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71-473: The name of the festival derives from Halios , the Doric spelling of Helios' name. The festival included games of horse-racing and chariot-racing, gymnastic contests for men and boys, as well as music contests, and a sacrifice. The prize offered for the victors was a wreath of white poplar , a tree which was sacred to the god, due to the brilliance of its shining leaves. According to Festus (s. v. October Equus ),

142-1395: A ~ Attic e in certain words. Proto-Greek *-ti is retained (assibilated to -si in Attic). Proto-Greek *ts > -ss- between vowels. (Attic shares the same development, but further shortens the geminate to -s- .) Initial *w ( ϝ ) is preserved in earlier Doric (lost in Attic). Literary texts in Doric and inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma. For information on the peculiarities of Doric accentuation, see Ancient Greek accent § Doric . Numeral te t ores ~ Attic te tt ares , Ionic te ss eres "four". Ordinal pr ā tos ~ Attic–Ionic pr ō tos "first". Demonstrative pronoun t ēnos "this" ~ Attic–Ionic (e) k einos t for h (from Proto-Indo-European s ) in article and demonstrative pronoun. Third person plural, athematic or root aorist -n ~ Attic -san . First person plural active -mes ~ Attic–Ionic -men . Future -se-ō ~ Attic -s-ō . Modal particle ka ~ Attic–Ionic an . Temporal adverbs in -ka ~ Attic–Ionic -te . Locative adverbs in -ei ~ Attic/Koine -ou . The aorist and future of verbs in -izō , -azō has x (versus Attic/Koine s ). Greek colonisation#Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Illyria Greek colonisation refers to

213-599: A Doric state ( Doris ) in central Greece, north of the Gulf of Corinth , led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the Balkans . The dialect's distribution towards the north extends to the Megarian colony of Byzantium and the Corinthian colonies of Potidaea , Epidamnos , Apollonia and Ambracia ; there, it further added words to what would become

284-604: A Greek inscription was discovered in Lumbarda on the eastern tip of the island of Korčula in modern-day Croatia which talks about the founding of another Greek settlement there in the 3rd or 4th century BC, by colonists from Issa. The artifact is known as Lumbarda Psephisma . Evidence of coinage on the Illyrian coast used for trade between the Illyrians and the Greeks can be dated to around

355-754: A city on the northern coast of Africa, founded by the Greeks after the Trojan War . On the north side of the Mediterranean, the Phokaians founded Massalia on the coast of Gaul . Massalia became the base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region of Spain. Phokaia also founded Alalia in Corsica and Olbia in Sardinia . The Phokaians arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. As related by Herodotus,

426-567: A colony of the Teians . On the eastern shore, which was known in ancient times as Colchis , today in Georgia and the autonomous region of Abkhazia , the Greeks founded the cities of Phasis and Dioscouris. The latter was called Sebastopolis by the Romans and Byzantines and is known today as Sukhumi . Heraclea Pontica founded Callatis on the southern coast of Romania at the end of the 6th c. BC. Only

497-571: A few colonies were founded during the Greek Classical period which included Mesembria (modern Nessebar) by the Megareans in 493 BC. Heraclea Pontica founded Chersonesus Taurica in Crimea at the end of the 5th or early 4th c. BC. The ancient Greek settlement called Manitra of the 4th-3rd centuries BC near the town of Baherove in Crimea was discovered in 2018. The Greek colonies expanded as far as

568-424: A form similar to that of the metropolis. Greek colonies were often established along coastlines, especially during the period of colonisation between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. Many Greek colonies were strategically positioned near coastlines to facilitate trade, communication, and access to maritime resources. These colonies played a crucial role in expanding Greek culture, trade networks, and influence throughout

639-408: A leading part in the re-civilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece. The Northwest Doric (or "Northwest Greek", with "Northwest Doric" now considered more accurate so as not to distance the group from Doric proper) group is closely related to Doric proper. Whether it is to be considered a part of the southern Doric Group or the latter

710-589: A legal, political and religious content exists from at least the sixth century BC. Corinthian was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece ; that is, the Isthmus of Corinth . The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were Corinth , Sicyon , Archaies Kleones , Phlius , the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: Corcyra , Leucas , Anactorium , Ambracia and others,

781-424: A local king summoned the Phokaians to found a colony in the region and rendered meaningful aid in the fortification of the city. The Phokaians founded Empuries in this region and later the even more distant Hemeroskopeion . AL1. Nymphaeum AL2. Epidamnos AL3. Apollonia AL4. Aulon AL5. Chimara AL6. Bouthroton AL7. Oricum AL8. Thronion AR1. Gerrha * Pseudo-Scymnus writes that some say that

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852-456: A northern Greek dialect" with numerous adherents from the 19th century and on (Fick 1874; Hoffmann 1906; Hatzidakis 1897 etc.; Kalleris 1964 and 1976). Masson himself argues with the largely Greek character of the Macedonian onomastics and sees Macedonian as "a Greek dialect, characterised by its marginal position and by local pronunciations" and probably most closely related to the dialects of

923-446: A part of it or the two considered subgroups of West Greek, the dialects and their grouping remain the same. West Thessalian and Boeotian had come under a strong Northwest Doric influence. While Northwest Doric is generally seen as a dialectal group, dissenting views exist, such as that of Méndez-Dosuna, who argues that Northwest Doric is not a proper dialectal group but rather merely a case of areal dialectal convergence. Throughout

994-708: A trade concession to Milesian merchants for one establishment on the banks of the Nile , founding a trading post which evolved into a prosperous city by the time of the Persian expedition to Egypt in 525 B.C. 2023 archaeological findings in Thonis-Heracleion at Egypt, suggested that Greeks, who were already allowed to trade in the city, "had started to take root" there as early as during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt and that likely Greek mercenaries were employed to defend

1065-521: Is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek." Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that Dorians came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to Northwest Greek . When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when

1136-553: Is still spoken in Greece today; though critically endangered, with only a few hundred – mostly elderly – fluent speakers left. It is widely accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of Epirus in northwestern Greece , the original seat of the Dorians . It expanded to all other regions during the Dorian invasion ( c.  1150 BC ) and the colonisations that followed. The presence of

1207-597: The Albanian language , probably via traders from a now-extinct "Adriatic Illyrian " intermediary. In the north, local epigraphical evidence includes the decrees of the Epirote League , the Pella curse tablet , three additional lesser known Macedonian inscriptions (all of them identifiable as Doric), numerous inscriptions from a number of Greek colonies. Furthermore, there is an abundance of place names used to examine features of

1278-630: The Danube delta the Greeks colonised the islet, probably then a peninsula, of Barythmenis (modern Berezan ) which evolved into the colony of Borysthenes in the next century. The most important colony founded on the southern shore of the Black Sea was a Megaran and Boeotian foundation: Heraclea Pontica in 560-550 BC. On the north shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the first to start with Pontic Olbia and Panticapaeum (modern Kerch ). In about 560 BC

1349-601: The Iberian Peninsula and North Africa . In North Africa, on the peninsula of Kyrenaika , colonists from Thera founded Kyrene , which evolved into a very powerful city in the region. Other colonies in Kyrenaika later included Barca , Euesperides (modern Benghazi ), Taucheira , and Apollonia . By the middle of the 7th century, the lone Greek colony in Egypt had been founded, Naukratis . The pharaoh Psammitecus I gave

1420-618: The Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. While some colonies were established inland for various reasons, coastal locations were generally more common due to the Greeks' strong connection to the sea. The Greeks started colonising around the beginning of the 8th century BC when the Euboeans founded Pithecusae in Southern Italy and Olynthus in Chalcidice , Greece. Subsequently, they founded

1491-716: The Peloponnese (Achaea, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Argolid, Aegina, Corinth, and Megara), the southern Aegean ( Kythira , Milos , Thera , Crete , Karpathos , and Rhodes ), as well as the colonies of some of those regions in Cyrene , Magna Graecia , the Black Sea , the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea . It was also spoken in the Greek sanctuaries of Dodona , Delphi , and Olympia , as well as at

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1562-555: The 4th century BC and minted in Adriatic colonies such as Issa and Pharos. Although the Greeks had at one point called the Black Sea shore "inhospitable", according to ancient sources they eventually created 70 to 90 colonies. The colonization of the Black Sea was led by the Megarans and some of the Ionian cities such as Miletus , Phocaea and Teos . The majority of colonies in the region of

1633-511: The 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the Ancient Greek world . An ancient account describes Epidamnos as 'a great power and very populated' city. Nymphaeum was another Greek colony in Illyria. The Abantes of Euboea founded the city of Thronion at the Illyria . Further west, colonists from

1704-551: The Black Sea and Propontis were founded in the 7th century BC. In the area of Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of Astacus in Bithynia , Chalcedonia and Byzantium which occupied a privileged position. Miletus founded Cyzicus and the Phocaeans Lampsacus . On the western shore of the Black Sea the Megarans founded the cities of Selymbria and a little later, Nesebar . A little farther north in today's Romania

1775-508: The Dorians were in place in the south. Thus West Greek is the most accurate name for the classical dialects. Tsakonian , a descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), is still spoken on the southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese, in the modern prefectures of Arcadia and Laconia . Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered dialect. Laconian was spoken by

1846-643: The Euboeans later founded Naxos , which became the base for the founding of the cities of Leontini , Tauromenion and Catania . They were accompanied by small numbers of Dorians and Ionians; the Athenians had notably refused to take part in the colonisation. The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was Syracuse , an 8th-century BC colony of the Corinthians. Refugees from Sparta founded Taranto which evolved into one of

1917-558: The Greek North-West (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). Brian D. Joseph acknowledges the closeness of Macedonian to Greek (even contemplating to group them into a "Hellenic branch" of Indo-European), but retains that "[t]he slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible". Johannes Engels has pointed to the Pella curse tablet , written in Doric Greek: "This has been judged to be

1988-547: The Greek city-state Paros in 385 BC founded the colony Pharos on the island of Hvar in the Adriatic, on the site of the present-day Stari Grad in Croatia. In the early 4th century BC the Greek tyrant of Syracus Dionysius I founded the colony Issa on the modern-day island of Vis , and traders from Issa then went on to found emporia in Tragurion ( Trogir ) and Epetion ( Stobreč ) on the Illyrian mainland in 3rd century BC. In 1877

2059-590: The Greek settlers and the indigenous peoples comes from Timpone Della Motta which shows influence of Greek style in Oneotroian pottery. Many cities in the region became in turn metropoleis for new colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city of Camarina in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of Himera . Likewise, Naxos, which founded many colonies while Sybaris founded

2130-706: The Greek world, and when the Colossus of Rhodes was erected in the harbour, the cult gained even more fame; the festival attracted great athletes from abroad, and victors of games such as the Pythia , the Isthmia and the Nemea found it worthwhile to compete in the Halieia. In the glory days of Rhodes, the neighbouring kingdoms, such as Pergamon in Anatolia , would send envoys to the festival, and it

2201-485: The Greek-speaking world. Where the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under Greek dialects . The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of West Greek . Some use the terms Northern Greek or Northwest Greek instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly

Halieia - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-468: The Greeks to establish colonies were strong economic growth with the consequent overpopulation of the motherland, and that the land of these Greek city states could not support a large city. The areas that the Greeks would try to colonise were hospitable and fertile. The founding of the colonies was consistently an organised enterprise by the metropolis (mother city), although in many cases it collaborated with other cities. The place to be colonised

2343-512: The Halieia also included a ritual, that took place on the 24th day of the summer month of Gorpiaeus, where the Rhodians sacrificed to the god a team of four white horses , by driving a four-horse chariot , representing the chariot of the sun, into the sea. This ritual symbolised the setting of the sun as it sinks into the sea, and in that way the Rhodians honoured his role as the celestial charioteer. The Halieia drew athletes and musicians from all over

2414-540: The Hippokathesia. Doric Greek Doric or Dorian ( Ancient Greek : Δωρισμός , romanized :  Dōrismós ), also known as West Greek , was a group of Ancient Greek dialects ; its varieties are divided into the Doric proper and Northwest Doric subgroups. Doric was spoken in a vast area, including northern Greece ( Acarnania , Aetolia , Epirus , western and eastern Locris , Phocis , Doris , and possibly ancient Macedonia ), most of

2485-564: The Ionian Sea, and in the Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia in Southern Italy (including Sybaris and Crotone ). This strict Doric dialect was later subject to the influence of mild Doric spoken in Corinthia . It survived until 350 BC. By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League , an Achaean Doric koine appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed

2556-642: The Milesians founded Odessa in the region of modern Ukraine . On the Crimean peninsula (the Greeks then called it Tauric Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded likewise the cities of Sympheropolis , Nymphaeum and Hermonassa . On the Sea of Azov (Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they founded Tanais (in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine and Phanagoria , the last being

2627-476: The Milesians founded the cities of Histria , Argame and Apollonia . In the south of the Black Sea the most important colony was Sinope which according to prevailing opinion was founded by Miletus some time around the middle of the 7th century BC. Sinope was founded with a series of other colonies in the Pontic region: Trebizond , Cerasus , Cytorus , Cotyora , Cromne, Pteria , Tium , etc. Further north from

2698-661: The Northern Aegean. Numerous colonies were founded in Northern Greece , chiefly in the region of Chalcidice but also in the region of Thrace . Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who lent their name to these colonies. The most important settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were Olynthos (which was settled in collaboration with the Athenians ), Torone , Mende , Sermyle , Aphytis and Cleonae in

2769-478: The Northwest Doric area, most internal differences did not hinder mutual understanding, though Filos, citing Bubenik, notes that there were certain cases where a bit of accommodation may have been necessary. The earliest epigraphic texts for Northwest Doric date to the 6th–5th century BC. These are thought to provide evidence for Northwest Doric features, especially the phonology and morphophonology, but most of

2840-632: The Northwest Greek-speaking Argead Macedonians hailing from Argos Orestikon , who founded the kingdom of Lower Macedonia . However, according to Hatzopoulos, B. Helly expanded and improved his own earlier suggestion and presented the hypothesis of a (North-)' Achaean ' substratum extending as far north as the head of the Thermaic Gulf , which had a continuous relation, in prehistoric times both in Thessaly and Macedonia , with

2911-423: The Northwest Greek-speaking populations living on the other side of the Pindus mountain range, and contacts became cohabitation when the Argead Macedonians completed their wandering from Orestis to Lower Macedonia in the 7th c. BC. According to this hypothesis, Hatzopoulos concludes that the Macedonian Greek dialect of the historical period, which is attested in inscriptions, is a sort of koine resulting from

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2982-453: The city. Similar to the emporion established in the Nile Delta it is possible there was a Greek trading colony established by the Euboians along the Syrian coast on the mouth of the Orontes river at the site Al-Mina in the early 8th century BC. The Greek colony of Posideion on the promontory Ras al-Bassit was colonised just to the south of the Orontes estuary later in the 7th century BC. Diodorus Siculus mentions Meschela (Μεσχέλα),

3053-455: The colonies in and around Italy: Syracuse, Sicily and Ancona , and the colonies of Corcyra : Dyrrachium , and Apollonia . The earliest inscriptions at Corinth date from the early sixth century BC. They use a Corinthian epichoric alphabet. (See under Attic Greek .) Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played

3124-441: The colonies of Cumae , Zancle , Rhegium and Naxos . At the end of the 8th century, Euboea fell into decline with the outbreak of the Lelantine War but colonial foundation continued by other Greeks such as the Ionians and Corinthians. The Ionians started their first colonies around the 7th century in Southern Italy, Thrace and on the Black Sea . Thera founded Cyrene and Andros , and Samos founded multiple colonies in

3195-410: The colony of Poseidonia . Gela founded its own colony, Acragas . With colonisation, Greek culture was exported to Italy with its dialects of the Ancient Greek language , its religious rites, and its traditions of the independent polis . An original Hellenic civilization soon developed, and later interacted with the native Italic civilisations. One of the most important cultural transplants

3266-399: The current location of the "Hill 133" north of Amphipolis in Serres . Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace by the Ionians from the coast of Asia Minor . Important colonies were Maroneia , and Abdera . The Milesians also founded Abydos and Cardia on the Hellespont and Rhaedestus in Propontis . The Samians colonised the island of Samothrace , becoming

3337-691: The expansion of Archaic Greeks , particularly during the 8th–6th centuries BC , across the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea . The Archaic expansion differed from the Iron Age migrations of the Greek Dark Ages , in that it consisted of organised direction (see oikistes ) away from the originating metropolis rather than the simplistic movement of tribes, which characterised the aforementioned earlier migrations. Many colonies, or apoikiai ( Greek : ἀποικία , transl.  "home away from home" ), that were founded during this period eventually evolved into strong Greek city-states , functioning independently of their metropolis . The reasons for

3408-403: The features thus attributed to Northwest Doric are not exclusive to it. The Northwest Doric dialects differ from the main Doric Group dialects in the below features: Four or five dialects of Northwestern Doric are recognised. This dialect was spoken in Phocis and in its main settlement, Delphi . Because of that it is also cited as Delphian. Plutarch says that Delphians pronounce b in

3479-417: The four Panhellenic festivals; the Isthmian , Nemean , Pythian , and Olympic Games . By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League , an Achaean Doric koine appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic -based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC. The only living descendant of Doric is the Tsakonian language which

3550-400: The interaction and the influences of various elements, the most important of which are the North- Achaean substratum, the Northwest Greek idiom of the Argead Macedonians , and the Thracian and Phrygian adstrata. Achaean Doric most probably belonged to the Northwest Doric group. It was spoken in Achaea in the northwestern Peloponnese, on the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos in

3621-438: The mainland, and then in the Strait of Messina, Zancle in Sicily, and nearby on the opposite coast, Rhegium . The second wave was of the Achaeans who concentrated initially on the Ionian coast ( Metapontion , Poseidonia , Sybaris , Kroton ), shortly before 720   BC. At an unknown date between the 8th and 6th centuries BC the Athenians, of Ionian lineage, founded Scylletium (near today's Catanzaro ). In Sicily

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3692-426: The most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect". Miltiades Hatzopoulos has suggested that the Macedonian dialect of the 4th century BC, as attested in the Pella curse tablet , was a sort of Macedonian 'koine' resulting from the encounter of the idiom of the ' Aeolic '-speaking populations around Mount Olympus and the Pierian Mountains with

3763-401: The most powerful cities in the area. Megara founded Megara Hyblaea and Selinous ; Phocaea founded Elea ; Rhodes founded Gela together with the Cretans and Lipari together with Cnidus ; the Locrians founded Epizephyrean Locris . According to legend, Lagaria which was between Thurii and the river Sinni River was founded by Phocians . Evidence of frequent contact between

3834-426: The northern Doric dialects. Southern dialects, in addition to numerous inscriptions, coins, and names, have also provided much more literary evidence through authors such as Alcman , Pindar , and Archimedes of Syracuse , among others, all of whom wrote in Doric. There are also ancient dictionaries that have survived; notably the one by Hesychius of Alexandria , whose work preserved many dialectal words from throughout

3905-401: The peninsula of Athos . Other important colonies in Chalcidice were Acanthus , founded by colonists from Andros and Potidaea , a colony of Corinth . Thasians with the help of the Athenian Callistratus of Aphidnae founded the city of Datus . During the Peloponnesian War , the Athenians with the Hagnon, son of Nikias founded the city of Ennea Hodoi (Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ), meaning nine roads, at

3976-495: The place of p ( βικρὸν for πικρὸν ) Locrian Greek is attested in two locations: The dialect of Elis (earliest c.  600 BC ) is considered, after Aeolic Greek , one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts. Spoken at the Dodona oracle, (earliest c.  550 –500 BC) firstly under control of the Thesprotians ; later organized in the Epirote League (since c.  370 BC ). Most scholars maintain that ancient Macedonian

4047-432: The population of Laconia in the southern Peloponnese and also by its colonies, Taras and Herakleia in Magna Graecia . Sparta was the seat of ancient Laconia. Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the seventh century BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the second quarter of the seventh century. Taras was founded in 706 and its founders must already have spoken Laconic. Many documents from

4118-472: The present-day Italian regions of Calabria , Apulia , Basilicata , Campania and Sicily which were extensively settled by Greeks. Greeks began to settle in southern Italy in the 8th century BC. The first great migratory wave directed towards the western Mediterranean was that of the Euboeans aimed at the Gulf of Naples who, after Pithecusae (on the isle of Ischia ), the oldest Greek settlement in Italy, founded Cumae nearby, their first colony on

4189-498: The sacrifice of horses in a similar manner to the sea-god Poseidon Hippios are also attested, and might have influenced the horse-sacrificing rituals to Helios. The Argives drowned horses in Poseidon's honour, in Illyria horses were offered to him every four years in the same manner as during the Halieia, while he was worshipped as Hippios, god of horses, in Lindos , one of the principal Rhodian cities. Scholars have associated these rites, along with those of another Rhodian festival,

4260-403: The source of its name. Finally, the Parians colonised Thasos under the leadership of the oecist and father of the poet Archilochus , Telesicles. In 340 BC, while Alexander the Great was regent of Macedon, he founded the city of Alexandropolis Maedica after defeating a local Thracian tribe. Magna Graecia was the name given by the Romans to the coastal areas of Southern Italy in

4331-453: The spread of the Attic -based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC. The Northwest Doric koine refers to a supraregional North-West common variety that emerged in the third and second centuries BC, and was used in the official texts of the Aetolian League . Such texts have been found in W. Locris, Phocis, and Phtiotis, among other sites. It contained a mix of native Northwest Doric dialectal elements and Attic forms. It

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4402-605: The state of Epirus. The Northwest Doric koine was thus both a linguistic and a political rival of the Attic-Ionic koine. Proto-Greek long *ā is retained as ā , in contrast to Attic developing a long open ē ( eta ) in at least some positions. In certain Doric dialects (Severe Doric), *e and *o lengthen by compensatory lengthening or contraction to eta or omega , in contrast to Attic ei and ou ( spurious diphthongs ). Contraction: Proto-Greek *ae > Doric ē ( eta ) ~ Attic ā . Proto-Greek *eo, *ea > some Doric dialects' io, ia . Proto-Greek short *a > Doric short

4473-406: The state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived. Homer calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. The seventh century Spartan poet Alcman used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. Philoxenus of Alexandria wrote a treatise On the Laconian dialect . Argolic was spoken in

4544-431: The story, Anthia, cuts and dedicates some of her hair in Helios' temple with the inscription Anthia dedicated this hair to the god on behalf of Habrokomes . The Games dial on the Antikythera mechanism , an Ancient Greek hand-powered orrery , is divided into four sectors, one of which is inscribed with the word Halieia , as it was possibly used to track the cycle of various athletic games in antiquity. Rituals involving

4615-413: The thickly settled northeast Peloponnese at, for example, Argos , Mycenae , Hermione , Troezen , Epidaurus , and as close to Athens as the island of Aegina . As Mycenaean Greek had been spoken in this dialect region in the Bronze Age , it is clear that the Dorians overran it but were unable to take Attica . The Dorians went on from Argos to Crete and Rhodes . Ample inscriptional material of

4686-423: The west which succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth included Leucada , Astacus , Anactoreum , Actium , Ambracia , and Corcyra - all in modern-day western Greece. The Corinthians also founded important colonies in Illyria , which evolved into important cities, Apollonia and Epidamnus , in present-day Albania. The fact that about

4757-443: Was a Greek dialect, probably of the Northwestern Doric group in particular. Olivier Masson , in his article for The Oxford Classical Dictionary , talks of "two schools of thought": one rejecting "the Greek affiliation of Macedonian" and preferring "to treat it as an Indo-European language of the Balkans" of contested affiliation (examples are Bonfante 1987, and Russu 1938); the other favouring "a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as

4828-413: Was apparently based on the most general features of Northwest Doric, eschewing less common local traits. Its rise was driven by both linguistic and non-linguistic factors, with non-linguistic motivating factors including the spread of the rival Attic-Ionic koine after it was recruited by the Macedonian state for administration, and the political unification of a vast territories by the Aetolian League and

4899-415: Was selected in advance with the goal of offering business advantages, but also security from raiders. In order to create a feeling of security and confidence in the new colony, the choice of place was decided according to its usefulness. The mission always included a leader nominated by the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parceled out the land, including farms. The system of governance usually took

4970-442: Was still flourishing even centuries after that. In the fictional work Ephesian Tale by Xenophon of Ephesus , the protagonists find themselves at Rhodes during a festival in honour of Helios, described thus: [T]he next Day was a Festival dedicated to the Sun, and celebrated by the Rhodians, with the utmost publick Magnificence, the Pomp, the Sacrifices, and the Concourse of the Citizens, being exceeding great. The protagonist of

5041-415: Was the Chalcidean / Cumaean variety of the Greek alphabet which was adopted by the Etruscans ; the Old Italic alphabet subsequently evolved into the Latin alphabet , which became the most widely used alphabet in the world. The region of the Ionian Sea and that of Illyria were colonised strictly by Corinth . The Corinthians founded important overseas colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italy and

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