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29-459: Hartog Plate or Dirk Hartog's Plate is either of two pewter plates, although primarily the first, which were left on Dirk Hartog Island on the western coast of Australia before European settlement there. The first plate, left in 1616 by Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog , is the oldest-known artefact of European exploration in Australia still in existence. A replacement, which includes the text of

58-536: A bronze plaque to mark the tricentennial of Vlamingh's visit. The lighthouse and plaques are located at 25°28′55″S 112°58′19″E  /  25.48194°S 112.97194°E  / -25.48194; 112.97194 . Pewter Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East . The earliest known piece of pewter was found in an Egyptian tomb, c.  1450 BC , but it

87-446: A higher percentage of tin, usually 97.5% tin, 1% copper, and 1.5% antimony. This makes the alloy slightly softer. The term Mexican pewter is used for any of various alloys of aluminium that are used for decorative items. Pewter is also used to imitate platinum in costume jewelry. Pewter, being a softer material, can be manipulated in various ways such as being cast , hammered, turned , spun and engraved . Given that pewter

116-634: Is hier aengecomen het schip de GEELVINK voor Amsterdam, den Comander ent schipper, Willem de Vlamingh van Vlielandt, Adsistent Joannes van Bremen, van Coppenhagen; Opperstvierman Michil Bloem vant Sticgt, van Bremen De Hoecker de NYPTANGH, schipper Gerrit Colaart van Amsterdam; Adsistent Theodorus Heirmans van dito Opperstierman Gerrit Gerritsen van Bremen, 't Galjoot t' WESELTJE, Gezaghebber Cornelis de Vlamingh van Vlielandt; Stvierman Coert Gerritsen van Bremen, en van hier gezeilt met onse vlot den voorts net Zvydtland verder te ondersoecken en gedestineert voor Batavia . Translated into English: On

145-479: Is soft at room temperature, a pewter bell does not ring clearly. Cooling it in liquid nitrogen hardens it and enables it to ring, but also makes it more brittle. . Louis de Freycinet Louis Claude de Saulces de Freycinet (7 August 1779 – 18 August 1841) was a French Navy officer. He circumnavigated the Earth, and in 1811 published the first map to show a full outline of the coastline of Australia . He

174-603: Is unlikely that this was the first use of the material. Pewter was used for decorative metal items and tableware in ancient times by the Egyptians and later the Romans, and came into extensive use in Europe from the Middle Ages until the various developments in pottery and glass-making during the 18th and 19th centuries. Pewter was the chief material for producing plates, cups, and bowls until

203-621: The Falkland Islands , the plate and other materials from the voyage were later transferred to another ship and taken to France, where the plate was presented to the Académie Française in Paris. After being lost for more than a century, the Vlamingh plate was rediscovered in 1940 on the bottom shelf of a small room, mixed up with old copper engraving plates. In recognition of Australian losses in

232-526: The United States Figure Skating Championships , award pewter medals to fourth-place finishers. In antiquity, pewter was tin alloyed with lead and sometimes also copper . Older pewters with higher lead content are heavier, tarnish faster, and their oxidation has a darker, silver-gray color. Pewters containing lead are no longer used in items that will come in contact with the human body (such as cups, plates, or jewelry), due to

261-508: The Uranie , French explorer Louis de Freycinet , who had been an officer in Hamelin's 1801 crew, sent a boat ashore to recover Vlamingh's plate and substituted a lead plate, which has never been found. His wife Rose de Freycinet , who was on board, having stowed away with her husband's assistance, recorded the event in what was in effect a diary of her circumnavigation. After the Uranie was wrecked in

290-613: The 12th, to explore the South Land, and afterwards bound for Batavia . In 1801, the French captain of the Naturaliste , Jacques Félix Emmanuel Hamelin , second-in-command of an expedition led by Nicolas Baudin in the Geographe entered Shark Bay and sent a party ashore. The party found Vlamingh's plate, even though it was half buried in the sand, as the post had rotted away with the ravages of

319-558: The 25th October, arrived here the ship Eendracht of Amsterdam; the upper merchant, Gilles Mibais of Luyck; Captain Dirk Hartog of Amsterdam; the 27th ditto set sail for Bantam ; undermerchant Jan Stein, upper steersman, Pieter Doekes from Bil, A[nn]o 1616. Eighty-one years later, in 1697, the Dutch sea captain Willem de Vlamingh also reached the island and discovered Hartog's pewter dish with

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348-630: The 4th of February, 1697, arrived here the ship GEELVINCK, of Amsterdam; Commandant Wilhelm de Vlamingh, of Vlielandt; assistant, Jan van Bremen, of Copenhagen; first pilot, Michiel Bloem van Estight, of Bremen. The hooker, the NYPTANGH, Captain Gerrit Collaert, of Amsterdam, Assistant Theodorus Heermans, of the same place; first pilot, Gerrit Gerritz, of Bremen; then the galliot WESELTJE, Commander Cornelis de Vlaming, of Vlielandt; Pilot Coert Gerritz, from Bremen. Sailed from here with our fleet on

377-508: The French Navy as a midshipman, and took in several engagements against the British . In 1800, Freycinet was appointed to an exploration expedition to Southern and South-Western coasts of Australia under Nicolas Baudin , on Naturaliste and Géographe . Freycinet's brother, Louis-Henri de Freycinet, was also part of the expedition. Between September 1802 and August 1803, Freycinet captained

406-503: The century, pewter alloys were often used as a base metal for silver-plated objects. In the late 19th century, pewter came back into fashion with the revival of medieval objects for decoration. New replicas of medieval pewter objects were created, and collected for decoration. Today, pewter is used in decorative objects, mainly collectible statuettes and figurines, game figures, aircraft and other models, (replica) coins, pendants, plated jewellery and so on. Certain athletic contests, such as

435-620: The defence of France during the two world wars, the plate was eventually returned to Australia in 1947 and is currently housed in the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle, Western Australia . Marking the location in 1938, the Commonwealth government commemorated Dirk Hartog's landing with a brass plaque. Just short of 60 years later, on 12 February 1997, the then-premier of Western Australia Richard Court unveiled

464-595: The end, Baudin and Freycinet managed to have their map of the Australian coastline published in 1811 , three years before Flinders published his. An inlet on the coast of Western Australia is called Freycinet Estuary . Cape Freycinet between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Naturaliste and the Freycinet Peninsula with Freycinet National Park in Tasmania also bear the explorer's name. In 1805, he returned to Paris, and

493-521: The fields of geography , ethnology , astronomy , terrestrial magnetism, meteorology , and for collecting specimens in natural history. Freycinet also managed to sneak his wife Rose de Freycinet aboard. For three years, Freycinet cruised about the Pacific, visiting Australia, the Mariana Islands , Hawaiian Islands , and other Pacific islands, South America , and other places, and, notwithstanding

522-483: The late 17th and 18th centuries, although the metal was also used for many other items including porringers (shallow bowls), plates, dishes, basins, spoons, measures, flagons, communion cups, teapots, sugar bowls, beer steins (tankards), and cream jugs. In the early 19th century, changes in fashion caused a decline in the use of pewter flatware. At the same time, production increased of both cast and spun pewter tea sets, whale-oil lamps, candlesticks, and so on. Later in

551-530: The loss of Uranie on the Falkland Islands during the return voyage, returned to France with fine collections in all departments of natural history, and with voluminous notes and drawings of the countries visited. The results of this voyage were published under Freycinet's supervision, with the title of Voyage autour du monde fait par ordre du Roi sur les corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820 , in 13 quarto volumes and 4 folio volumes of plates and maps. Freycinet

580-423: The making of porcelain . Mass production of pottery, porcelain and glass products have almost universally replaced pewter in daily life, although pewter artifacts continue to be produced, mainly as decorative or specialty items. Pewter was also used around East Asia . Although some items still exist, ancient Roman pewter is rare. Lidless mugs and lidded tankards may be the most familiar pewter artifacts from

609-576: The original and some new text, was left in 1697; the original dish was returned to the Netherlands, where it is now on display in the Rijksmuseum . Further additions at the site, in 1801 and 1818, led to the location being named Cape Inscription. Dirk Hartog was the first confirmed European to see Western Australia , reaching it in his ship the Eendracht . On 25 October 1616, he landed at Cape Inscription on

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638-538: The post almost rotted away. He removed it and replaced it with another plate which was attached to a new post. The new post was made of a cypress pine trunk taken from Rottnest Island . The original dish was returned to the Netherlands, where it is still kept in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam . De Vlamingh's replacement dish contains all of the text of Hartog's original plate as well as listing the senior crew of his own voyage. It concludes with: 1697. Den 4den Februaij

667-441: The schooner Casuarina , surveying the Australian coastline. He then transferred to Naturaliste , and returned to France in 1804. Matthew Flinders was being held captive by the French on Mauritius , thus many of his discoveries were revisited and unintendedly claimed by François Péron , and new names were given by this expedition. In 1824, it was remedied in the second edition of Voyage découvertes aux terres australes . In

696-459: The toxicity of lead . Modern pewters are available that are completely free of lead, although many pewters containing lead are still being produced for other purposes. A typical European casting alloy contains 94% tin, 1% copper and 5% antimony . A European pewter sheet would contain 92% tin, 2% copper, and 6% antimony. Asian pewter, produced mostly in Malaysia , Singapore , and Thailand , contains

725-596: The very northernmost tip of Dirk Hartog Island , in Shark Bay . Before departing, Hartog left behind a pewter dinner plate, nailed to a post and placed upright in a fissure on the cliff top. The plate bears the inscription: 1616, DEN 25 OCTOBER IS HIER AENGECOMEN HET SCHIP D EENDRACHT VAN AMSTERDAM, DEN OPPERKOPMAN GILLIS MIBAIS VAN LVICK SCHIPPER DIRCK HATICHS VAN AMSTERDAM DE 27 DITO TE SEIL GEGHM (sic) NA BANTAM DEN ONDERCOOPMAN JAN STINS OPPERSTVIERMAN PIETER DOEKES VAN BIL Ao 1616. Translated into English: 1616, on

754-402: The weather. When they took the plate to the ship, Hamelin ordered it to be returned, believing its removal would be tantamount to sacrilege. He also had a plate, or similar, of his own prepared and inscribed with details of his voyage (dating to 16 July 1801) and he had both erected at the Vlamingh site, even adding a small Dutch flag to the plaque. It was then named Cape Inscription. In 1818, in

783-434: Was born at Montélimar , Drôme . Louis-Claude de Saulces de Freycinet was his full name (many calling him Louis de Freycinet). His mother was Élisabeth-Antoinette-Catherine Armand . He had three brothers, Louis-Henri de Saulces de Freycinet, André-Charles de Saulces de Freycinet and the youngest, Frédéric-Casimir de Saulces de Freycinet (father of Charles de Freycinet ). Louis-Claude was the second oldest. In 1793 he joined

812-453: Was entrusted by the government with the work of preparing the maps and plans of the expedition. He also completed the narrative, and the whole work appeared under the title of Voyage de découvertes aux terres australes (Paris, 1807–1816). The plant genus Freycinetia ( Pandanaceae ) was named in his honor, as was the Hawaiian native tree/shrub Santalum freycinetianum . In 1817, he

841-508: Was given command of the French corvette Uranie (1811), especially reconfigured to a new exploration voyage. Uranie carried several members of the Navy scientific staff, notably marine hydrologist Louis Isidore Duperrey , artist Jacques Arago , and his junior draughtsman Adrien Taunay the Younger . Uranie sailed to Rio de Janeiro to take a series of pendulum measurements gather information in

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