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83-657: The Hallidie Building is an office building in the Financial District of San Francisco, California , at 130 Sutter Street, between Montgomery Street and Kearny Street . Designed by architect Willis Polk and named in honor of San Francisco cable car pioneer Andrew Smith Hallidie , it opened in 1918. Though credited as the first American building to feature glass curtain walls , it was in fact predated by Louis Curtiss 's Boley Clothing Company building in Kansas City, Missouri , completed in 1909. The building underwent

166-533: A "republican government," who, when having arrived in California were denied even the privilege of buying or renting Lands of their friends, who instead of being allowed to participate in or being protected by a "Republican Government" were oppressed by a "Military Despotism," who were even threatened, by "Proclamation" from the Chief Officer of the aforesaid Despotism, with extermination if they would not depart out of

249-713: A coming war with the United States and the growing influx of Americans into California. The rebellion was covertly encouraged by U.S. Army Brevet Captain John C. Frémont , and added to the troubles of the recent outbreak of the Mexican–American War . The name "California Republic" appeared only on the flag the insurgents raised in Sonoma . It indicated their aspiration of forming a republican government under their control. The rebels elected military officers but no civil structure

332-476: A critical aspect and I presently saw that the time had come when it was unsafe to leave events to mature under unfriendly, or mistaken, direction … I knew the facts of the situation. These I could not make known, but felt warranted in assuming the responsibility and acting on my own knowledge." Frémont's artist and cartographer on his third expedition, Edward Kern , was placed in command of Sutter's Fort and its company of dragoons by Frémont. That left John Sutter

415-443: A few minutes Vallejo opened the door dressed in his Mexican Army uniform. Communication was not good until American Jacob P. Leese (Vallejo's brother-in-law) was summoned to translate. Vallejo then invited the filibusters' leaders into his home to negotiate terms. Two other Californio officers and Leese joined the negotiations. The insurgents waiting outside sent elected "captains" John Grigsby and William Ide inside to speed

498-593: A future leader of the Revolt, writes of receiving an unsigned written message on June 8, 1846: "Notice is hereby given, that a large body of armed Spaniards on horseback, amounting to 250 men, have been seen on their way to the Sacramento Valley, destroying crops and burning houses, and driving off the cattle. Capt. Fremont invites every freeman in the valley to come to his camp at the Butts [sic], immediately; and he hopes to stay

581-471: A gallery, lecture hall, and cafe in 2023. The building also houses Charles M. Salter Associates, Inc. It houses the headquarters of Fandom . Financial District, San Francisco, California Since the 1980s, restrictions on high-rise construction have shifted new development to the adjacent South of Market (SoMa) area surrounding the Transbay Transit Center . This area is sometimes called

664-499: A grove of trees and opened fire when the enemy charged on horseback, killing one Californio and wounding another. During the ensuing long-range battle , William Todd and his companion escaped from the house where they were being held and ran to the Bears. The Californios disengaged from the long-range fighting after suffering a few wounded and returned to San Rafael. A Californian militiaman reported that their muskets could not shoot as far as

747-566: A herd of 170 Mexican government-owned horses being moved by Californio soldiers from San Rafael and Sonoma to the Californian Commandante General , José Castro , in Santa Clara . It had been reported amongst the emigrants that the officer in charge of the herd had made statements threatening that the horses would be used by Castro to drive the foreigners out of California. The captured horses were taken to Frémont's new camp at

830-456: A military officer he could face court-martial for violating the Neutrality Act of 1794 that made it illegal for an American to wage war against another country at peace with the United States. The next morning Gillespie and Frémont's group departed for California. Frémont returned to the Sacramento Valley and set up camp near Sutter Buttes . U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin , concerned about

913-563: A multitude of countries. Following Californian independence and American annexation and the California Gold Rush , the area boomed rapidly and the Bay shoreline, which originally ended near Montgomery Street, was filled in and extended to The Embarcadero. Gold Rush wealth and business made it the financial capital of the west coast as many banks and businesses set up in the neighborhood. The west coast's first and only skyscrapers , were built in

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996-451: A multitude of foreigners [having] come into California and bought fixed property [land], a right of naturalized foreigners only, he was under the necessity of notifying the authorities in each town to inform such purchasers that the transactions were invalid and they themselves subject to be expelled whenever the government might find it convenient. During November 1845, California's Commandante General José Castro met with representatives of

1079-521: A second assignment. He was sent to Bodega Bay with an unnamed companion (sometimes called 'the Englishman') to obtain powder from American settlers in that area. On June 18, Bears Thomas Cowie and George Fowler were sent to Rancho Sotoyome (near current-day Healdsburg, California ) to pick up a cache of gunpowder from Moses Carson, brother of Frémont's scout Kit Carson . Frémont's "field-lieutenant" Merritt returned to Sacramento (known as New Helvetia at

1162-681: A small civilian outpost named Yerba Buena that served to support the military population of the Presidio and the Mission Dolores . The sandy, marshy soils of the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula discouraged the Spanish, and later Mexican governments from establishing a preeminent town there, who focused their pueblo settlement efforts in the Pueblo of San José with its extremely fertile land. It

1245-603: A two-year restoration, completed in April 2013, after its sheet metal friezes, cornices, balconies, and fire escapes were deemed unsafe by the City of San Francisco's Department of Building Inspection. The San Francisco chapter of the American Institute of Architects opened the Center for Architecture + Design in the street-level retail space, which predates the rest of the building, adding

1328-465: Is disputed. Some say Frémont ordered the killings. Others, that they were carrying secret messages from Castro to Torre. Others that Carson committed the homicides as revenge for the deaths of Cowie and Fowler or they were shot by Frémont's Delaware Indians. This incident became an issue in Frémont's later campaign for President. Partisan eyewitnesses and newspapers related totally conflicting stories. Late

1411-733: Is the determined purpose of the brave men who are associated under his command. He also solemnly declares his object in the Second place to be to invite all peaceable and good Citizens of California who are friendly to the maintenance of good order and equal rights (and I do hereby invite them to repair to my camp at Sonoma without delay) to assist us in establishing and perpetuating a "Republican Government" which shall secure to all: civil and religious liberty; which shall detect and punish crime; which shall encourage industry, virtue and literature; which shall leave unshackled by Fetters, Commerce, Agriculture, and Mechanism. He further declares that he relies upon

1494-797: The Bear Flag Revolt . Henry L. Ford was elected First Lieutenant of the company and obtained promises of obedience to orders. Samuel Kelsey was elected Second Lieutenant, Grandville P. Swift and Samuel Gibson Sergeants. During the night of June 14–15, 1846 (below), William B. Ide wrote a proclamation announcing and explaining the reasons for the revolt. There were additional copies and some more moderate versions (produced in both English and Spanish) distributed around northern California through June 18. To all persons, citizens of Sonoma, requesting them to remain at peace, and to follow their rightful occupations without fear of molestation. The Commander in Chief of

1577-627: The Customhouse . Pico and Castro disliked each other personally and soon began escalating disputes over control of the Customhouse income. Decrees issued by the central government in Mexico City were often acknowledged and supported with proclamations but ignored in practice. By the end of 1845, when rumors of a military force being sent from Mexico proved to be false, rulings by the other district government were mostly ignored. The relationship between

1660-646: The Embarcadero that rings the waterfront , and north of Market Street . The district includes Northern California's two tallest buildings, the Salesforce Tower and the Transamerica Pyramid . Montgomery Street (sometimes called " Wall Street of the West ") is considered the traditional heart of the district. Under Spanish and Mexican rule , the area had been the site of a harbor named Yerba Buena Cove with

1743-611: The Ferry Building . To the south lies Market Street and the South of Market district. The Financial District is served by more than two dozen Muni bus and rail lines, including one cable car line , as well as Montgomery Street Station and Embarcadero Station in the BART system. The nickname "FiDi" is occasionally employed, analogous to nearby SoMa . The area is commonly referred to as "Downtown" as well, although "Downtown" may include

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1826-565: The Pacific Telephone Building . With the onset of the Great Depression and statewide height restrictions due to earthquake fears, few new buildings were constructed, and the district remained relatively low-rise until the late 1950s. Due to new building and earthquake retrofitting technologies, the height restrictions were lifted, fueling a skyscraper building boom. This boom accelerated under mayor Dianne Feinstein during

1909-538: The Rincon Center complex. Parks and plazas located there include Sue Biermann Park; Justin Herman Plaza , which is the current location of the city's New Year's festivities, and Transamerica Redwood Park. St. Mary's Square and Portsmouth Square are near the borders of the district, but are usually considered as part of Chinatown. Several consulates are located in the financial district. Countries with consulates in

1992-618: The South Financial District by real estate developers, or simply included as part of the Financial District itself. The early 2020s have seen high office vacancy rates in the Financial District, driven by remote work since the COVID-19 pandemic , particularly among tech companies. Several owners of office buildings and hotels have defaulted on their loans, raising concerns about the effect on San Francisco's tax revenues and

2075-645: The Transbay Terminal , many height limits were raised in the area. As a result, nearly all new high rise construction since the 1980s (and for the foreseeable future) has taken place South of Market. Notable examples include the JPMorgan Chase Building , 555 Mission Street , 101 Second Street , the Four Seasons Hotel , The Paramount , and the Millennium Tower . According to TRI Commercial,

2158-742: The 12th district of the United States Federal Reserve is located in the area as well. Prior to their disestablishment, AirTouch , South Pacific Air Lines , Pegasus Aviation Finance Company , and the Pacific Exchange all had their headquarters in the Financial District. There are several shopping malls in the area, including the Crocker Galleria, the Embarcadero Center , the Ferry Building Marketplace , and

2241-468: The 1845 American immigrants at Sonoma and Sutter's Fort. In his decree dated November 6 he wrote: "Therefore conciliating my duty [to enforce the orders from Mexico] with of the sentiment of hospitality which distinguishes the Mexicans, and considering that most of said expedition is composed of families and industrious people, I have deemed it best to permit them, provisionally, to remain in the department" with

2324-414: The 1980s, something her critics labeled " Manhattanization ". This caused widespread opposition citywide leading to the "skyscraper revolt" similar to the " freeway revolt " in the city years earlier. The skyscraper revolt led to the city imposing extremely strict, European-style height restrictions on building construction citywide. Due to these height restrictions , lack of buildable lots, and changes in

2407-497: The 28th a small boat was spotted coming across the bay. Kit Carson and some companions went to intercept it. It held twin brothers Francisco and Ramón de Haro, their uncle José de la Reyes Berreyesa, and an oarsman (probably one of the Castro brothers from San Pablo) – all unarmed. The Haro brothers and Berreyesa were dropped off at the shoreline and started on foot for the mission. All three were shot and killed. Beyond that almost every fact

2490-551: The Army and sent it to his father-in-law Thomas Hart Benton in case the government should wish to disavow his action. They arrived at Sonoma in the early morning of the 25th and by noon were on their way to San Rafael accompanied by a contingent of Bears under Ford's command. They arrived at the former San Rafael mission but the Californios had vanished. The rebels set up camp in the old mission and sent out scouting parties. On Sunday

2573-471: The Barracks, others in the homes of the Californios. Having learned of Ford's request for volunteers to defend Sonoma and hearing reports that General Castro was preparing an attack, Frémont left his camp near Sutter's Fort for Sonoma on June 23. With him were ninety men – his own party plus trappers and settlers under Samuel J. Hensley. Frémont would say in his memoirs that he wrote a letter of resignation from

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2656-615: The Bears captured three or four men near the Rancho Laguna de San Antonio and unexpectedly discovered what they assumed was Juan Padilla's group near the Indian rancho of Olúmpali . Ford approached the adobe but more men appeared and others came "pouring out of the adobe". Militiamen from south of the Bay, led by Mexican Captain Joaquin de la Torre, had joined with Padilla's irregulars and now numbered about seventy. Ford's men positioned themselves in

2739-546: The Bears in Sonoma was the lack of sufficient gunpowder to defend against the expected Mexican attack. William Todd was dispatched on Monday the fifteenth, with a letter to be delivered to the USS Portsmouth telling of the events in Sonoma and describing themselves as "fellow country men". Todd, having been instructed not to repeat any of the requests in the letter (refers to their need for gunpowder), disregarded that and voiced

2822-688: The California Republic ceased to exist on July 9 when U.S. Navy Lieutenant Joseph Revere raised the United States flag in front of the Sonoma Barracks and sent a second flag to be raised at Sutter's Fort . By 1845–46, Alta California had been largely neglected by Mexico for the twenty-five years since Mexican independence. It had evolved into a semi-autonomous region with open discussions among Californios about whether California should remain with Mexico; seek independence; or become annexed to

2905-575: The Country, leaving all of their property, their arms and beasts of burden, and thus deprived of the means of flight or defense. We were to be driven through deserts, inhabited by hostile Indians to certain destruction. To overthrow a Government which has seized upon the property of the Missions for its individual aggrandizement; which has ruined and shamefully oppressed the laboring people of California, by their enormous exactions on goods imported into this country;

2988-598: The Financial District include France , Brazil , Guatemala , Japan , Luxembourg , Mexico , Ireland , the Netherlands , Singapore , and the United Kingdom . The Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office is located in the Financial District. California Republic The California Republic ( Spanish : República de California ), or Bear Flag Republic ,

3071-565: The Troops assembled at the Fortress of Sonoma gives his inviolable pledge to all persons in California not found under arms that they shall not be disturbed in their persons, their property or social relations one to another by men under his command. He also solemnly declares his object to be First, to defend himself and companions in arms who were invited to this country by a promise of Lands on which to settle themselves and families who were also promised

3154-576: The United Kingdom, France, or the United States. In 1845, the widely hated Manuel Micheltorena , the latest governor to be sent by Mexico, was forcefully ejected by the Californians. His forces were defeated at the Battle of Providencia (also known as the Second Battle of Cahuenga Pass ) as a result of the actions of California pioneer John Marsh . This resulted in the return of Californian Pio Pico to

3237-485: The United States and Mexico had been deteriorating for some time. The Republic of Texas , which Mexico still considered to be its territory, had been admitted to statehood in 1845. Mexico had earlier threatened war if this happened. James K. Polk was elected President of the United States in 1844, and considered his election a mandate for his expansionist policies. Mexican law had long allowed grants of land to naturalized Mexican citizens. Obtaining Mexican citizenship

3320-604: The area along Market Street . The neighborhood was nearly completely destroyed in the 1906 Earthquake and Fire , as the area's skyscrapers survived. By 1910, the area was largely rebuilt with low-rise, masonry-clad buildings ranging from six to twelve stories in height. During the late 1920s, several Neo-Gothic high rises, reaching 300 to 400 feet in height, were constructed, including the Standard Oil Building , Russ Building , Hunter-Dulin Building , Shell Building , and

3403-471: The assignment as lieutenant of the dragoons at $ 50 a month, and second in command of his own fort. While in command there news of the stranded Donner Party reached Kern; Sutter's Fort had been their unreached destination. Kern vaguely promised the federal government would do something for a rescue party across the Sierra, but had no authority to pay anyone. He was later criticized for his mismanagement delaying

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3486-559: The broader Union Square, Chinatown, Tenderloin , and SoMa districts as well. The District is home to numerous corporate headquarters, including half of San Francisco's eight Fortune 500 companies— Wells Fargo , Salesforce , Visa , and Gap — as well as Levi Strauss , Kimpton Hotels , Dodge & Cox , Prologis , Docusign , Yelp , and SoFi among others; and formerly Bank of America , Bechtel , Pacific Bell , Crocker Bank , Transamerica , Chevron , PG&E , McKesson , URS , and Charles Schwab among others. The headquarters of

3569-613: The capital of Alta California, only to discover his error and abandon it the next day. This resulted in diplomatic problems, and Jones was removed as commander of the Pacific Squadron. Sloat had learned of Frémont's confrontation with the Californios on Gavilan Peak and of his support for the Bears in Sonoma. He was also aware of Lt. Gillespie's tracking down of Frémont with letters and orders. Sloat finally concluded on July 6 that he needed to act, saying to U.S. Consul Larkin , "I shall be blamed for doing too little or too much – I prefer

3652-520: The captured Mexican field pieces, as well as muskets, a supply of ammunition, blankets, horses, and cattle. The seven-ton Mermaid was used for transporting the cannon, arms, ammunition and saddles from Napa to Sutter's Fort. The war against Mexico had already been declared by the United States Congress on May 13, 1846. Because of the slow cross-continent communication of the time, no one in California knew that conclusively. (Official notice of

3735-538: The combined rebel force was too strong to be attacked as planned. All three of Castro's divisions then returned to the old headquarters near Santa Clara where a council of war was held on June 30. It was decided that the current plan must be abandoned and any new approach would require the cooperation of Pio Pico and his southern forces. A messenger was sent to the Governor. Meanwhile, the army moved southwards to San Juan where General Castro was, on July 6, when he learned of

3818-535: The conditions that they obey all laws, apply within three months for a license to settle, and promise to depart if that license was not granted. A 62-man exploring and mapping expedition entered California in late 1845 under the command of U.S. Army Brevet Captain John C. Frémont . Frémont was well known in the United States as an author and explorer. He was also the son-in-law of expansionist U.S. Senator Thomas Hart Benton . Early in 1846 Frémont acted provocatively with California's Commandante General José Castro near

3901-468: The contingent from San Rafael arrived in time for the fandango held in Salvador Vallejo's big adobe on the corner of the town square. On July 5, Frémont called a public meeting and proposed to the Bears that they unite with his party and form a single military unit. He said that he would accept command if they would pledge obedience, proceed honorably, and not violate the chastity of women. A compact

3984-405: The enemy and put a stop to his" – (Here the sheet was folded and worn in-two, and no more is found). Ide and other settlers quickly traveled to Frémont's camp but were generally dissatisfied by the lack of a specific plan and their inability to obtain from Frémont any definite promise of aid. Some of the group who had been meeting with Frémont departed from his camp and, on June 10, 1846, captured

4067-612: The events in Monterey. On July 1, Frémont and twelve men convinced Captain William Phelps to ferry them in the Moscow ' s launch to the old Spanish fort at the entrance to the Golden Gate . They landed without resistance and spiked the ten old, abandoned cannon. The next day Robert B. Semple led ten Bears in the launch to the pueblo of Yerba Buena (the future San Francisco) to arrest

4150-432: The financial stability of local government services. Many retailers have also cited high levels of crime, open-air drug use, homelessness , doubts about San Francisco's viability as a relevant commercial center, and closed storefronts in the areas in and around the adjacent Union Square. The area is marked by a cluster of high-rise towers in the triangular area east of Kearny Street , south of Washington Street, west of

4233-455: The garrison. Frémont, understanding that he had been tricked, left again for San Rafael after a hasty breakfast. He arrived back at the old mission within twenty-four hours of leaving but during that period Torre and his men had time to escape to San Pablo via boat. Torre had successfully used the ruse not only to escape but almost succeeded in provoking a 'friendly fire' incident among the insurgents. After reaching San Pablo, Torre reported that

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4316-566: The governorship. Pico ruled the region south of San Luis Obispo with his capital in The Town of Our Lady the Queen of Angels of the Porciúncula River , now known as Los Angeles . The area to the north of the pueblo of San Luis Obispo was under the control of Alta California's Commandante José Castro with headquarters near Monterey , the traditional capital and, significantly, the location of

4399-422: The group, stating he had been deceived by Frémont. William Ide gave an impassioned speech urging the rebels to stay in Sonoma and start a new republic. Referring to the stolen horses Ide ended his oration with "Choose ye this day what you will be! We are robbers, or we must be conquerors!" At that time, Vallejo and his three associates were placed on horseback and taken to Frémont accompanied by eight or nine of

4482-593: The horse raid, and incited the American settlers indirectly and "guardedly" to revolt. Before dawn on Sunday, June 14, 1846, over 30 American insurgents arrived at the pueblo of Sonoma. They had traveled overnight from Napa Valley. A majority of their number had started a couple of days earlier from Fremont's camp in the Sacramento valley but others had joined the group along the way. Meeting no resistance, they approached Comandante Vallejo's home and pounded on his door. After

4565-588: The increasing possibility of war, sent a request to Commodore John D. Sloat of U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron , for a warship to protect U.S. citizens and interests in Alta California . In response, the USS ; Portsmouth arrived at Monterey on April 22, 1846. After receiving information about Frémont's returning to California, Consul Larkin and Portsmouth's captain John Berrien Montgomery decided

4648-406: The insurgents who did not favor forming a new republic under the circumstances. That night they camped at the Vaca Rancho. Some young Californio vigilantes under Juan Padilla evaded the guards, aroused Vallejo and offered to help him escape. Vallejo declined, wanting to avoid any bloodshed and anticipating that Frémont would release him on parole. The Sonoma Barracks became the headquarters for

4731-406: The junction of the Feather and Bear rivers. These men next determined to seize the pueblo of Sonoma to deny the Californios a rallying point north of San Francisco Bay . Capturing both the arms and military materiel stored in the unmanned Presidio of Sonoma and Mexican Lieutenant Colonel Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo would delay any military response from the Californios . The insurgent group

4814-416: The local real estate market, new development in the area has shifted to South of Market Street since the 1980s. The area south of Market, east of Third Street , north of Folsom Street , and west of the Embarcadero is sometimes called the South Financial District , or simply included as part of the Financial District itself. To encourage new development south of Market, and to help fund the replacement for

4897-426: The message and letters were: "I saw the way opening clear before me. War with Mexico was inevitable; and a grand opportunity presented itself to realize in their fullest extent the far-sighted views of Senator Benton. I resolved to move forward on the opportunity and return forthwith to the Sacramento valley in order to bring to bear all the influence I could command." Nevertheless, Frémont needed to be circumspect. As

4980-414: The narrative presented by Walgreens and similar retailers, suggesting that such claims of rampant crime might be exaggerated or used as hyperbole to justify business decisions. Adjacent to the Financial District to the west is the Union Square shopping district . To the northwest is Chinatown , and to the north is North Beach and Jackson Square . To the east lies the Embarcadero waterfront and

5063-427: The naturalized Englishman Robert Ridley who was captain of the port. Ridley was sent to Sutter's Fort to be locked up with other prisoners. A great celebration was held on the Fourth of July beginning with readings of the United States Declaration of Independence in Sonoma's plaza. There were also cannon salutes, the roasting of whole beeves, and the consumption of many foods and all manner of beverages. Frémont and

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5146-435: The other two captives and Padilla's men, he sent a note to Ezekiel Merritt in Sacramento asking him to gather volunteers to help defend Sonoma. Ide's version is that Ford wrote to Frémont saying that the Bears had lost confidence in Ide's leadership. In either case, Ford then rode toward Santa Rosa with seventeen to nineteen Bears. Not finding Padilla, the Bears headed toward one of his homes near Two Rock . The following morning

5229-583: The pandemic began. In October 2021, Walgreens announced the closure of five stores in the city, attributing the decision to "organized retail crime." However, reports indicated that thefts, including those at retail stores, had decreased by 9% compared to the previous year. Additionally, a federal judge ruled in August 2022 that Walgreens significantly contributed to San Francisco's opioid crisis by failing to implement proper safeguards against suspicious prescriptions, exacerbating broader issues such as crime and homelessness. These findings have led some to question

5312-439: The powder and on the way back fought with several Californians and captured one of them. From the prisoner they learned that Cowie and Fowler had died. There are Californio and Oso versions of what had happened. Ford also learned that William Todd and his companion had been captured by the Californio irregulars led by Juan Padilla and José Ramón Carrillo. Ford writes, in his biography, that before leaving Sonoma to search for

5395-407: The proceedings. The effect of Vallejo's hospitality in the form of wine and brandy for the negotiators and someone else's barrel of aguardiente for those outside is debatable. However, when the agreement was presented to those outside they refused to endorse it. Rather than releasing the Mexican officers under parole they insisted they be held as hostages. John Grigsby refused to remain as leader of

5478-473: The pueblo of Monterey and then moved his group out of California into Oregon Country . He was followed into Oregon by U.S. Marine Lt Archibald H. Gillespie who had been sent from Washington with a secret message to U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin and instructions to share the message with Frémont. Gillespie also brought a packet of letters from Frémont's wife and father-in-law. Frémont's thoughts (as related in his book, written forty years later) after reading

5561-530: The rectitude of our intentions; the favor of Heaven and the bravery of those who are bound to and associated with him, by the principle of self preservation; by the love of truth; and by the hatred of tyranny for his hopes of success. He further declares that he believes that a Government to be prosperous and happyfying [sic] in its tendency must originate with its people who are friendly to its existence. That its Citizens are its Guardians, its officers are its Servants, and its Glory their reward. A major problem for

5644-419: The remaining twenty-four rebels, who within a few days created their Bear Flag (see the "Bear Flag" section below). After the flag was raised Californios called the insurgents Los Osos (The Bears) and "Bear Flaggers" because of their flag and in derision of their often scruffy appearance. The rebels embraced the expression, and their uprising, which they originally called the Popular Movement , became known as

5727-403: The request for gunpowder. Captain Montgomery, while sympathetic, declined because of his country's neutrality. Todd, José de Rosa (the messenger Vallejo sent to Montgomery), and U.S. Navy Lieutenant John S. Misroon returned to Sonoma in the Portsmouth's launch the morning of the 16th. Misroon's mission was, without interfering with the revolt, to prevent violence to noncombatants. Todd was given

5810-450: The revolt. A group of 50–60 militia under command of Captain Joaquin de la Torre traveled up to San Pablo and, by boat, westward across the San Francisco Bay to Point San Quentin on the 23rd. Two additional divisions with a total of about 100 men arrived at San Pablo on June 27. On June 20 when the procurement parties failed to return as expected, Lieutenant Ford sent Sergeant Gibson with four men to Rancho Sotoyome . Gibson obtained

5893-472: The rifles used by some Bears. This was the only battle fought during the Bear Flag Revolt. The deaths of Cowie and Fowler, as well as the lethal battle, raised the anxiety of both the Californios, who left the area for safety, and the immigrants, who moved into Sonoma to be under the protection of the muskets and cannon that had been taken from the Sonoma Barracks . This increased the number in Sonoma to about two hundred. Some immigrant families were housed in

5976-425: The same afternoon as the killings, a scouting party intercepted a letter indicating that Torre intended to attack Sonoma the following morning. Frémont felt there was no choice but to return to defend Sonoma as quickly as possible. The garrison there had found a similar letter and had all weapons loaded and at the ready before dawn the next day when Frémont and Ford's forces approached Sonoma – almost provoking firing by

6059-470: The search. Word of the taking of the government horses, the capture of Sonoma, and the imprisonment of the Mexican officers at Sutter's Fort soon reached Commandante General José Castro at his headquarters in Santa Clara . He issued two proclamations on June 17. The first asked the citizens of California to come to the aid of their country. The second promised protection for all foreigners not involved in

6142-615: The ship should move into the San Francisco Bay . She sailed from Monterey on June 1. Lt. Gillespie, having returned from the Oregon Country and his meeting with Frémont on June 7, found Portsmouth moored at Sausalito . He carried a request for money, materiel and supplies for Frémont's group. The requested resupplies were taken by the ship's launch up the Sacramento River to a location near Frémont's camp. William B. Ide ,

6225-649: The time, so named by the Swiss John Sutter) on June 16 with his prisoners and recounted the events in Sonoma. Frémont either was fearful of going against the popular sentiment at Sonoma or saw the advantages of holding the Californio officers as hostages. He also decided to imprison Governor Vallejo's brother-in-law, the American Jacob Leese, in Sutter's Fort . Frémont recounts in his memoirs, "Affairs had now assumed

6308-676: The traditional Financial District provides approximately 30 million square feet (2,800,000 m ) of office space, and the South Financial District offers about 28 million square feet (2,600,000 m ). In the 2020s, the COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated an exodus of business from the downtown core of San Francisco. In recent years, businesses in San Francisco's Financial District, including major retailers like Walgreens, have cited crime and homelessness as factors for closures despite retail sales nationwide decreasing since

6391-530: The war finally reached California on August 12, 1846.) Commodore John D. Sloat , commanding the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron , had been waiting in Monterey Bay since July 1 or 2 to obtain convincing proof of war. Sloat was 65 years old and had requested to be relieved from his command the previous May. He was also acutely aware of the 1842 Capture of Monterey , when his predecessor, Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones , thought war had been declared and captured

6474-584: Was an unrecognized breakaway state from Mexico , that for 25 days in 1846 militarily controlled an area north of San Francisco , in and around what is now Sonoma County in California . In June 1846, thirty-three American immigrants in Alta California who had entered without official permission rebelled against the Mexican department's government. Among their grievances were that they had not been allowed to buy or rent land and had been threatened with expulsion. Mexican officials had been concerned about

6557-557: Was drawn up which all volunteers of the California Battalion signed or made their marks. A majority of those present also agreed to officially date the era of independence not from the taking of Sonoma but from July 5 to allow Frémont to "begin at the beginning". The next day Frémont, leaving the fifty men of Company B at the Barracks to defend Sonoma, left with the rest of the Battalion for Sutter's Fort. They took with them two of

6640-502: Was ever established. Their flag, featuring a silhouette of a California grizzly bear , became known as the "Bear Flag" and was later the basis for the official state flag of California . Three weeks later, on July 5, 1846, the Republic's military of 100 to 200 men was subsumed into the California Battalion commanded by Brevet Captain John C. Frémont. The Bear Flag Revolt and what remained of

6723-479: Was nominally led by Ezekiel "Stuttering Zeke" Merritt, whom Frémont described as his "field-lieutenant" and lauded for not questioning him. Historian George Tays has cautioned "The description of the men, their actions just prior and subsequent to the taking of Sonoma, are as varied as the number of authors. No two accounts agree, and it is impossible to determine the truth of their statements." Historian H. H. Bancroft has written that Frémont "instigated and planned"

6806-739: Was not difficult and many earlier American immigrants had gone through the process and obtained free grants of land. That same year (1845) anticipation of war with the United States and the increasing number of immigrants reportedly coming from the United States resulted in orders from Mexico City denying immigrants from the United States entry into California. The orders also required California's officials not to allow land grants, sales or even rental of land to non-citizen emigrants already in California. All non-citizen immigrants, who had arrived without permission, were threatened with being forced out of California. Alta California's Sub-Prefect Francisco Guerrero had written to U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin that:

6889-538: Was not until 1835 that the first settlers established themselves on the shore of Yerba Buena Cove, with the first town plan surveyed in 1839. Yerba Buena's potential as a seaport made it the eventual center for European and American settlement. After gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevada Foothills in 1848, Yerba Buena's location on the natural harbor of San Francisco Bay acted as a magnet for European and American settlers, as well as gold and job seekers from

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