32-488: See List of species Hedylidae , the "American moth-butterflies", is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera , representing the superfamily Hedyloidea . They have traditionally been viewed as an extant sister group of the butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea , but a 2014 phylogenetic analysis has suggested Hedylidae is a subgroup of Papilionoidea , and not a sister group, and are more accurately referred to as butterflies rather than moths. They are represented by
64-464: A cryptic effect that helps the butterflies blend into their surroundings. Rafinesque introduced the name Nymphalia as a subfamily name in diurnal Lepidoptera. Rafinesque did not include Nymphalis among the listed genera, but Nymphalis was unequivocally implied in the formation of the name (Code Article 11.7.1.1). The attribution of the Nymphalidae to Rafinesque has now been widely adopted. In
96-447: A bird dropping. This list of species is largely based on phenetic characters. The life history of Macrosoma heliconiaria was originally described from plants of Byttneria aculeata in Mexico . This was a historical breakthrough into the biology of hedylids. In this study, Kendall commented notably "I thought the larvae might represent a satyr species, but when the first larva pupated I
128-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
160-408: A single Neotropical genus Macrosoma with 35 currently recognized species. Hedylidae were previously treated as a tribe of Geometridae : Oenochrominae, the "Hedylicae". Prout considered they might even merit treatment as their own family. Scoble first considered them to be a hitherto unrecognised group of butterflies and also suggested Hedylidae might possibly constitute the sister group of
192-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
224-415: Is often at a curious angle, with the thorax tilted and the posterior edge of the hindwings nearly touching the substrate (Scoble, 1986). The larvae which lack the prominent horns in the first instar tend to rest on the midrib of the leaf and often skeletonise leaves or at either side produce an untidy patchwork of holes. The elegant pupa is attached by a cremaster and silken girdle and sometimes resembles
256-480: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
288-456: Is the use of only four legs; the reason their forelegs have become vestigial is not yet completely clear. Some suggest the forelegs are used to amplify the sense of smell, because some species possess a brush-like set of soft hair called setae , which has led researchers to believe the forelegs are used to improve signaling and communication between the species, while standing in the other four. This ability proves useful in terms of reproduction and
320-459: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Nymphalidae and see text The Nymphalidae are
352-550: The Amazon from southern Peru (where there are a full 26 species, up to 12 at a single site: to central Bolivia and southwestern Brazil ). In the Caribbean , they also occur in Cuba , Jamaica , and Trinidad . Hedylids are attracted to artificial lights , but occasionally some species can be found flying by day. Thus, they may be involved in some mimicry complexes with Ithomiinae (e.g.
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#1732852260196384-536: The atrophy of the forelegs is considerable, e.g., the Danainae and Satyrinae . In many of the forms of these subfamilies, the forelegs are kept pressed against the underside of the thorax , and are in the male often very inconspicuous. The phylogeny of the Nymphalidae is complex. Several taxa are of unclear position, reflecting the fact that some subfamilies were formerly well-recognized as distinct families due to insufficient study. The five main clades within
416-652: The eurosid I order Malpighiales , families Euphorbiaceae ( Croton ), and Malpighiaceae ( Byrsonima ), the eurosid II orders Sapindales , family Rutaceae ( Zanthoxylum ) and more commonly Malvales , family Malvaceae , tribes : Bombacoideae ( Ochroma ), Malvoideae ( Hampea and also Hibiscus , Byttnerioideae ( Byttneria aculeata , Theobroma ) and Grewioideae ( Luehea ). The "green lizard caterpillar" Macrosoma tipulata attacks an economically important local fruit tree "Cupuaçu" ( Theobroma grandiflorum ) in Brazil and can defoliate saplings;
448-416: The "true" butterflies ( Papilionoidea ), rather than of ( Hesperioidea + Papilionoidea). Weintraub and Miller argued against this placement (but see). In 1995, Weller and Pashley found that molecular data did indeed place Hedylidae with the butterflies and a more comprehensive study in 2005 based on 57 exemplar taxa , three genes and 99 morphological characters, recovered the genus Macrosoma as sister to
480-590: The ("Papilionoidea" + Hesperioidea). However, the most recent phylogenetic analyses shows that skippers are true butterflies and therefore within the clade Papilionoidea, whereas the hedylids are a sister group that may be closely related to the obtectomeran moths. This is contrary to some earlier studies that had shown both the skippers and hedylids as being nested within the Papilionoidea. Since there are no obvious gaps between supposed species groups, according to basic morphological structure, Scoble (1986) synonymised
512-437: The adult butterflies, the first pair of legs is small or reduced, giving the family the other names of four-footed or brush-footed butterflies. The caterpillars are hairy or spiky with projections on the head, and the chrysalids have shiny spots. The forewings have the submedial vein (vein 1) unbranched and in one subfamily forked near the base; the medial vein has three branches, veins 2, 3, and 4; veins 5 and 6 arise from
544-603: The biology of this species has been studied and illustrated in some detail. The larva of this species lives about 15 days in 5 instars, the pupal stage lasts about 7 days and the adult lives about 10 days. M. tipulata and many other species can be found as adults through most of the year. A few species have been sequenced for the mitochondrial genes "cytochrome oxidase I", and "ND1" and nuclear genes "Wingless" and "Ef-1?", including Macrosoma semiermis . Some species are currently being barcoded . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
576-508: The case of M. tipulata they are more barrel-shaped, like certain Nymphalidae . The larvae resemble (probably convergently ) those of Apaturinae . Adult hedylids resemble geometer moths. They share many morphological and genetic characteristics with both the superfamilies Papilionoidea and the Hesperioidea . The abdomen is very long and slim, like many Neotropical butterflies of
608-437: The family are: The libytheine clade ( basal ) The danaine clade ( basal ) The satyrine clade The heliconiine clade ( sister group of the nymphaline clade, excludes former tribes Biblidini and Cyrestini , and tribes Pseudergolini and Coeini) The nymphaline clade ( sister group of the heliconiine clade, also includes tribes Coeini and Pseudergolini ) The trait for which these butterflies are most known
640-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
672-520: The female only of Macrosoma lucivittata ). A few species are white and resemble pierid butterflies (e.g. Macrosoma napiaria ). Based on a study of Macrosoma heliconiaria , it has been found that hedylids have tympanic organs on their forewings for hearing apparently homologous to the "Vogel's organ" in some Papilionoidea that would help them evade bats at night. They have been shown to exhibit typical moth evasive behaviour towards bats such as erratic spiralling movements and dives. The resting posture
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#1732852260196704-883: The five pre-existing genera of Hedylidae (33 of which had been described in Phellinodes ) into the single genus Macrosoma . However, a phylogenetic analysis of all Macrosoma species is still needed. In zoological nomenclature , numerous junior homonyms of Macrosoma (Hübner, 1818) exist, ( Macrosoma Leach 1819 (a reptile ), Macrosoma de Haan 1826 ( Odonata ), Macrosoma Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (Diptera: Muscidae ), Macrosoma Brandt 1835 ( Coelenterata ), Macrosoma Hope 1837 ( Coleoptera ), Macrosoma Lioy 1864 or 1865 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae ), Macrosoma Hammer 1979 ( Acarina : Oribatidae). To add to this potential confusion in lists of names, there exist two junior homonyms of Hedyle Guenée, 1857: Hedyle Bergh, 1895 ( Opisthobranchia , "Acochlidioidea", Hedylopsidae ; currently placed in
736-426: The fore, open in the hindwing. The dorsal margin of the hindwing is channelled to receive the abdomen in many of the forms. The antennae always have two grooves on the underside; the club is variable in shape. Throughout the family, the front pair of legs in the male, and with three exceptions ( Libythea , Pseudergolis , and Calinaga ) in the female also, is reduced in size and functionally impotent; in some,
768-455: The genus Hedylopsis Thiele, 1931), and Hedyle Malmgren 1865 (a polychaete worm). The sea slug family name "Hedylidae Bergh, 1895" (type species Hedyle weberi Bergh, 1895) is thus also invalid. The eggs of hedylid moths have an upright configuration and are variable in shape: in Macrosoma inermis they are particularly narrow and spindle-shaped, resembling those of some Pieridae , and in
800-441: The largest family of butterflies , with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea , they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a reduced pair of forelegs and many hold their colourful wings flat when resting. They are also called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies , because they are known to stand on only four legs while
832-434: The other two are curled up; in some species, these forelegs have a brush-like set of hairs, which gives this family its other common name. Many species are brightly coloured and include popular species such as the emperors , monarch butterfly , admirals , tortoiseshells , and fritillaries . However, the under wings are, in contrast, often dull and in some species look remarkably like dead leaves, or are much paler, producing
864-433: The points of junction of the discocellulars; the subcostal vein and its continuation beyond the apex of cell, vein 7, has never more than four branches, veins 8–11; 8 and 9 always arise from vein 7, 10, and 11 sometimes from vein 7 but more often free, i.e., given off by the subcostal vein before apex of the cell. The hindwings have internal (1a) and precostal veins. The cell in both wings is closed or open, often closed in
896-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
928-471: The subfamilies Ithomiinae and Heliconiinae , hence the name of one Macrosoma species " heliconiaria ". Unlike other butterflies, however, the antennae are un- clubbed , but rather filiform or bipectinate . Unlike the family Geometridae , in which they had been placed by the geometer expert L.B.Prout, hedylids lack tympanic organs at the base of the abdomen, but have them on the wings (see under Behaviour ). Unlike other butterflies, however (except
960-662: The unique case of the remarkable Australian skipper butterfly Euschemon rafflesia , whose males possess these structures), the single-spined frenulum and retinaculum are not lost or reduced in males, except in three Macrosoma species where there is no functional wing coupling system. The retinaculum is always lost in females, and the frenulum may be vestigial . The family have been fully catalogued and illustrated in an identification guide. Hedylidae range in North America south from central Mexico and in South America through
992-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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1024-591: Was sure it was a pierid. The first adult emerged as a complete surprise. The pupa...is secured by girdle and cremaster, not unlike a pierid". Macrosoma cascaria was later also reared on this plant in Panama . More life histories are now known. From these data, known host plants span a wide range of (according to the APG II system ) rosid dicotyledonous plants, including the rosid order Myrtales family Melastomataceae ( genera Miconia , Conostegia , and Ossaea ),
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