The Haridasa Bhakti Sahitya devotional movement ( sampradaya ) originated in Karnataka , India, after Madhvacharya , and spread to eastern states such as Bengal and Assam of medieval India. Over a span of nearly six centuries, several saints and mystics helped shape the culture, philosophy and art of South India in general and Karnataka in particular by exerting considerable spiritual influence over the masses and kingdoms that ruled South India.
41-570: This movement was ushered in by the Haridasas ( lit "servants of Lord Hari ") and took shape in the 13th century – 14th century CE period, prior to and during the early rule of the Vijayanagara Empire . The main objective of this movement was to propagate the Dvaita philosophy of Madhvacharya ( Madhva Siddhanta ) to the masses through a literary medium known as Dasa Sahitya ( lit "literature of
82-820: A framework for imparting formal training in the art form. The structure and lessons he formulated four centuries ago remain the foundation for all students of Carnatic music. Apart from Purandara Dasa, several later Haridasas' composed songs adhering to the same musical and philosophical traditions. Their compositions usually fell in one of the following categories: Padagalu (or Devaranama - devotional hymns), Kriti , Ugabhoga , Suladi , Vruttanama , Dandaka , Tripadi (three line poetry), Pattadi , Sangathya and Ragale (lyrical verses in blank verse). These forms of composition are still prevalent in South India and especially in Karnataka . Though these compositions usually adhere to
123-466: A significant contribution towards Kannada literature by spawning a whole corpus of devotional literature in the form of verses, hymns and musical compositions, popularizing the Dvaita philosophy postulated by Saint Madhvacharya. The literature that originated from this devotional movement is called Dasa Sahitya (or dasara padagalu - literature of the dasas ). These various compositions are generally called as Devaranamas (literally meaning names of
164-508: Is a major river in Western and South India . It flows southeast for 861 kilometres (535 mi) through Maharashtra , Karnataka , and Telangana states, before joining the Krishna River . After the first sixty-five kilometers in a narrow valley through rugged terrain, the banks open up and form a fertile agricultural area which is densely populated. The river is prone to drying up during
205-585: Is about 300 TMC in Maharashtra state. Nearly 30 barrages are constructed across the main Bhima river from the downstream of Ujjani dam in Maharashtra and Karnataka states to harness all the water available in the river in excess of Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal allocations. Bhima to Sina interlink (Jod Kalava) with 21 km tunnel from Ujjani reservoir is constructed to supply water for vast lands in catchment area of Sina tributary from main Bhima river. Most of
246-534: Is listed below: The Haridasa movement developed the Carnatic music tradition as a distinct art form from the Hindustani style there by heralding a renaissance in the world of Indian classical music . Purandara Dasa , one of the foremost of Haridasas' is known as the "Father of carnatic music" ( Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha ) for his invaluable contributions to this art form. He was a prolific composer. Historians propose
287-681: Is the Name (of the Lord); rare are those who, as Gurmukh , obtain it. (SGGS, Ang.1313) In the Varan Bhai Gurdas , an early explanation and interpretation of Sikh theology, Bhai Gurdas also associates the name "ਹਰਿ" (Hari) in the form of Hari Krishan in the Dwapur Yuga with the letter "ਹ" (h) in "ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ" (Waheguru). However, in the context of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib , the name "Hari" refers to
328-521: Is the last of the Western Ghat tributaries of the Bhima. Shirur Taluka stops at the Ghod River, and Shrigonda Taluka of Ahmednagar District continues on the left (northeast) side of the river. Downstream just 6 km from the Ghod River, is the city of Daund on the right (southwest) bank. Chandani , Kamini , Moshi , Bori , Sina , Man , Bhogavati River and Nira are the major tributaries of
369-450: Is well known that the great Vaishnava religious devotionalism called Dasa Kuta found its organizational base and started to produce large congregation of devotees in the Karnataka region, largely due to the Vedanta (philosophy) propounded in the 13th century by Madhvacharya of Udupi (1238 - 1317 CE). The Haridasas' who propagated the philosophy of Madhvacharya belonged to two groups;
410-653: The Alvar saints of Tamil Nadu (10th century). Later, Vallabhacharya in Gujarat and Guru Chaitanya were influenced by the teachings of Madhvacharya . Chaitanya's devotees started the International Society for Krishna Consciousness - known colloquially as the Hare Krishna Movement. The Haridasas were saints, some of whom were wandering bards, and considered themselves as slaves of their supreme lord - Hari. While
451-604: The Dasakuta , those who conveyed the philosophy of Madhvacharya in simple and lucid Kannada to the masses, and the Vyasakuta , those who were required to be proficient in the Vedas , Upanishads and other Darshana (scriptures). During this period, this movement became a strong spiritual force which helped a resurgence of a strong Hindu sentiment in Southern India, when Northern India
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#1732848871091492-416: The kavya style. Jagannathadasa, Vijaya Dasa and Gopaladasa etc., are more well known among a galaxy of composers who made rich contributions to Kannada literature. The compositions can be broadly classified under one of the following three types: Each Haridasa had a unique ankita nama , or pen-name, with which they 'signed' all their compositions. The pen names of some of the most well known Haridasas
533-633: The one monotheistic God of Sikhism , as similar to "Hari" is used in Vaishnavism for Parabrahman as well. However Sarabloh Granth and Dasam Granth call Krishna as Hari several times. Krishna creates several Krishna during his avatar during Ras Leela which is what Guru Ram Das mentioned in Adi Granth that Hari himself creates several Kanha for the Gopis and he himself becomes those Gopis. Bhima River The Bhima River (also known as Chandrabhaga River )
574-462: The 17th and 18th centuries in and around Raichur District . Some of the noted saints from this era were Guru Raghavendra , Vijaya Dasa , Gopala Dasa , Jagannatha Dasa , Prasanna Venkata Dasa, Pranesha Dasa, Venugopala Dasa also known as Panganama Timmanna Dasa , Mahipathi Dasa, Mohanna Dasa, Helevanakatte Giriamma and Harapanhalli Bhimavva. The history of the Haridasa movement from the 13th century to
615-634: The 650th name of Vishnu in the Vishnu Sahasranama of the Mahabharata and is considered to be of great significance in Vaishnavism . The Sanskrit word " हरि " (Hari) is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root "* ǵʰel- to shine; to flourish; green; yellow" which also gave rise to the Persian terms zar 'gold', Greek khloros 'green', Slavic zelen 'green' and zolto 'gold', as well as
656-603: The Bhima basin is 70,614 km . The population living along the banks of Bhima is approximately 12.33 million people (1990) with 30.90 million people expected by 2030. Seventy-five percent of the basin lies in the state of Maharashtra . There are twenty-two dams in the basin of Bhima River. The first dam is the Chas Kaman Dam in Khed Taluka , Pune district . The largest dam by capacity is Ujjani Dam , near Tembhurni, Solapur District. Total Water storage capacity of Bhima basin
697-637: The Bhima forms the boundary between Havali Taluka on the right (south) and Shirur Taluka on the left (north). From the Bhima's intersection to the Indrayani River , which also enters from the right, is 14 km along the river. At the confluence is the town of Tulapur on the right bank in Havali Taluka. The Bhima River, the Indrayani River and the Mula-Mutha River are the major tributaries of
738-736: The Bhima that drain western Pune. After the Indrayani, about 4 km downstream, the Dhomal River enters from the right, at the village of Wadhu Budruk. Shortly thereafter (3.5 km), the Bhima passes under the SH 60 bridge at the town of Koregaon Bhima . From Koregaon going east, downstream 16 km, is the confluence with the Vel River (Wel River) from the left (north) and the village of Vittalwadi . The Vel River also arises in Ambegaon Taluka, east of
779-577: The Bhima, and flows through Khed Taluka and into Shirur Taluka before flowing into the Bhima. With Vittalwadi on the left, the right side of the river leaves Haveli Taluka and enters Daund Taluka . From Vittalwadi the Bhima meanders northwest and 14 km after the Vel River enters from the left, the Kamania River (Kamina) enters from the left at the village of Parodi . After the Kamania River enters,
820-650: The Bhimashankar hills in khed Taluka on the western side of the Western Ghats , known as Sahyadri, in Pune District , Maharashtra state, at 19°04′03″N 073°33′00″E / 19.06750°N 73.55000°E / 19.06750; 73.55000 . It flows through Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary where it enters Khed Taluka and is soon joined by its tributary, the Aria River from the right (west) which flows into
861-799: The Chas Kaman Reservoir. Upstream on the Aria is the Rajgurunagar-Kalmodi Dam impounding the Kalmodi Reservoir. The Chas Kaman Reservoir is impounded by the Chas Kaman Dam, the most upstream dam on the Bhima River proper. The village of Chas is on the left bank some 16 km below the dam. Some 5 km along the river below the bridge on the Bhirma at Chas, the Kumandala River meets from
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#1732848871091902-507: The English words yellow and gold . The same root occurs in other Sanskrit words like haridrā , ' turmeric ', named for its yellow color. In Hinduism, beginning with Adi Sankara 's commentary on the Vishnu sahasranama , hari became etymologized as derived from the verbal root hṛ "to grab, seize, steal", in the context of Vaishnavism interpreted as "to take away or remove evil or sin", and
943-463: The Haridasa movement is not clearly known, with some legends indicating there were holy men and kings who espoused this form of devotion as early as the 9th century. The Haridasas' songs attribute Sripadaraya as the movement's true founder in the 15th century, despite the Srikurmam inscription suggesting that Narahari Tirtha , the direct disciple of Madhvacharya may have been its originator. However it
984-435: The Haridasa movement whereas the epithet "great trinity of Vaishnava composers" from Karnataka goes to Sripadaraya, Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa, though it is difficult to separate literature, music, devotion from their composite writings. The center of their activity in the 15th–16th century was Hampi , the royal centre of Vijayanagara , the regal capital of Vijayanagara empire. The Haridasa movement gained further impetus in
1025-546: The Lord ) and are sung in the praise of the god Vishnu. These compositions have the concept of Hari Bhakti (devotion to God) at their core and they usually revolve around references to Hindu mythology and the Dvaita philosophy. Some Haridasas' such as Purandara Dasa and Kanaka Dasa also composed several Devaranamas using day-to-day episodes, morals and virtues as the central theme. These compositions were in simple Kannada language since
1066-817: The bank of Bhima in present-day Maharashtra , the Vittala Swami temples at Hampi in Karnataka and the Srinivasa temple on Tirumala hills in Andhra Pradesh , Raghavendra Swamy Mutt in Mantralaya , Lord Shri Krishna in Udupi , Shri ChennaKeshava Temple in Belur , and almost all ancient Vaishnavite temples are considered the pivotal in the Haridasa context. The Haridasas' generally hailed from places in present-day Karnataka , but there were some exceptions such as Jayatirtha who
1107-514: The carnatic style of music, some of these compositions have also been sung in the Hindustani style by musicians such as Bhimsen Joshi and Gangubai Hangal . Hari Hari ( Sanskrit : हरि ) is among the primary epithets of the Hindu preserver deity Vishnu , meaning 'the one who takes away' (sins). It refers to the one who removes darkness and illusion, the one who removes all obstacles to spiritual progress. The name Hari also appears as
1148-645: The dāsas"). Prominent Hindu philosophers, poets and scholars such as Sripadaraya , Vyasathirtha , Vadirajatirtha , Purandara Dasa and Kanaka Dasa played an important role during this time. Though the movement found its roots in the Kannada country and later spread to other parts of South India, it was a net result of earlier devotional movements such as the Veerashaiva movement (of Vachana literature in Kannada) of northern Karnataka led by Basavanna (12th century) and
1189-473: The hydro power (450 MW from Bhira, Khopoli and Bhivpuri) is generated by diverting water from the Bhima river basin to west flowing Kundalika , Patalganga and Ulhas rivers respectively. The diverted water is nearly 42.5 TMC which is mostly going waste to Arabian sea after generating hydro power. State government is planning to reduce the use of Bhima river basin water for power generation and use river basin water fully for drinking and irrigation purposes inside
1230-672: The main objective of this movement was to take the devotional movement to the common man. In doing so, the common people were also educated in the importance of consciousness ( jnana ), devotion ( bhakti ), ethics and Hindu religion. Their hymns ( padas ) set to various musical tones ( ragas ) aroused fervor among the masses. As advocates of religious reform, the Haridasas' propounded the virtues of detachment ( vairagya ). Similes and metaphors found in their songs and hymns were used to great effect in achieving this. In addition to devotional songs, Kanaka Dasa authored five literary classical writings in
1271-483: The movement was mainly heralded by the Brahmins , it was a devotional one whose ideals and thoughts pervaded and received noteworthy contributions from all sections of society. The Haridasa movement can be considered as a part of a larger Bhakti movement whose devotional inspiration to the masses lasted over a millennium. The Haridasa movement made significant contribution to Kannada devotional literature. The origin of
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1312-464: The name of Vishnu rendered as "he who destroys samsara ", which is the entanglement in the cycle of birth and death, along with ignorance, its cause; compare hara as a name of Shiva , translated as "seizer" or "destroyer". The name "ਹਰਿ" (Hari) is frequently used as a name for Waheguru in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib : ਹਰਿ ਹਰਿ ਹਰਿ ਹਰਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਹੈ ਗੁਰਮੁਖਿ ਪਾਵੈ ਕੋਇ ॥ Hari, Hari, Hari, Hari
1353-611: The number of his compositions in the Kannada language were as many as 75,000 - 475,000, though only few hundreds are available today. He composed several Kirtane which later served as the foundation for the Kriti form, elaborated and perfected by the Trinity of Carnatic music . He codified and consolidated the teaching of Carnatic music by evolving several graded steps such as sarali , jantai , thattu varisai , alankara and geetham , and laid down
1394-513: The originator of this devotional movement, the songs of the Haridasas' give credit to Sripadaraya as the real founder of the movement in the 15th century. Famous Saints & Haridasas from the Madhvacharya order during the Vijayanagar empire period were: Sripadaraya, Vyasatirtha and Vadirajatirtha are called "three great saints" ( yathi raja trayaru , as they were accorded royal patronage) in
1435-446: The present day is the history of spreading Hari bhakti (devotion to Hari or Vishnu) to the common man and in that purpose contributed immensely to Kannada literature and to the development of Kannada language. Both the Haridasa and Veerashaiva movements pervade the length and breadth of Karnataka and exert ennobling influences upon the neighboring provinces of Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra . Haridasa movement made
1476-420: The right. From there it is 8 km along the river to the railroad bridge at the town of Rajgurunagar (Khed) on the left bank. In 18 km further along the river, the Bhima River enters from the right just above the village of Pimpalgaon on the left bank. From there to Siddhegavhan along the river is 10 km. Siddhegavhan is the last village in Khed Taluka on the left. After leaving Khed Taluka,
1517-669: The river in Solapur District . Of these, the Nira River meets with the Bhima between Nira Narsingpur in Pune District and Malshiras Taluka in Solapur district . Bhima merges into the Krishna along the border between Karnataka and Telangana about 24 km north of Raichur . At the point where the two rivers meet, the Bhima is actually longer than the Krishna in length. The total area of
1558-642: The river meanders back southeast for 23 km to the confluence with the Mula-Mutha River from the right at the village of Ranjangaon Sandas . The Mula-Mutha River flows from the city of Pune where it is a combination of the Mula River and the Mutha River . 31 km after the Mula-Mutha River, the Ghod River enters from the left (north) across the Bhima from the village of Nanvij (Nanwij). The Ghod River
1599-495: The summer season. In 2005, it caused severe flooding in Solapur, Vijayapura and Kalburgi districts. The river is also referred to as Chandrabhaga River, especially at Pandharpur , as it resembles the shape of the Moon . The Bhima River flows southeast for a long journey of 861 kilometres (535 mi), with many smaller rivers as tributaries. It originates near Bhimashankar Temple in
1640-444: Was a native of Mangalvedhe near Pandharapur in modern Maharashtra and Naraharitirtha who was a native of either Andhra Pradesh or Orissa . Naraharitirtha (1281), a minister in the court of Kalinga was inducted into the Madhvacharya order. He composed many early devotional hymns in praise of Vishnu in the Kannada language, some of which are available today. While the Srikurmam inscription indicates that Naraharitirtha may have been
1681-602: Was already under Muslim rule. The Haridasas' found state patronage in the Vijayanagara Empire which at its peak, ruled over the entire Southern India . Vyasatirtha was intimately associated with the empire and was considered the family guru by King Krishnadevaraya . Haridasas' belonged to the Vaishnava school of Hinduism and worshipped Vitthala , a manifestation of the Hindu god Vishnu and all forms of Krishna (an avatar of Vishnu). The Vittalanatha temple at Pandharapura on