except Bosnia. He died under controversial circumstances in 1834 and

9768-569: The treaty and may have poisoned Ičko for his dealings with the Ottomans. In 1805, the Serbian rebels established a rudimentary government to administer the lands under Serbian control. The government was divided into the Narodna Skupština (People's Assembly), the Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet (Ruling Council), and Karađorđe himself. The Ruling Council was established on the recommendation of Russian Foreign Minister Chartorisky and at

9879-410: The very end, however, Herzegovinian troops under the command of Ali-paša Rizvanbegović and Smail-aga Čengić broke through defences Gradaščević had set up on his flank and joined the fighting. Overwhelmed by the unexpected attack from behind, the rebel army was forced to retreat into the city of Sarajevo itself. It was decided that further military resistance would be futile. Gradaščević fled to Gradačac as

9990-476: The villages of Dubrave and Garevac , while an Orthodox church was built in the hamlet of Obudovac . During Husein's captaincy, the Christians in Gradačac were known to be the most satisfied in Bosnia. Husein entered the higher political scene in Bosnia in 1827, largely due to the impending Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) and his role in preparing the defence of the boundaries of Bosnia. Upon receiving orders from

10101-564: The vizier, the planned meeting was in effect a confrontation with Ottoman authority. Gradaščević thus asked all involved to help assemble an army beforehand. On 29 March 1831, Gradaščević set out towards Travnik with some 4,000 men. Upon hearing the word of the oncoming force, Namık Pasha is said to have gone to the Travnik fort and called the Sulejmanpašić brothers to his aid. When the rebel army arrived in Travnik they fired several warning shots at

10212-577: The years that followed the Herzegovina kapetans suffered during the Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1878) mainly due to the lack of a centralised authority in Bosnia Eyalet . The first historical literature written about Gradaščević can be found in Safvet-beg Bašagić 's work from 1900, A short introduction into the past of Bosnia and Herzegovina . However, due to historical differences between

10323-583: Was a failure as the forces from Posavina and south Podrinje were defeated by Čengić's troops. There was one success, however; in October, Husein Gradaščević had deployed an army under the command of Ahmed-beg Resulbegović , who had put his life in danger while attempting to capture Trebinje from Resulbegović's loyalist and heavily armed cousins. A Bosnian delegation reached the Grand Vizier's camp in Skopje in November and

10434-504: Was an Ottoman Bosnian military commander who led an uprising against the Tanzimat , political reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at reducing Bosnian autonomy within Osmanli sultanate beside introduction of novel Western customs of governance. Born into a Bosnian noble family, Gradaščević became the captain of Gradačac in the early 1820s, succeeding his relatives (among whom was his father) in

10545-639: Was an uprising of Serbs in Orašac against the Ottoman Empire from 14 February 1804, to 7 October 1813. The uprising began as a local revolt against the Dahije , who had seized power in a coup d'état . It later evolved into a war for independence , known as the Serbian Revolution , after more than three centuries of Ottoman Empire rule and brief Austrian occupations. In 1801, the Janissary commanders assassinated

10656-568: Was buried in the Eyüp Cemetery in Istanbul . Gradaščević received the honorific "the Dragon of Bosnia" ( Zmaj od Bosne ), and is considered a Bosniak national hero . Gradaščević's family originates from Buda in present-day Hungary, who came to Bosnia in the late 17th century. Husein was born in the town of Gradačac (in northern Bosnia), to Osman and his wife Touley- hanuma in 1802, at

10767-449: Was documented by the local doctor Bartolomeo Kunibert ). He left the city for Constantinople in December, but as his daughter was still very young, his wife remained in Belgrade , joining him in the spring of the following year. In Constantinople, Gradaščević lived in an old janissary barracks at atmejdan ( Hippodrome square ) while his family lived in a separate house nearby. He lived

10878-448: Was forced to obey the terms and rode on to Belgrade . He entered the city on 14 October in the manner of a true vizier , riding a horse decked out in silver and gold and accompanied by a large procession. He was greeted as a hero by the Muslims in Belgrade and treated like an equal by the local pasha . Gradaščević stayed in the city for two months, during which his health deteriorated (as

10989-592: Was formed from following kazas: Prijepolje , Pljevlja with Kolašin and Šaranci with Drobnjak , Čajniče , Nevesinje , Nikšić , Ljubinje - Trebinje , Stolac , Počitelj , Blagaj , Mostar , Duvno and half of the county of Konjic which is on southern side of Neretva . This Ottoman Empire –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Husein Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87 Husein Gradaščević ( Husein-kapetan ) (31 August 1802 – 17 August 1834)

11100-572: Was made official at an assembly held in Sarajevo on 12 September, where in front of the Tsar's Mosque , those present swore on the Quran to be loyal to Gradaščević and declared that, despite potential failure and death, there would be no turning back. At this point, Gradaščević was not only the supreme military commander but Bosnia's leading civilian authority as well. He established a court around him, and after initially making himself at home in Sarajevo, he moved

11211-498: Was merely responsible for a significant renovation of the tower that lingered in the people's memory. Husein did have a new castle built, in a large project which included the construction of an artificial island surrounded by a moat up to 100 meters wide and of great depth. The castle was named Čardak and the surrounding village quickly derived its name from it. The walls were oval, the entire structure being seventeen meters long and eight meters wide. The complex and area also included

11322-455: Was merely ten years old. Certain scholars have argued that his mother was also dead by then, although some family traditions claim otherwise. By all accounts, his mother had a strong influence on Husein's upbringing. Upon his father's death, Husein deferred to his eldest brother Murat because of his age and status as successor to the Gradačac captaincy Husein Gradaščević rose to the head of the Gradačac military captaincy only after his brother Murat

11433-557: Was no significant shift in the perception of Gradaščević. Since the Yugoslav Wars and the Bosniak National Awakening , Gradaščević and his movement have experienced a rebirth among historians and the common public alike. Works by Ahmed S. Aličić , Mustafa Imamović , and Husnija Kamberović have all cast Gradaščević in a more positive light. Gradaščević is once again widely considered the greatest Bosniak national hero and

11544-542: Was poisoned in the 1821 by rival aristocrats attempting to gain the favour of the desperate Grand Vizier . Husein married Hanifa, sister of Captain Mahmud of Derventa , at an early age. Although the exact date is unknown, his son Muhamed- beg Gradaščević was probably born no later than 1822 when Husein himself was twenty years old. The pair would also have a daughter, Šefika, born in 1833. Neither Muhamed nor Šefika were known to have had children themselves. When Husein took over

11655-414: Was promised that the Grand Vizier would insist to the Sultan to accept Bosnian demands and appoint Gradaščević as the official Vizier of an autonomous Bosnia. His true intentions, however, were manifested by early December when he attacked Bosnian rebel units stationed on the outskirts of Novi Pazar . Yet again, the rebel army handed a defeat to the imperial forces. Due to a particularly strong winter though,

11766-520: Was re-established in Serbia, villages were burned and thousands were sent into slavery. Belgrade became the scene of brutal vengeance. On 17 October 1813 alone, 1,800 women and children were sold into slavery. Various acts of violence and confiscation of property also took place. Islamized Serbs and Albanians in particular participated in such actions. Under direct Ottoman rule, all Serbian institutions were abolished. In 1814, tensions continued and Hadži Prodan, one of Karađorđe's former commanders, launched

11877-432: Was restored. The Janissaries not only decided to support Bego Novljanin, but Pazvantoğlu also attacked the Belgrade Pashalik in support of the Janissaries. On 15 December 1801, Belgrade Vizier Hadži Mustafa Pasha was executed by Kučuk-Alija , one of four Janissaries originally from the Sanjak of Vidin (modern north-western Bulgaria ). Alongside Haji Mustafa Pasha. Mehmed Foça-oğlu, Aganli-Bayraktar and Mülla Yusuf ,

11988-521: Was said to have lived a luxurious life that included jousting competitions with his companions. In late 1832, he agreed to return to Ottoman territory to receive a ferman of pardon from the Sultan. The terms, read to him in Zemun , were very harsh, insisting that Gradaščević not only never return to Bosnia, but also never to set foot on the European lands of the Ottoman Empire either. Disappointed, Gradaščević

12099-412: Was secretly hostile to Ottoman rule). During the early stages of the rebellion, the Belgrade Pashalik was visited by Ypisilantis' agents, including Dositei Filitti . On 14 February 1804, a group of leading Serbs gathered at Marićević Gully , in the small village of Orašac (near Aranđelovac ) to support a call for a general uprising. The meeting was held after the massacre and the resentment against

12210-486: Was subject to extensive renovations since the time of Captain Mehmed in 1765. Husein's father Osman and brother Murat had done some work as well, in 1808 and 1818–19 respectively. However, the exact nature of Husein's contribution is unknown. The castle's tower has long been associated with Husein but architectural evidence points to the tower existing alongside the rest of the complex from earlier times. It seems likely that Husein

12321-444: Was that the autonomy movement was merely a reaction to imperial reforms by the Bosnian upper class. This view would be predominant among historians for decades. Gradaščević had a minor resurgence during World War II when Ustaše launched a propaganda-rooted proposal to bring his remains back to Sarajevo. During the time of Communist Yugoslavia , Gradaščević and his movement were rarely mentioned. The perceived upper-class resistance to

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