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83-446: Henry Riggs may refer to: Henry H. Riggs (1875–1943), Christian missionary Henry E. Riggs (1935–2015), Silicon Valley entrepreneur, professor of engineering and vice president at Stanford University [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

166-634: A bank in the name of a relative who is out of the country. Make a list of everything you own, including livestock, and give it to the specified official so that all your things can be returned to you later. You have ten days to comply with this ultimatum. While the Tehcir law was being carried out, the Directorate for the Settlement of Tribes and Refugees (Turkish: Iskan-i Asairin Muhacirin Muduriyeti), under

249-557: A basis excluding the Christian races" and continued to maintain in 1943, decades after the Armenian genocide ended, that: During the preceding decade the Turkish people, and again especially their leaders, had been guilty, before God and man, of one of the most revolting crimes in history [1915]. The triumphant reestablishment of the Turkish sovereignty not only left that crime unpunished, but, in

332-416: A detailed list and submit the list to the local authorities: Leave all your belongings—your furniture, your beddings, your artifacts. Close your shops and businesses with everything inside. Your doors will be sealed with special stamps. On your return, you will get everything you left behind. Do not sell property or any expensive item. Buyers and sellers alike will be liable for legal action. Put your money in

415-684: A family of Christian missionaries in Sivas , Ottoman Empire on March 2, 1875, and was the son of Edward Riggs. He joined the church of Marsovan in 1889. After growing up in the area, Riggs traveled to the United States where he acquired his education at the Carleton College in Northfield , Minnesota , and the Auburn Theological Seminary , and graduated from 1902. The same year, Riggs

498-449: A further directive for implementation of the law on 8 November. The objectives of the laws were simultaneously to reduce Armenian property ownership, enrich national politicians, and to resettle Turkish Muslim refugees in property which was seized. The property confiscated included personal property (including land, buildings, and bank accounts), businesses, and also community property (e.g. churches). Items that were considered useful for

581-642: A number of treaties signed between the First Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire. Both the Treaty of Batum (signed 4 June 1918) and the Treaty of Sèvres (signed 10 August 1920) contained provisions related to the restitution for confiscated properties of Armenians. The Treaty of Sèvres under Article 144 specified that the Abandoned Property commissions and Liquidation commissions must be abolished and

664-521: A political belief, a certain race or members of a minority will not be approved." Such laws are considered by legal experts as a violation of articles concerning minority rights found in the Treaty of Laussane, the Turkish constitution, and Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights , which grants the "freedom to establish foundations and hold meetings." The new amendment and law code became

747-516: A potential "threat" to national security. The process involved returning any property acquired after 1936, whether through lottery, will, donation, or purchase, to their former owners or inheritors. If former owners had died leaving no inheritors, the property was to be transferred to specified governmental agencies such as the Treasury or the Directorate General of Foundations. On 11 June 1986,

830-640: A significant amount of "abandoned" properties. The properties left behind by those who fled were confiscated by the Turkish state after ten years. In the 1960s, new laws were passed, which made it impossible for Armenians to establish new foundations or to buy or bequeath additional properties. One such law code (Law no. 903) adopted in 1967, along with a second paragraph amended to the Turkish Civil Code (no. 743) declared that, "The registration of foundations that are in violation of law, morality, tradition or national interests, or that were established to support

913-625: A so-called commission, which means that if an Armenian owned a house valued at, say, £T100, a Turk – a friend or member [of the Ittihad and Terakki] – could have it for around £T2." The only notable domestic opposition was by Ottoman parliamentary representative Ahmed Riza , who stated: It is unlawful to designate the Armenian assets as "abandoned goods" for the Armenians, the proprietors, did not abandon their properties voluntarily; they were forcibly, compulsorily removed from their domiciles and exiled. Now

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996-724: A translation of the Kurdish Gospel into Arabo-Kurdish dialect. He was then sent to Beirut , Lebanon , in September 1923 and continued his Evangelist missionary work among Armenian refugees in Lebanon and Syria. During that time, he also taught in the Near East School of Theology . Riggs eventually served as an Executive Secretary of the Near East Christian Council. In 1940, the family moved to Auburndale, Massachusetts, for

1079-520: The Turkish courts-martial of 1919-20 . Furthermore, with the establishment of the Turkish republic and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923), the provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres eventually never took effect and the liquidation committees involved with the confiscation of Armenian property resumed operations. In addition to confiscated property, large sums of money and precious metals belonging to Armenians were also seized and deposited into

1162-524: The relentless guards, who found and butchered them in their hiding places only one escaping, so far as known. This young man, whose name I dare not reveal as he is still living in Turkey, succeeded in evading his pursuers and hiding till nightfall. Then he started out to try to return to some place of safety but lost his way in the dark and wandered all night long, not knowing which way he was going. At last, as dawn began to break, he found his bearings again, and in

1245-463: The 1960s and 70s, ultimately subjugating the assets and properties of the Armenian community to further confiscations. Though terminology has slightly changed, the current civil codes still have enough executive powers to confiscate property under the basis of protecting the "national unity" of the Republic of Turkey. Due to such regulations and law codes, no church was ever constructed in the history of

1328-611: The Armenian church. During the conference in February 1920, the Armenian community presented an additional demand for the restitution of property and assets seized by the Ottoman government. The joint declaration, which was submitted to the Supreme Council by the Armenian delegation and prepared by the religious leaders of the Armenian community, claimed that the Ottoman government had destroyed 2,000 churches and 200 monasteries and had provided

1411-462: The Armenian genocide started, deportations and arrests of prominent Armenians were planned for the Kharpert Armenians. Riggs writes: It was evident that some terrible fate was being planned for the Armenians, though as yet no hint had been given as to what that fate should be. By June 20th several hundred of the leading Armenians had been put in prison, and on that day one hundred and fifty from

1494-517: The Armenian property lasted continuously until 1974. Much of the confiscations during the Armenian genocide were made after the Armenians were deported into the Syrian Desert with the government declaring their goods and assets left behind as "abandoned". Virtually all properties owned by Armenians living in their ancestral homeland in Western Armenia were confiscated and later distributed among

1577-526: The Istanbul Armenian community since 1936 were retrospectively classified as illegal acquisitions and seized by the state. Under the legislation, the Turkish courts rendered Turkish citizens of non-Turkish descent as "foreigners", thereby placing them under the same legal regulations of any foreign company or property holder living outside of Turkey who was not a Turkish national. The provisions further provided that foundations belonging to non-Muslims are

1660-566: The Ministry of Internal Affairs, was tasked in June 1915 to deal with the property left behind by deported or killed Armenians. This commission, whose salaries were provided by property confiscated by Armenians, produced the "Temporary Law of Expropriation and Confiscation ("Abandoned Properties" law) and published in the official register on 27 September (13 September according to the Islamic calendar) and passed

1743-475: The Ottoman government and concluded that: The abuses and murder of ordinary Armenians during these "deportations" were too persistent to be dismissed as simple aberrations of a purportedly benign official policy of population transfer. Riggs further added that "the attack on the Armenian people, which soon developed into a systematic attempt to exterminate the race, was a cold-blooded, unprovoked, deliberate act, planned and carried out without popular approval, by

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1826-506: The Republic of Turkey. All churches in existence today were built before the establishment of the Republic in 1923. A permit for the construction of a Syriac church was granted in December 2012, however, it was refused by the Assyrian community since the land used to be a Latin cemetery. In an attempt by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) to comply with European Union standards,

1909-536: The Russians, through the activity and bravery of the Armenians, produced a tremendous impression. Of course it was not then generally known that the Armenians had only acted in self-defense after the Turks had massacred many of them. Outbreaks were reported in various places, and some of these, notably in the region of Diarbekir, were real enough, though the Armenians were the victims not the aggressors in these disturbances. When

1992-582: The State Charitable Foundation assets. Opening them to general public use is against state interests. On 15 June 2011, the United States House Foreign Affairs Committee of the 112th Congress passed House Resolution 306 by a vote of 43 to one which demanded from the Republic of Turkey "to safeguard its Christian heritage and to return confiscated church properties." Turkish-American organizations attempted to block

2075-758: The Turkish government at the Reichsbank in Berlin in 1916, and taken over by the Allies after the Armistice, was in large part (perhaps wholly) Armenian money. After the forced deportation of the Armenians in 1915, their current and deposit accounts were transferred, by government order, to the State Treasury in Constantinople. Much of the money deposits into banks and other financial institutions have also been subsequently seized in

2158-490: The Turkish government, and Turkish migrants would be resettled in the properties. In the preparation for possible entry into World War II , the Turkish government introduced a tax, the Varlık Vergisi , which disproportionately targeted Turkey's non-Muslim residents. Many Armenians, and other non-Muslim populations, were forced to sell their property at significantly reduced prices through public auctions in order to pay for

2241-503: The War of Independence took no part in the National movement, kept out of Turkey and did not return from 24 July 1923 to the date of the publication of this law, have forfeited Turkish nationality." Additionally, a further law passed on 28 May 1928 stipulated that those who had lost their citizenship would be expelled from Turkey, not allowed to return, and that their property would be confiscated by

2324-607: The age of 62. Henry Riggs spoke Armenian, Turkish, and English. Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey The confiscation of Armenian properties by the Ottoman and Turkish governments involved seizure of the assets, properties and land of the country's Armenian community . Starting with the Hamidian massacres and peaking during the Armenian genocide , the confiscation of

2407-424: The basis for a new series of confiscations that significantly obstructed the daily lives of Armenians in Turkey. In 1974 new legislation was passed that stated that non-Muslim trusts could not own more property than that which had been registered under their name in 1936. As a result, more than 1,400 assets (included churches, schools, residential buildings, hospitals, summer camps, cemeteries, and orphanages) of

2490-547: The bill from passing but ultimately failed. After two years of research, the Hrant Dink Foundation published a book, some 400 pages long, describing the current situation of seized assets and properties of the Armenian community. With the help of government deed and title records, the members of the Hrant Dink foundation have uncovered the title records of all the properties owned by various foundations and have produced

2573-457: The book replete with photographs, charts, maps, and other illustrations which describe the seized properties and assets and its current status. The Hrant Dink foundation states that 661 properties in Istanbul alone were confiscated by the Turkish government, leaving only 580 of the 1,328 properties owned by the 53 Armenian foundations (schools, churches, hospitals, etc.). The current circumstances of

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2656-456: The business's steady consolidation. The founder, the management, and the representatives should be chosen from honorable leaders and the elite, and to allow tradesmen and agriculturists to participate in its dividends, the vouchers need to be half a lira or one lira and registered to their names to preclude that the capital falls in foreign hands. The growth of entrepreneurship in the minds of Muslim people needs to be monitored, and this endeavor and

2739-416: The confiscated property be sold at auction; however, because the law specified that "anybody other than Turkish Muslim refugees can only acquire property in Turkey with the approval of the Ministry of Internal Affairs", the result was that non-Turkish Muslims were effectively excluded. Property was provided often to national and local political elites, who eventually gave them to Turkish Muslim refugees. All

2822-610: The confiscation of physical land, Ottoman state took over life insurance policies from the Armenians. Talaat Pasha justified Ottoman actions by stating that the Armenians were "practically all dead ... and have left no heirs to collect the money. It of course all escheats to the State. The Government is the beneficiary now." During the Paris Peace Conference , the Armenian delegation presented an assessment of $ 3.7 billion (about $ 65 billion today) worth of material losses owned solely by

2905-719: The conscience of the Ottomans nor the law can allow it. Formal directives were made to have much of the properties and businesses confiscated from the Armenians to be transferred into the hands of Muslims. On 6 January 1916, Talaat Pasha , the Interior Minister of the Ottoman Empire, decreed: The movable property left by the Armenians should be conserved for long-term preservation, and for the sake of an increase of Muslim businesses in our country, companies need to be established strictly made up of Muslims. Movable property should be given to them under suitable conditions that will guarantee

2988-622: The construction of an étatist Turkish "national economy" was unthinkable without the destruction and expropriation of Armenians." Although the exact extent of confiscated property during the Armenian genocide is unknown, according to Talaat Pasha 's private documents, the chief initiator of the Tehcir Law , a total of 20,545 buildings were confiscated including 267,536 acres of land along with other parcels of agricultural and tillable lands such as 76,942 acres of vineyards, 703,941 acres of olive groves, and 4,573 acres of mulberry gardens. Along with

3071-414: The country." On 15 April 1923, just before the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne , the Turkish government enacted the "Law of Abandoned Properties" which confiscated properties of any Armenian who was not present on their property, regardless of the circumstances of the reason. While local courts were authorized to appraise the value of any property and provide an avenue for property owners to make claims,

3154-472: The deportations and subsequent wholesale massacre of Armenians in the deserts of Syria: Very good evidence exists for the belief that both there and Ras-ul-Ain, also in the same desert, the people were massacred wholesale as soon as they left the villages where they had been quartered. At the beginning of the period under discussion, that is, at the beginning of 1916, there were in exile in that district something like 485,000 Armenians. Fifteen months later, after

3237-569: The economic cost of the damage range from the Turkish government's estimate of 69.5 million Turkish lira (equivalent to 24.8 million US$ ), the British estimate of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$ ), the World Council of Churches ' estimate of 150 million US$ , and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million US$ . The pogrom eventually led to an exodus of non-Muslims from the country, resulting in

3320-478: The education of their two daughters. He returned to Beirut in 1943 and eventually became ill in Jerusalem and died there on August 17, 1943, at the age of 68. Henry Riggs married three times; first with Annie Tracy in 1904 (died 1905), second with Emma Barnum in 1907 (died 1917), and last, with Annie Denison in 1920. Annie Denison Riggs, mother of Ruth Elizabeth Riggs Steiner and Helen Sarah Riggs Rice, died in 1949 at

3403-515: The evictions of non-Muslims from others. The investigators of this commission usually expedited the evacuation and eventual confiscation of the non-Muslim property in question. The Varlık Vergisi was followed by the Istanbul pogrom a few years later, where an organized mob attacked Greeks and Armenians on 6–7 September 1955. The material damage was considerable, with damage to 5317 properties (including 4214 homes, 1004 businesses, 73 churches, 2 monasteries, 1 synagogue, and 26 schools). Estimates of

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3486-465: The government through its efforts is selling their goods ... Nobody can sell my property if I am unwilling to sell it. Article 21 of the Constitution forbids it. If we are a constitutional regime functioning in accordance with constitutional law we can't do this. This is atrocious. Grab my arm, eject me from my village, then sell my goods and properties, such a thing can never be permissible. Neither

3569-474: The gray light, stole in to the American hospital and to safety. Driven to death, threatened, outraged [raped], starved and perishing with thirst, it is not to be wondered at that the vast majority of the weary host lay down by the roadside to die. And of those who escaped and found their way to us, many were emaciated and weakened beyond description, and many more heartbroken at the loss of those who had not survived

3652-405: The ground. When they were all seated, bound as they were, their guards, with their rifles and bayonets, fell upon them and commenced a butchery that the imagination refuses to picture. So huge was the task of slaughter, that three or four men succeeded in escaping from the ravine while the gendarmes were busy with the horrid labor. These fugitives scattered and hid, but were pursued and hunted out by

3735-619: The immediacy of the war effort were prioritized and immediately confiscated with a separate decree. Under the law, property and asset transactions were forbidden prior to the deportation thereby preventing the owners from having the opportunity to keep his or her property. Although the law was called "Temporary", the provisions within it seemed to aim toward the permanent transformation of the ethnicity of communities from Armenian to Turkish Muslim. These resettlement laws did contain formal reporting of property to national authorities and contained procedures for those who had property taken to sue, but

3818-407: The immediate aftermath of the deportations. Once a deposit was made, a certificate was given to the depositor as a proof of deposit. However, once the deportations began, withdrawals were prohibited. Much of the deportees who had held deposits were left with only certificates in their possession. Many of the depositors still carry the certificates of deposit today. Historian Kevork Baghdjian states that

3901-456: The land and the building. The 15th Civil Court of Istanbul rejected the claims in 1974. Through renewed legal efforts by the Directorate General of Foundations in 2006, the property is now in the hands of the Directorate General of Foundations. Under current regulations, the monastery and its lands is considered a park. As a result, many offers of renting out the property by various businesses and companies were rejected. The Orphanage School

3984-446: The last deportation had been completed, not more than 113,000 out of that throng could be located. Out of the 372,000 who had perished most had died from starvation and disease, but many thousands were also massacred at the last moment, when apparently the Turkish government had tired of the pretense of carrying out the theory of deportation. Riggs believed that the deportation of Armenians was part of an extermination program organized by

4067-428: The last priest dying in 1924, the property was left vacant. Nevertheless, the title remained in the hands of the Armenian community during the 1936 declaration. On 23 February 1950, the land along with the monastery was rendered "ownerless" and was subsequently confiscated by the Treasury. A lawsuit was filed on 20 December 1966 against Istanbul Chamber of the Directorate of Law and the Treasury for unlawfully seizing

4150-462: The law prohibited the use of any power of attorney by absent property holders, preventing them from filing suit without returning to the country. In addition, the defendant in the case would be the state of Turkey which had created specially tasked committees to deal with each case. In addition to this law, the Turkish government continued revoking the citizenship of many people with a law on 23 May 1927 which stated that "Ottoman subjects who during

4233-600: The laws concerning "abandoned" properties during the Armenian genocide were abrogated, which ended 73 years of effectiveness. Throughout the Republican period, the laws continued to provide a legal basis for the confiscation of additional property that belonged to the deportees. Though the laws were abolished in 1986, the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (Turkish: Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü) issued an order on 29 June 2001 which effectively transferred all

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4316-447: The laws of confiscation be annulled. Meanwhile, however, those who seized the assets and properties of Armenians turned to support the Turkish national movement since the dissolution of the Ottoman government would mean that the properties and assets would be protected under their name. Thus, on 8 May 1920, the first law promulgated by the newly established parliament was to pardon those charged of massacre and expropriation of property by

4399-433: The leftover "abandoned" properties to the government. The order also forbid the disclosure of any information regarding the title or the documentation of the properties. As a result, the owners or their heirs could not make claims to the property since it was now securely sanctioned under Turkish law and had become property of the state. Terminology of former legislation and civil codes have not significantly changed since

4482-595: The legal system for giving these properties to other parties. The declaration also provided a financial assessment of the total losses of personal property and assets of both Turkish and Russian Armenia with 14,598,510,000 and 4,532,472,000 francs respectively; totaling to an estimated $ 422 billion today. Furthermore, the Armenian community asked for the restitution of church owned property and reimbursement of its generated income. The Ottoman government never responded to this declaration and so restitution did not occur. The issue of confiscated Armenian property came about in

4565-410: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Riggs&oldid=687208985 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Henry H. Riggs Henry Harrison Riggs was born to

4648-457: The local Muslim population. Historians argue that the mass confiscation of Armenian properties was an important factor in forming the economic basis of the Turkish Republic while endowing the Turkish economy with capital . The appropriation led to the formation of a new Turkish bourgeoisie and middle class. On 16 May 1915, while the Armenian genocide was underway, a secret directive

4731-505: The military masters of Turkey." Riggs also wrote in July about the measures taken of confiscating Armenian assets by saying, "you could not look out of the window without seeing someone walking down the street carrying some sort of load of booty, bought or stolen from Armenian houses." After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey , Henry Riggs believed that "Turkey re-established herself on

4814-710: The mind of probably a majority of the Turks, the horrid course which they had pursued had been gloriously vindicated. His brother Ernest Wilson Riggs succeeded him as president of Euphrates College 1910 to 1921 and participated in Near East Relief Work and then joined James Levi Barton as associate secretary and corresponding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions from 1921 to 1932. Meanwhile, Henry Riggs continued missionary work through his interest in Kurdish ethnic studies and produced

4897-644: The opening up of the Ottoman land registry and deed records to the public were considered. However, on 26 August 2005, the National Security Committee of the Turkish Armed Forces forbid such attempts by stating: The Ottoman records kept at the Land Register and Cadaster Surveys General Directorate offices must be sealed and not available to the public, as they have the potential to be exploited by alleged genocide claims and property claims against

4980-410: The ordeal. On several occasions, mothers who succeeded in coming to us for help told how with their own hands they had thrown their little ones into the river, rather than endure the prolonged agony of seeing them slowly starve to death at their empty breasts, as they themselves were starving.  —Henry Riggs writing about the situation of the deportees During the summer of 1915, Riggs observed

5063-694: The owners. After providing documentation of the property (copies provided to the owners and the Ottoman Treasury), the directive specified that muhajirs (Turkish refugees mainly from the Balkan wars ) were to be settled in the vacant lands and properties belonging to the deportees. Once settled, the refugees had to register the land and houses, while other assets that were affixed to the property, such as olive groves and vineyards, were to be allocated amongst them. Unwanted items and assets were to be sold in public auctions. According to historian Dickran Kouymjian ,

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5146-566: The present value of the buildings, the amount and value of its educational materials needs to be registered and sent to the department of general recordkeeping. Following the decree, private Armenian schools became Ottoman Turkish schools and school supplies were distributed to the Turkish Muslim population. Abraham Harutiunian, a priest living in Zeitun , notes in his memoirs that the school in Zeitun

5229-552: The prison in Harpoot were sent to Mezireh, and three days later were sent out to their death. On June 26 came the reply to the Vali's perfidious representations. The edict was posted in public places, and announced by street criers throughout the Armenian quarters of the city. All the Armenians and Syrians of Harpoot and vicinity must go into exile to a destination in Mesopotamia. The announcement

5312-452: The properties of the Armenians were confiscated, nominally to the state for the war fund. In this way all the Armenian houses, stores, shops, fields, gardens, vineyards, merchandise, household goods, rugs, were taken. The work was the charge of a commission, the members of which I met personally a number of times. It was commonly said that the commission did not actually receive enough for the government purposes to cover its expenses. Real estate

5395-399: The property (and payment for any damages which occurred). However, the law required property owners to sue and be present themselves (not allowing the power of attorney ), an impossibility when property owners had been killed or deported. In addition, the defendant in any case would be the state which made the chances of success in any lawsuit extremely unlikely. Finally, the law provided that

5478-601: The property of the Armenians except some remnants left to the Armenians who had embraced Mohammedanism was thus plundered.  —President of the Anatolia College in Mersovan , Dr. George E. White The impact of these laws were immediate. According to a report in June 1916 by the German ambassador stationed in Constantinople, the goods of the Armenians "have long since been confiscated, and their capital has been liquidated by

5561-428: The remaining 87 could not be determined. Out of the 661 confiscated properties, 143 (21.6%) have been returned to the Armenian foundation. The Hrant Dink foundation researched confiscations and provided descriptions, photographs and boundary lines on its online interactive mapping resource . In November 2012, after numerous legal proceedings, the property was returned to the Armenian community. The monastery

5644-462: The results of its implementation need to be reported to the ministry step by step. In addition to churches and monasteries, other community owned properties confiscated were schools and educational facilities. The Interior Ministry had ordered such educational facilities to be assigned to Muslims: It is necessary to appropriate the schools of the towns and villages that have been emptied of Armenians to Muslim immigrants to be settled there. However,

5727-511: The settlement of muhajirs into the lands and properties of deported Armenians implies that local authorities had firsthand knowledge that the deportees were to never return. On 29 May 1915, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) Central Committee passed the Tehcir Law authorizing the deportation of "persons judged to be a threat to national security." The Tehcir Law emphasized that the deportees must not sell their assets, but instead provide

5810-432: The specifics of the law made these provisions serve the larger goal to " Turkify " regions and economic sectors. The property records and revenue generated from the sale or rent of confiscated property were all recorded and deposited with the Ministry of Financial Affairs to provide for the possible return of property to owners. In addition, the law provided that those whose property had been confiscated to sue for return of

5893-500: The sudden tax hike or have the properties confiscated by the state. In addition, the law allowed authorities to confiscate the property of any relative of a taxed person in order to pay the tax. From this tax, the Turkish government collected 314,900,000 liras or about US$ 270 million (80% of the state budget) from the confiscation of non-Muslim assets. This period coincided with further confiscations of private property belonging to Armenians. Special commissions were created to separate

5976-497: The transit camps of the deportees using a telescope and wrote that "for most of the women and children was reserved the long and lingering suffering that massacre seemed to them a merciful fate—suffering such as was foreseen and planned by the perpetrators of this horror. I speak guardedly and state as a fact this horrid indictment of the Young Turks by whom the crime was committed." As the deportations took place, Riggs remarked about

6059-564: The treasuries of the Ottoman government or in various German or Austrian banks during the war. Such sums were believed to be withdrawn from the bank accounts of deported and killed Armenians. An official memorandum prepared by former British Prime Ministers Stanley Baldwin and H. H. Asquith was sent to then Prime Minister of Great Britain Ramsay MacDonald describing such seizures and deposits: The sum of 5,000,000 Turkish gold pounds (representing about 30.000 kilograms of gold) deposited by

6142-399: The value of assets "abandoned" by deportees under the guise of "safeguarding" them. The number of these commissions rose to 33 by January 1916. After the departure of the deportees, goods and livestock that were deemed "perishable" were prioritized as the first items that must be sold using public auctions, while the profits from these auctions were to be safeguarded under the entitlement of

6225-500: The worth of these deposits "should rise to astronomical sums today," with the "deposited capital and interests combined." Following the Turkish War of Independence and the creation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the confiscation resumed with most Armenians having been deported or killed. During the early Republican era, the legal terminology of those deported was changed from "transported persons" to "persons who lost or fled from

6308-583: Was appointed missionary to Turkey by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions . Upon arrival in the Ottoman Empire, Riggs studied at the Talas American College near Kayseri . Riggs eventually became the president of the Euphrates College from 1903 to 1910. After his presidency, he began his Evangelist work in the Kharpert province. Henry Riggs first wrote about the propaganda that

6391-456: Was confiscated by the government and that "the Armenians no longer had any right to education, and the campus was now filled with hundreds of Turkish children." By the early 1930s, all properties belonging to Armenians who were subject to deportation had been confiscated. Since then, no restitution of property confiscated during the Armenian genocide has taken place. The laws concerning abandoned property remained in effect for 73 years until it

6474-599: Was described in a letter dated 24 June 1913 as a "house with garden and land located at 60 Ortaköy Pişmişoğlu Street (known as Çevirmeci Street today), leased from (icareli) the Sultan Beyazıt Veli Hazretleri Foundation, 9000 zira (approximately 5167 square meters), and previously leased (icareli) from the Ibrahim Pasha Foundation, 1000 zira (approximately 574 squaremeters)." The monastery was formally registered on 14 October 1913. With

6557-458: Was finally abolished on 11 June 1986. The mass confiscation of properties provided the opportunity for ordinary lower class Turks (i.e. peasantry, soldiers, and laborers) to rise to the ranks of the middle class. Contemporary Turkish historian Uğur Ümit Üngör asserts that "the elimination of the Armenian population left the state an infrastructure of Armenian property, which was used for the progress of Turkish (settler) communities. In other words:

6640-569: Was initiated by the government prior in entering World War I . He recalls that "the Turkish authorities began a systematic build-up of hostility," dispensing "a great deal of fiction to prove that the Armenians were a disloyal element menacing the safety of the Turks." He declared that the case brought up against the Armenians was ultimately "in the minds of the common Turkish people, in preparation of atrocities which were to follow." Riggs further noted concerning self-defense measures Armenians had taken in response to being massacred: The loss of Van to

6723-429: Was made on Saturday, and all the people were commanded to be ready to start on the following Thursday. Riggs described in detail the procession out of the prison and how it ended: They followed the highway for about ten miles, and then were turned off toward the right, and marched up into the mountains. Soon after passing the crest of the ridge, they were marched down into a deep ravine, where they were ordered to sit on

6806-477: Was promulgated entitled "administrative instruction regarding movable and immovable property abandoned by Armenians deported as a result of the war and unusual political circumstances." Once enacted, the directive established special commissions, known as the "Abandoned Property Commissions" (Turkish: Emvâl-i Metrûke İdare Komisyonları) and the "Liquidation Commissions" (Turkish: Tasfiye Komisyonu), which were tasked with providing detailed information and appraising

6889-415: Was put up for rent at auction and was most of it bid in at prices ridiculously low by persons who were on the inside. This I know not only as a matter of common information but directly from a Turkish attorney who was in our employ and who provided himself with one of the best Armenian houses. Turks moved out of their more squalid habitations into the better Armenian houses whose owners had been 'deported.' All

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