54-580: Willem Hesselsz de Vlamingh (baptized 28 November 1640 – after 7 August 1702) was a Dutch sea captain who explored the central west coast of New Holland ( Australia ) in the late 17th century, where he landed in what is now Perth on the Swan River . The mission proved fruitless, but he charted parts of the continent's western coast. Willem de Vlamingh was born in Oost-Vlieland in the Dutch Republic . He
108-712: A 20-year project, the island was declared free of feral cats , goats and sheep, paving the way for the reintroduction of 11 native animals, most of which had disappeared following a century and a half of pastoral activity and predation. The "Return to 1616" environmental reconstruction project involves returning nine native species confirmed to have once been present on the island: the western barred bandicoot , burrowing bettong , Shark Bay mouse , greater stick-nest rat , western thick-billed grasswren , brush-trailed bettong , heath mouse , desert mouse , brush-tailed mulgara , dibbler and chuditch . Two additional mammal species that are thought likely to have once been present on
162-681: A Desart; no Fresh-water Rivers have been found, but some Salt-water Rivers, as also no Fourfooted Beasts , except one as great as a Dog, with long Ears, living in the Water as well as on the Land. Black Swans , Parrots , and many Sea-Cows were found there; as also a Lake, whose Water seemed to be Red, because of the Redness of the Bottom of it: and round along the Shore there was some Salt. Our People had seen but Twelve of
216-541: A copy of Hartog's inscription, and took the original plate home to Amsterdam , where it is still kept in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam . On 28 March 1772, Breton navigator Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn landed on the island and became the first European to formally take possession of Western Australia in the name of the French king Louis XV . That involved a ceremony on 30 March, during which one or more bottles were buried on
270-442: A few days on the southeast coast of New Holland before he is chased away by the natives. The American author Edgar Allan Poe used the name New Holland to refer to Australia in his prize-winning 1833 short story " MS. Found in a Bottle ": the hulk flew at a rate defying computation ... and we must have run down the coast of New Holland. In 1851, Herman Melville wrote, in a chapter of his novel Moby-Dick entitled "Does
324-474: A second voyage, in 1694, he was asked, on request of Nicolaes Witsen , to mount an expedition to search for the Ridderschap van Holland , a VOC capital ship that was lost with 325 passengers and crew on its way to Batavia in 1694. VOC officials believed it might have run aground on the western coast of Australia. In 1696, de Vlamingh commanded the rescue mission to Australia's west coast to look for survivors of
378-547: Is approximately 850 kilometres (530 miles) north of Perth . Known as Wirrumana by the traditional custodians of the island, the Malgana people , the island is named after Dirk Hartog , a Dutch sea captain, whose ship first encountered the Western Australian coastline in 1616, close to the 26th parallel south latitude, which runs through the island. After leaving the island, Hartog continued his voyage north-east along
432-454: Is located at the channel known as South Passage 26°07′55″S 113°09′31″E / 26.13194°S 113.15861°E / -26.13194; 113.15861 across from Steep Point on its south west side. The island consists mostly of scrub-covered sand dunes . At times it has been used as a sheep station and supported 20,000 head of sheep at one stage. The island is now Dirk Hartog Island National Park and sheep have been removed. To
486-526: Is requisite that the whole body should have one general name, since it is now known (if there is no great error in the Dutch part) that it is certainly all one land, so I judge, that one less exceptionable to all parties and on all accounts cannot be found than that now applied. His suggestion was initially rejected, but the new name was approved by the British government in 1824. The western boundary of New South Wales
540-435: Is very attractive, and where it seems to me that nature has denied nothing to make it pleasurable beyond all islands I have ever seen, being very well provided for man's well-being, with timber, stone, and lime for building him houses, only lacking ploughmen to fill these fine plains. There is plentiful salt, and the coast is full of fish. Birds make themselves heard with pleasant song in these scented groves. So I believe that of
594-596: The Ridderschap van Holland that had gone missing two years earlier, and had admiral Sir James Couper on board. There were three ships under his command: the frigate Geelvink , captained by de Vlamingh himself; the Nijptang , under Captain Gerrit Collaert; and the galiot Weseltje , under Captain Cornelis de Vlamingh, son of Willem de Vlamingh. The expedition departed Texel 'strictly incognito' on 3 May 1696 and, because of
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#1732855551888648-539: The Dutch East Indies . On their way east they checked Île Saint-Paul and Île Amsterdam , but no wreckage or survivors were found. On 5 December they sailed on. On 29 December 1696, de Vlamingh's party landed on Rottnest Island . He saw numerous quokkas (a native marsupial), and thinking they were large rats he named it ' t Eylandt 't Rottenest ("Rats' Nest Island"). He afterwards wrote of it in his journal: "I had great pleasure in admiring this island, which
702-759: The Natives , all as black as Pitch , and stark naked, so terrified, that it was impossible to bring them to Conversation, or a Meeting: They lodge themselves as the Hottentots , in Pavilions of Small Branches of Trees. By Night our People saw Fires all over the Country; but when they drew near, the Natives were fled. The Coast is very low, but the Country far from the Sea is high. Upon the Island near
756-631: The Nine Years' War with France, sailed around the coast of Scotland to Tristan da Cunha . In early September the three ships arrived at Cape of Good Hope, where they stayed for seven weeks because of scurvy among the crew. There, Cornelis de Vlamingh took command after Laurens T. Zeeman died. On 27 October, they left using the Brouwer Route on the Indian Ocean route from the African Cape of Good Hope to
810-736: The Uranie , captained by French explorer Louis de Freycinet , who had been an officer in Hamelin's 1801 crew, sent a boat ashore to recover de Vlamingh's plate. It eventually arrived in Paris, only to be lost for over a century. It was found in 1940 and returned to Australia in 1947, where it can now be seen in the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle, Western Australia . In 1869, Francis Louis von Bibra (son of Franz Ludwig von Bibra )
864-553: The emu , Dromaius novaehollandiae . Dutch politician and cartographer Nicolaes Witsen describes the south west Australian coast in a detailed description in a letter titled "Some late observations of New Holland" written to English naturalist Martin Lister , dated from 3 October 1698: On this Voyage nothing hath been discovered which can be any way serviceable to the Company. The Soil of this Country hath been found very barren , and as
918-505: The endemic subspecies of the white-winged fairy-wren . Quoin Bluff , mid-way along the eastern side of the island, holds an important pied cormorant nesting colony which, along with Freycinet Island some 80 km (50 mi) to the south-east, forms the Quoin Bluff and Freycinet Island Important Bird Area , identified as such by BirdLife International . In October 2018, at the end of
972-528: The 5th century, under the theory of "balancing hemispheres". Lieutenant James Cook , captain of HMS Endeavour , claimed the eastern portion of the Australian continent for the British Crown in 1770, naming it New South Wales . The British settlement of Sydney as a colony in 1788 prompted Britain to formally claim the east coast as New South Wales, leading to a search for a new collective name. New Holland
1026-472: The Fowls were not to be found. There was great Store of Oysters, Lobsters, and Crabs; and also strange sorts of Fish. There were also Millions of Flies, very much troubling Men. They saw a great many Footsteps of Men and Children, but all of an ordinary bigness. The Coast is very foul and full of Rocks. In Gulliver's Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift , the title character, travelling from Houyhnhnms Land, spends
1080-518: The French anywhere he was to land troops, to signify to them that "the whole of New Holland is subject to His Britannic Majesty's Government." In 1828 a further settlement was made, this time on the Swan River, and the name Swan River Colony was soon the term used to refer to the whole western part of the continent. The name New Holland was still invoked as the name for the whole continent when Charles Fremantle on 9 May 1829 took formal possession in
1134-491: The Great South Land, by which it was distinguished even by the Dutch during the 17th century; for it appears that it was not until some time after Tasman's second voyage that the name New Holland was first applied, and then it was long before it displaced T’Zuydt Landt in the charts, and could not extend to what was not yet known to have existence; New South Wales, therefore, ought to remain distinct from New Holland; but as it
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#17328555518881188-622: The Swan River ( Zwaanenrivier in Dutch) after the large number they observed there. The crew split into three parties, hoping to catch an Aboriginal , but about five days later they gave up their quest to catch a "South lander". On 22 January, they sailed through the Geelvink Channel . The next days they saw ten naked, black people. On 24 January they passed Red Bluff. Near Wittecarra they went looking for fresh water. On 4 February 1697, he landed at Dirk Hartog Island , Western Australia, and replaced
1242-561: The Whale's Magnitude Diminish? – Will He Perish?": ... may the great whale outlast all hunting, since he has a pasture to expatiate in, which is precisely twice as large as all Asia, both Americas, Europe and Africa, New Holland, and all the Isles of the sea combined. In 1854, another American writer, Henry David Thoreau , used the term New Holland (referring to the territory of the "wild" indigenous Australians ) in his book Walden; or, Life in
1296-790: The Woods , in which he writes: So, we are told, the New Hollander goes naked with impunity, while the European shivers in his clothes. Dirk Hartog Island Dirk Hartog Island is an island off the Gascoyne coast of Western Australia , within the Shark Bay World Heritage Area. It is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and between 3 and 15 kilometres (2 and 9 miles) wide and is Western Australia's largest and westernmost island. It covers an area of 620 square kilometres (240 square miles) and
1350-573: The coast have been seen Rats as great as Cats, in an innumerable Quantity; all which had a kind of Bag or Purse hanging from the Throat upon the Brest downwards. There were found many well-smelling Trees, and out of their Wood is to be drawn Oyl smelling as a Rose, but for the rest they were small and miserable Trees . There were also found some Birds nests of prodigious greatness, so that Six Men could not, by stretching out their Arms, encompass One of them; but
1404-417: The coast of New Holland, led by Nicolas Baudin . The Baudin expedition was intended to be a voyage of discovery that would further scientific knowledge and perhaps eclipse the achievements of James Cook . Many Western Australian places still have French names today from Baudin's expedition: for example, Peron Peninsula , Depuch Island , Boullanger Island and Faure Island . After British colonisation,
1458-430: The coast, giving the Australian mainland one of its earliest known names, Eendrachtsland , which he named after his ship Eendracht , meaning "concord". The island is now the site of a major environmental reconstruction project, Return to 1616 , that has seen all introduced livestock and feral animals removed, and eleven native species in various stages of reintroduction. The first Europeans known to have sighted
1512-513: The commission to Governor Phillip the boundary was defined as the 135th meridian east longitude ( 135° east ) ( map from 25 April 1787 ), taking the line from Melchisédech Thévenot 's chart, Hollandia Nova—Terre Australe , published in Relations de Divers Voyages Curieux (Paris, 1663). The term New Holland was more often used to refer only to that part of the continent that had not yet been annexed to New South Wales; namely it referred to
1566-526: The east it is bounded by the Shark Bay Marine Park , and it is part of Shark Bay World Heritage Area . A small area is leased to the Wardle family who runs it as a tourism destination. The region is widely used for recreational fishing. Dirk Hartog Island is an important nesting site for loggerhead sea turtle , with green turtles and loggerhead turtles both nesting on the beaches. It is also home for
1620-566: The island were the crew of the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) ship Eendracht , captained by Hartog, on 25 October 1616, during a voyage from Cape Town to Batavia (now Jakarta ). The date, and the names of the senior people on the vessel, were inscribed on a pewter plate and nailed to a post. In 1697, Dutch captain Willem de Vlamingh landed on the island and found Hartog's plate . He replaced it with one of his own, which included
1674-648: The island, the rufous hare-wallaby and banded hare-wallaby , are also included in the faunal reconstruction, and were the first to be returned following the eradication of feral cats in September 2017. The western barred bandicoot and the dibbler were returned in October 2019. The Shark Bay mouse and the greater stick-nest rat were reintroduced to the island in April and May 2021, respectively, with early monitoring suggesting ongoing survival. The western thick-billed grasswren
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1728-477: The island. One bottle was recorded as containing an annexation document and a coin. In 1998 a bottle cap made of lead with an écu coin set in it was found at Turtle Bay by a team led by Philippe Godard and Max Cramer. That triggered a broader search by a team from the Western Australian Museum, led by Myra Stanbury, with Bob Sheppard, Bob Creasy and Dr Michael McCarthy. On 1 April 1998, an intact bottle
1782-415: The journey, was disappointed the men had been more interested in setting up trade than in exploring. In 1699, William Dampier would explore the coast of Australia and New Guinea. New Holland (Australia) New Holland ( Dutch : Nieuw-Holland ) is a historical European name for mainland Australia , which was discovered by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon aboard Duyfken in 1606. The name
1836-506: The land, neither the Netherlands nor the Dutch East India Company claimed any territory in Australia as its own. Although many Dutch expeditions visited the coast during the 200 years after the first Dutch visit in 1606 , there was no lasting attempt at establishment of a permanent settlement. Most of the explorers of this period concluded that the apparent lack of water and fertile soil made
1890-400: The many people who seek to make themselves happy, there are many who would scorn the fortunes of our country for the choice of this one here, which would seem a paradise on earth". On 10 January 1697, he ventured up the Swan River . He and his crew are believed to have been the first Europeans to do so. They are also assumed to be the first Europeans to see black swans , and de Vlamingh named
1944-500: The name New Holland survived for many decades, used in atlases, literature and in common parlance. In the Netherlands, the continent continued to be called Nieuw Holland until about the end of the 19th century. The Dutch name today is Australië . One place where the name persists is in taxonomy . Many Australian species named in previous centuries have the specific name novaehollandiae or novae-hollandiae , for example
1998-455: The name New Holland was retained for several decades and the south polar continent continued to be called Terra Australis , sometimes shortened to Australia . However, in the 19th century, the colonial authorities gradually removed the Dutch name from the island continent and, instead of inventing a new name, they took the name Australia from the south polar continent, leaving a lacuna in continental nomenclature for eighty years. Even so,
2052-572: The name Australia or Terra Australis, which I have applied to the whole body of what has generally been called New Holland, must be submitted to the approbation of the Admiralty and the learned in geography. It seems to me an inconsistent thing that captain Cooks New South Wales should be absorbed in the New Holland of the Dutch, and therefore I have reverted to the original name Terra Australis or
2106-551: The name of King George IV of "all that part of New Holland which is not included within the territory of New South Wales." In 1832, the territory was officially renamed Western Australia . Even as late as 1837, in official correspondence between the British government in London and New South Wales, the term "New Holland" was still being used to refer to the continent as a whole. From 1800 to 1803, France conducted an expedition to map
2160-554: The pewter plate left by Dirk Hartog in 1616 with a new one that bore a record of both of the Dutch sea-captains' visits. The original plate is preserved in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. de Vlamingh, with his son and Collaert, commanded a return fleet from the Indies on 3 or 11 February 1698, which arrived in his hometown, Amsterdam, on 16 August. However, it is not certain that de Vlamingh
2214-469: The region unsuitable for colonisation. On 22 August 1770, after sailing north along Australia's east coast, James Cook claimed the entire "Eastern coast of New Holland" that he had just explored as British territory. Cook first named the land New Wales , but revised it to New South Wales . With the establishment of a settlement at Sydney in 1788, the British solidified its claim to the eastern part of Australia, now officially called New South Wales . In
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2268-529: The western and northern coast of Australia in 1644 by the Dutch seafarer Abel Tasman , best known for his discovery of Tasmania (called by him Van Diemen's Land ). The English Captain William Dampier used the name in his account of his two voyages there: the first arriving on 5 January 1688 and staying until 12 March; his second voyage of exploration to the region was made in 1699. Except for giving its name to
2322-407: The western portion of the continent. In 1804, the British navigator Matthew Flinders proposed the names Terra Australis or Australia for the whole continent, reserving "New Holland" for the western part of the continent. He continued to use Australia in his correspondence, while attempting to gather support for the term. Flinders explained in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks : The propriety of
2376-639: The wreck of the World War II German raider Kormoran had been found on the seabed about 150 kilometres (93 miles) west of the island. The northerly most point Cape Inscription is the location of the plates and the main lighthouse. The bay facing north next to Cape Inscription 25°28′S 112°58′E / 25.467°S 112.967°E / -25.467; 112.967 is known as Turtle Bay. The most south westerly point – Surf Point 26°07′26″S 113°10′46″E / 26.12389°S 113.17944°E / -26.12389; 113.17944 –
2430-463: Was baptised on 28 November 1640. In 1664, de Vlamingh sailed to Novaya Zemlya and discovered Jelmerland. In 1668, he married; his profession was skipper in whaling , and he still lived on the island Vlieland . In 1687, he and his wife sold their "apartment" in the Jordaan . De Vlamingh joined the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1688, and made his first voyage to Batavia in the same year. Following
2484-405: Was changed to 129° east in 1825 ( 16 July 1825 – map ). In 1826, to pre-empt a French settlement and claim to the territory, because of the importance of the route to New South Wales the British established the settlement of Albany in south-west New Holland. Governor Ralph Darling of New South Wales put Edmund Lockyer in command of the expedition and gave him the order that if he encountered
2538-504: Was first applied to Australia in 1644 by the Dutch seafarer Abel Tasman , and for a time came to be applied in most European maps to the vaunted "Southern land" or Terra Australis even after its coastline was finally explored. The continent of Antarctica , later named in the 1890s, was still in largely speculative form; it resumed the name Terra Australis (sometimes suffixed Non Cognita , lit. ' unknown ' ). Its existence had been speculated on in some maps since
2592-469: Was granted a lease to the island. Von Bibra grazed sheep there and traded guano from its bays. In 1907, the leasehold on the island was acquired from Messrs Moore and Meade by the Withnell brothers. It was regarded as an ideal place for a sheep station as there was no danger of rabbit invasion. In 1909, it was carrying a flock of about 12,000 sheep and produced approximately 400 bales of wool . The property
2646-525: Was never settled by the Dutch people, whose colonial forces and buoyant population had a settled preference for the Dutch Cape Colony , Dutch Guyana , the Dutch East Indies , Dutch Ceylon and the Dutch West Indies . New Holland continued to be used semi-officially and in popular usage as the name for the whole land mass until at least the mid-1850s. The name New Holland was first applied to
2700-501: Was returned in October 2022, with 85 birds translocated to the island from two distinct mainland populations at Shark Bay. Proof that dibblers were reproducing on the island was established in June 2021. By November 2022, all six reintroduced mammal species were described as breeding and establishing new territories on the island. One hundred brush-tailed mulgaras were reintroduced to the island from Matuwa Kurrara Kurrara National Park in
2754-451: Was still alive at that point, and burial records from Vlieland around this time do not exist. On an earlier retourship, de Vlamingh had sent Witsen a box with seashells, fruits and vegetation from New Holland (Australia) , as well as eleven drawings that Victor Victorsz had made on the expedition. De Vlamingh also included some black swans, but they died on the voyage. Witsen offered the drawings to Martin Lister . Witsen, who had invested in
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#17328555518882808-591: Was stocked with approximately 19,000 sheep. Perth Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Wardle purchased the island as a private retreat for his family in about 1969 and later retired there, becoming a semi-recluse with his wife. With the exception of the pastoral homestead, the island later returned to government ownership and became part of the Shark Bay Marine Park . The homestead is now run as an eco-tourism resort and maintained by Wardle's grandson, Kieran Wardle. On 16 March 2008, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced that
2862-560: Was then owned by John and James Withnell, the children of John and Emma Withnell who had been early settlers in the Pilbara . The brothers estimated the area of the island to be 156,000 acres (631 km ) and intended to increase the flock on the island to 25,000. By 1910 the flock size was 14,200. By 1919, the pastoral lease was put up for auction by the owner James Nicholas, who also owned Croydon and Peron Peninsula Stations. The station occupied an area of 153,000 acres (61,917 ha) and
2916-625: Was unearthed, with a lead cap identical to the one recovered earlier, and also with a coin set in it. No trace of an annexation document has yet been found. In 1801, the island was visited by the Naturaliste , under captain Emmanuel Hamelin , which was part of the Baudin expedition to Australia . They found de Vlamingh's plate almost buried in the sand, its post having rotted away. Hamelin ordered that it be re-erected in its original position. In 1818,
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