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22-511: Henrietta is roughly circular in shape with a diameter of about 5 to 6 km (3 to 4 mi) and area of about 15 km (5.8 sq mi). Its shoreline consists of 50 to 100 m (164 to 328 ft) high, continuous, and rocky seacliffs . Cape Melville (Mys Mel'villya), Henrietta's northernmost landhead, is the northernmost point of the De Long Islands, as well as the northernmost land thousands of miles east and west. The closest land

44-461: Is Jeannette Island , located to the east-southeast. Almost half of the island is covered by a central ice cap that reaches its maximum height at 312 m (1,024 ft) above sea level. The ice cap area has a surface of approximately 6 km (2.3 sq mi) and occupies the highest south-eastern part of the island. The southern and eastern edges of the ice cap are fringed by 40 to 50 m (131 to 164 ft) tall icy cliffs rising above

66-418: Is a sheltered spot accessible through a narrow channel, all blasted out of the red sandstone cliffs. This was constructed in 1890 by Andrew Laidlay, the then laird, who used a steam engine and compressed air to cut the stone. It was once home to boats owned by fishermen and landowners but today it is rarely used by boats and more for diving and dive training. The entrance measures just three metres across and it

88-503: Is the smallest harbour in the UK. The estate is home to farming, the Seacliff Haulage depot and a small number of cottages. 56°03′06″N 2°38′06″W  /  56.0518°N 2.6350°W  / 56.0518; -2.6350 Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition The Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition (GESLO) (1910–1915) was a scientific expedition organized by Russia for

110-618: The Jeannette , hoping to reach Wrangel Island and to discover open seas in the Arctic Ocean near the North Pole . However, the ship entered an ice pack near Herald Island in September 1879 and became trapped. The vessel drifted several hundred miles with the ice, passing north of Wrangel Island. In May 1881 it approached Jeannette Island and Henrietta Island. According to The Annual Report of

132-529: The Royal Navy who established a top-secret research base there during World War I . The station, known as HMS Scottish Seacliff, was mainly used for navigation training and U-Boat defence. Robert Louis Stevenson was related to the Dale family, who still own and farm much of the land around Seacliff today. The area is largely unspoiled and attracts surfers, dog-walkers, riders and summer picnickers. Seacliff Harbour

154-576: The Russian Empire . This territorial claim was later maintained by the Soviet Union . A Soviet polar station was established on Henrietta Island in 1937 in an expedition by Rudolf Samoylovich , and closed in 1963. Henrietta Island served in 1979 as the starting point for a Soviet expedition to the North Pole on skis. Some U.S. individuals assert American ownership of Henrietta Island, and others of

176-619: The 1914–1915 Imperial Russian Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition led by Boris Vilkitsky , the Vaygach approached Jeannette Island with the intention of mapping Jeannette and Henrietta Islands, but heavy ice blocked the approach. In 1916 the Russian ambassador in London issued an official notice to the effect that the Imperial government considered Henrietta, along with other Arctic islands, integral parts of

198-466: The De Long group, based on the 1881 discovery and claim. However, according to the U.S. Department of State in 2003, the U.S. government has never claimed Henrietta Island. Henrietta Island was described by the sled party from the De Long expedition in the following terms: "The island is a desolate rock, surmounted by a snow-cap, which feeds several discharging glaciers on its east face. Dovekies nesting in

220-619: The Secretary of the Navy, for the Year 1882 (p. 16), "A sled party landed, hoisted the national ensign, and took possession in the name of the United States". The excursion was led by George W. Melville , accompanied by William Dunbar, William Nindemann, Hans Erichsen, Walter Sharvell and James Bartlett. They landed on June 2 or 3, constructed a cairn, and placed inside it a record of their visit. During

242-769: The conglomerates range from sub-angular to rounded and are composed of schist , granites , quartz , and volcanic rocks. In the northern clifts of Henrietta Island, a bed of basaltic andesite occurs within this set of strata. It conformably overlies the Ediacaran strata. The upper set of Cambrian strata consists of about 140 m (459 ft) of medium- to coarse-grained quartzose sandstone. The sandstone contains beds of quartz conglomerates and subordinate beds of siltstones. Sandstones exhibit parallel and planar-lamination with occasional ripple marks. Thick beds of Upper Cambrian basalt and andesitic basalt unconformably overlie these beds. The intensity of tectonic deformation varies across

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264-472: The core of the older house. From 1854 until 1885 the house was owned by the orientalist John Watson Laidlay and he lived here with his family including Johnny Laidlay . In 1907 the house was gutted by fire, killing the owner, Andrew Laidlay. Although plans were drawn up by Robert Lorimer for its restoration in 1911 these were never carried out. The exterior survives almost complete with gables, turrets and bartizans. The outbuildings were later purchased by

286-406: The face of the rock are the only signs of game. A little moss, some grass, and a handful of rock were brought back as trophies. The cliffs are inaccessible, because of their steepness." Seacliff Seacliff comprises a beach, an estate and a harbour. It lies 4 miles (6 kilometres) east of North Berwick , East Lothian , Scotland . The beach and estate command a strategic position at

308-443: The island. The most intense deformation, folding and thrusting, occurs in the southwest part of Henrietta Island. In contrast, the strata are monoclinal with gently dipping beds in the south, east, and north of the island. The Ediacaran and Cambrian strata have been intruded by numerous sills and dikes of basalt and porphyritic diorite . American explorer and US Navy lieutenant commander George W. De Long set out in 1879 aboard

330-513: The last significant geographical discovery on the globe. On 3 September 1913 (22 August 1913 in the Julian calendar used by Russia at the time), members of the expedition landed on what is now known as Cape Berg on present day October Revolution Island . They raised the Russian flag on the shore and named the new territory Emperor Nicholas II Land , (Russian: Zemlya Imperatora Nikolaya II ), after Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, charting only parts of

352-570: The mouth of the Firth of Forth , and control of the area has been contested through the ages. The beach and estate were used as a staging post for various raids on nearby Tantallon Castle from the 14th to the 17th century. Troops were also stationed here to prevent landings by the French during the Napoleonic Wars in 1798. Before bloodshed touched the area, the 8th century Christian missionary Saint Baldred

374-475: The northern waters of Siberia from East to West. This expedition completed the cartography and description of the Northern coast of Eastern Siberia and its many islands. It also gathered a large quantity of data on currents, ice conditions, climate, and magnetic phenomena. In 1913 the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean discovered the large Emperor Nicholas II Land —now Severnaya Zemlya (Northern Land),

396-634: The purpose of the development of the Northern Sea Route . This expedition accomplished its goal of exploring the uncharted areas of the continental side of the Northern Sea Route in what was seen as the culmination of the Great Northern Expedition , an ambitious enterprise initially conceived by emperor Peter I the Great to map the whole of the northern coast of Russia to the east. Two icebreaking steamers Vaigach and Taimyr were used for

418-402: The underlying basalt plateau. Henrietta Island consists of unmetamorphosed, folded and faulted Ediacaran and Middle-Upper Cambrian volcaniclastic sedimentary strata and Upper Cambrian basalt . The Ediacaran strata consist of about 150 m (492 ft) of volcaniclastic turbidite beds with subordinate beds of tuffaceous breccias and dacitic tuffs . They are similar to

440-540: The venture. The plan of the expedition was developed with the active participation of A.V. Kolchak and F. A. Matisen . The 32 man expedition was headed by Boris A. Vilkitsky and was staffed with military seamen and hydrographers , such as Konstantin Neupokoev . The biological and geological collections were performed by military doctors L. M. Starokadomsky on icebreaker "Taimyr" and E. E. Arnold on icebreaker "Vaygach". The Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition moved along

462-650: The volcaniclastic rocks observed on Jeanette Island. These turbidites are mainly fine-grained, grading from siltstones at their base to mudstones at their top. Rare beds of pebbly breccias with a sandy matrix occur at the base of the coarser turbidites. Their pebbles are composed of volcanic rocks. These strata contain several meters of red tuffs and synsedimentary slump structures . The Cambrian strata consists of two sets of sedimentary strata. The lower set of strata consists of about 160 m (525 ft) of parallel-laminated sandstones and siltstone with beds of polymictic conglomerates , The cobbles and pebbles of

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484-415: Was based in nearby Scoughall , and several features of the area have been named after him, such as "Ghegan Rock" (Churchman's Haven). In quieter times, the ownership of the estate has changed hands on several occasions. Seacliff House was built in 1750 by Robert Colt. It was later bought by George Sligo who in 1841 employed the famous Scottish architect David Bryce to build a new house in baronial style on

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