10-457: Top right: Calinaga buddha Below left: Myscelia cyaniris Below right: Episcada apuleia The superfamily Papilionoidea (from the genus Papilio , meaning "butterfly") contains all the butterflies except for the moth-like Hedyloidea . The members of the Papilionoidea may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest
20-431: A small diffuse spot at bases of interspaces 4 and 5; a discal transverse series of elongate spots from interspace 2 to costa , becoming slender streaks in interspaces 9 and 10; and a postdiscal series of more rounded spots, minute in interspaces 7 and 8. The elongate white mark in interspace 1 traversed by a slender black streak. Hindwing with the following similar while markings: The dorsal margin broadly up to vein 1;
30-902: A strongly supported clade with the Charaxinae as sister group. The fossil genus Lithopsyche is apparently a Papilionoidea incertae sedis , which has long been mistaken for a geometer moth of the Boarmiini . It is variously placed in the Lycaenidae or Riodinidae. A similar fossil, Lithodryas , is more firmly assigned to the Lycaenidae, but might belong to the Nymphalidae. Riodinella , yet another prehistoric genus, also seems to belong here, but its relationships are quite obscure, indeed. However, these fossils – all found in Eocene deposits dating roughly between 50 and 25 million years ago – suggest
40-518: Is found in Yunnan , China and Assam India, and the subspecies C. b. formosana Fruhstorfer , 1908 is found in Taiwan . The upperside ground colour is fuliginous (sooty) black with the veins prominently black. Forewings and hindwings with the following white markings, sometimes slightly tinged with cream colour. Forewing: basal half of cell; a transverse spot at its apex; basal two-thirds of interspace 1
50-401: The basal half of interspace 1; nearly the whole of the discoidal cell; spots at base of interspaces 4, 5, 6, and 7; an upper discal transverse series of four elongate spots, and a postdiscal similar series of more rounded smaller spots. Underside: forewing pale fuliginous black; white markings as on the upperside, but larger, more diffuse. Hindwing: ground colour ochraceous; white markings as on
60-471: The latest Mesozoic or early Paleogene , while the extant families emerged around the early Eocene onwards. Calinaga buddha Calinaga buddha , the freak , is a species of butterfly in the Nymphalidae family , Calinaginae subfamily . It is found from Muree, Punjab , Pakistan to Assam , India and from Sikkim , India to north Myanmar . The subspecies C. b. brahma Butler , 1885
70-509: The radiation of the Papilionoidea into the present-day families took place during that epoch. Prodryas , from the end of the Eocene, can be quite robustly assigned to the Nymphalidae, and is quite likely a member of the Nymphalini . Oligocene fossils of Papilionoidea are usually assignable to an extant family without problems. Taken together, these fossils place the origin of the Papilionoidea in
80-529: The traditionally circumscribed Papilionoidea are a paraphyletic group, and that skippers (family Hesperiidae ) and Neotropical moth-like butterflies (family Hedylidae ) are true butterflies that should be included within the Papilionoidea superfamily to reflect cladistic relationships. The six well-supported families of Papilionoidea are: Of the subfamilies of Nymphalidae, only the Morphinae and Satyrinae are possibly paraphyletic, but these two subfamilies form
90-479: The underside of leaves of the host plant. The first instar larvae feed from the tip of the leaves without eating the midrib. The tiny larva uses the tip of the uneaten midrib for resting. The larvae from second to fourth instar make a refuge by cutting and folding one side of the leaf, while the last instar larvae elaborate a tubular refuge by spinning silk. Glossary of entomology terms#discoidal cell This glossary of entomology describes terms used in
100-446: The upperside, but interspaces 1 a and 1 strongly tinged with ochraceous; discal and postdiscal series of six, not four, spots each; veins chestnut-brown. Antenna , head, thorax posteriorly and abdomen black; pronotum and mesonotum anteriorly and on the sides with crimson pubescence; beneath, antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black. Morus australis Poir. is a host plant for C. buddha . The female lays isolated eggs on
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