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42-451: Haguenau ( French: [aɡ(ə)no] ; Alsatian : Hàwenau [ˈhaːvənau̯] or Hàjenöi [ˈhaːjənœi̯] ; German : Hagenau ; historical English: Hagenaw ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department of France, of which it is a sub-prefecture . It is second in size in the Bas-Rhin only to Strasbourg , some 30 km (19 mi) to the south. To

84-895: A more distantly related Franconian dialect spoken in the northwest corner of Alsace and in neighbouring Lorraine . Like other dialects and languages, Alsatian has also been influenced by outside sources. Words of Yiddish origin can be found in Alsatian, and modern conversational Alsatian includes adaptations of French words and English words, especially concerning new technologies. Many speakers of Alsatian could, if necessary, write in reasonable standard German . For most this would be rare and confined to those who have learned German at school or through work. As with other dialects, various factors determine when, where, and with whom one might converse in Alsatian. Some dialect speakers are unwilling to speak standard German, at times, to certain outsiders and prefer to use French. In contrast, many people living near

126-520: A revised orthography meant for use by all dialects of Alsatian promoted by the Office pour la Langue et les Cultures d'Alsace et de Moselle (OLCA) . The latest version (2016) of Orthal is described below. Not all dialects are expected to use all letters & diacritics. For example, Owerlandisch from Southern Alsace primarily uses the additional vowel letters, Ä À Ì Ü. Dialects from the north (Strasbourg region) make use of more letters including Ë, Ö, Ù and

168-429: A rich historical and cultural heritage which supports a lively tourist trade . There is also a thriving light manufacturing sector centred on the industrial zone to the west of the town. Here the presence nearby of significant retail developments testifies to Haguenau's importance as a regional commercial centre. The recent extension of the ring road has improved access to the commercial and industrial zones and reduced

210-668: A syllable is pronounced as a Short Vowel. e.g., Ross Alsatian has a set of 19 consonants: Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: /kʰ/ and /h/ only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; /ŋ/ never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme. Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but [k] . Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed /b̥/ , /d̥/ , /ɡ̊/ . Speakers of French tend to hear them as their /p, t, k/ , which also are voiceless and unaspirated. The phoneme /ç/ has

252-962: A velar allophone [x] after back vowels ( /u/ , /o/ , /ɔ/ , and /a/ in those speakers who do not pronounce this as [æ] ), and palatal [ç] elsewhere. In southern dialects, there is a tendency to pronounce it /x/ in all positions, and in Strasbourg the palatal allophone tends to conflate with the phoneme /ʃ/ . A labiodental voiced fricative /v/ sound is also present as well as an approximant /ʋ/ sound. /ʁ/ may have phonetic realizations as [ʁ] , [ʁ̞] , and [ʀ] . Short vowels: /ʊ/ , /o/ , /ɒ/ , /a/ ( [æ] in Strasbourg), /ɛ/ , /ɪ/ , /i/ , /y/ . Long vowels: /ʊː/ , /oː/ , /ɒː/ , /aː/ , /ɛː/ , /eː/ , /iː/ , /yː/ Alsatian nouns inflect by case, gender and number: Republic of Alsace-Lorraine The November 1918 insurgency in Alsace–Lorraine

294-709: Is a series of events which occurred when the region of Alsace–Lorraine passed from German to French sovereignty at the end of World War I . During this month, international events were linked to domestic troubles, particularly the German Revolution . In the wake of the German Revolution, councils of workers and soldiers (Soldaten- und Arbeiterräte) formed in Mulhouse on November 9 and in Colmar and Strasbourg on November 10, in parallel to other such bodies set up in

336-516: Is left of arguably the most prestigious of them, Frederick I Barbarossa's imperial palace ( Kaiserpfalz ). Medieval Haguenau retains three gates from its former fortification, the Tour des Chevaliers (Tower of the knights), the Tour des Pêcheurs (Tower of the fishermen) and the Porte de Wissembourg ( Wissembourg gate), two fairly large Gothic churches, Saint-Georges and Saint-Nicolas, an ancient water-mill and

378-463: Is set in Haguenau. In the 1968 film The Girl on a Motorcycle , Marianne Faithfull 's character sets out from Haguenau on her fateful journey. Alsatian language Alsatian is closely related to other nearby Alemannic dialects , such as Swiss German , Swabian , Markgräflerisch , Kaiserstühlerisch and the other Alemannic dialects of Baden . It is often confused with Lorraine Franconian ,

420-588: The German Revolution at the end of World War I in the province of Alsace-Lorraine , which had been part of Germany since 1871. Disquiet had spread amongst Alsatian soldiers, particularly in early 1918. There was a mutiny by Alsatian troops at the Beverloo Camp on 12 May 1918. In October 1918, the Imperial German Navy , whose surface ships had largely remained in port after the Battle of Jutland (1916),

462-404: The old custom-house ( Ancienne Douane ) . Both Saint-Georges and Saint-Nicolas Church have lost many of their artistic treasures over the centuries, especially their medieval stained glass windows and outside sculptures. Still, both display to this day some fine liturgical furniture (altars, choir stalls, organ cases, church tabernacles , calvaries...). Saint-Nicolas has become the receptacle for

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504-659: The "Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire ", i.e. the jewelled imperial crown, sceptre, imperial orb, and sword of Charlemagne . Richard of Cornwall , King of the Romans, made it an imperial city in 1257. Subsequently, through Rudolph I of Germany — the first Habsburg emperor — Haguenau became the seat of the Landvogt of Hagenau, the German imperial advocate in Lower Alsace . In

546-540: The 101st on 23 February 1945. On 15 March the Allied Operation Undertone , a combined effort of the U.S. Seventh and French 1st Armies of the U.S. Sixth Army Group , was launched to drive the Germans back along a 75 km line from Saarbrücken to Haguenau. The last German soldier was not cleared out of the town until 19 March 1945, after house-to-house fighting. Much of the town had been destroyed despite

588-497: The 14th century, it housed the executive council of the Decapole , a defensive and offensive association of ten Alsatian towns against external aggression, economic expansion and related political instability. In the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Alsace was ceded to France, which had repeatedly invaded and looted the region in the past. In 1673 King Louis XIV had the fortifications as well as

630-516: The 1825 Dolphin fountain ( Fontaine aux dauphins ). The Institut universitaire de technologie de Haguenau (IUT) was founded in 2006. It is a branch of the University of Strasbourg . Haguenau station offers rail connections to Strasbourg, Wissembourg and Niederbronn-les-Bains. Haguenau is twinned with Landau (Germany). Episode eight of the Second World War miniseries Band of Brothers

672-503: The Allied reluctance to use artillery to clear out the Germans. Technical Sergeant Morris E. Crain , Company E, 141st Infantry Regiment , 36th Infantry Division was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for providing covering fire for his men on 13 March 1945. The town has a well balanced economy. Centuries of troubled history in the buffer lands between France and Germany have given Haguenau

714-534: The French generals to send in their troops to restore order. Eleven days later, France occupied and incorporated Alsace-Lorraine. French soldiers under the command of general Henri Gouraud entered the suburbs of Strasbourg on November 22, 1918, strikes were terminated by force, and agitators were arrested. The streets named "Rue du 22 novembre" in Strasbourg and Mulhouse commemorate the return of Alsace to France. The region lost its recently acquired autonomy and reverted to

756-555: The German Empire for 48 years from 1871 to 1918, when at the end of World War I it was returned to France. This transfer was officially ratified in 1919 with the Treaty of Versailles . Haguenau is a rapidly growing town, its population having increased from 22,944 inhabitants in 1968 to 34,504 inhabitants in 2017. Haguenau's functional urban area has grown from 54,415 inhabitants in 1968 to 75,933 inhabitants in 2017. Haguenau dates from

798-487: The Germans demolished bridges, useful buildings, and even the town park. However, as experienced by Haguenau throughout its history, the Germans came back and retook the town in late January. Most of the inhabitants fled with the assistance of the U.S. Army. The Americans launched an immediate counterattack to retake the town. The 313th Infantry Regiment of the 79th Division was relieved by the 101st Airborne Division on 5 February 1945. The 36th Infantry Division would relieve

840-595: The Imperial Navy. Several of them joined the insurrection, and decided to rouse their homeland to revolt. On 8 November, the proclamation of a Republic of Councils in Bavaria was aired in Strasbourg, the capital of Alsace. Inspired by this, thousands of demonstrators rallied on the Place Kléber , the main square in Strasbourg, to acclaim the first insurgents returning from northern Germany. A train controlled by insurgents

882-619: The Land, so that Kaiser Wilhelm II 's abdication on November 9 involved the fall of the monarchy both at the national and at the regional level, with a consequent legal power vacuum. In this chaotic situation the Landtag proclaimed itself the supreme authority of the land with the name of Nationalrat and the Soviet of Strasbourg claimed the foundation of a Republic of Alsace-Lorraine , while SPD Reichstag representative for Colmar Jacques Peirotes announced

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924-563: The United States by a group known as the Swiss Amish , whose ancestors emigrated there in the middle of the 19th century. The approximately 7,000 speakers are located mainly in Allen County, Indiana , with "daughter settlements" elsewhere. C , Q , and X are only used in loanwords. Y is also used in native words, but is more common in loanwords. Orthal ( Orthographe alsacienne ) is

966-409: The adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, its use has been largely declining amongst the youngest generations. In 2023 local French public schools began offering Alsatian immersion for the first time. The programs have proven popular with students and parents but after years of official state suppression of the language, struggle to find enough teachers. A dialect of Alsatian German is spoken in

1008-414: The area near Haguenau, and on 7 December the regiment was given the assignment to take it and the town forest just north that included German ammunition dumps. The attack began at 0645 on 9 December, and sometime during the night of 10 December and the early morning of 11 December the Germans withdrew under the cover of darkness, leaving the town proper largely under American control. Before they withdrew,

1050-433: The baroque wooden decoration of the church of the destroyed Neubourg Abbey nearby. French Baroque and classicism has bequeathed the town several buildings, among which the former hospital and the current town hall. The Synagogue (1820) is a fine example of French Neo-classicism , as is the theatre ( Théâtre municipal ) (1846). The large Hop hall ( Halle au houblon ) is a good example of historicism in architecture. It

1092-519: The beginning of the 12th century, when Duke Frederick II the One-Eyed (1090 – 6 April 1147) of Swabia erected a hunting lodge on an island in the river Moder . The medieval King and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa fortified the settlement and gave it town rights , important for further development, in 1154. On the site of the hunting lodge he founded an imperial palace he regarded as his favourite residence. In this palace were preserved

1134-669: The border by the French Revolutionary Army , causing the “great flight”. In 1871, Haguenau was ceded to the German Empire upon its victory in the Franco-Prussian War ; the community was made part of Alsace-Lorraine , with its Germanic spelling– Hagenau –restored. The Haguenau Airport was built in 1916 by the German military to train fighter and bomber pilots to fight in the First World War . Hagenau

1176-489: The border with Basel , Switzerland , will speak their dialect with a Swiss person from that area, as they are mutually intelligible for the most part; similar habits may apply to conversations with people of the nearby German Markgräflerland . Some street names in Alsace may use Alsatian spellings (they were formerly displayed only in French but are now bilingual in some places, especially Strasbourg and Mulhouse ). Since 1992,

1218-550: The city. A council of workers and soldiers was then established, with the leader of the brewery workers' union presiding. Red flags flew all over the city, including on the spire of the cathedral. An amnesty was declared, and freedom of the press was proclaimed. Factory workers went on strike, demanding higher wages; the Soviets (councils) raised wages by decree against the opposition of the factory owners. The Social Democratic Party leader in Strasbourg, Jacques Peirotes , then asked

1260-614: The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages , is recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France . France is a signatory to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages but has never ratified the law and has not given regional languages

1302-481: The diphthong ÈI. In general the principles of Orthal are to: The vowels are pronounced short or long based on their position in the syllable besides the letter type. A vowel at the end of a syllable, without a subsequent consonant, is a long vowel "V" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., hà, sì A vowel followed by a single consonant in a syllable is pronounced as a long vowel "V + C" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., Ros Note – A vowel followed by several consonants ("V + C + C") in

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1344-546: The establishment of the French rule, asking Paris to send troops quickly. While the soviet councils disbanded themselves with the departure of the German troops between November 11 and 17, the arrival of the French Army stabilized the situation: French troops put the region under military occupation and entered Strasbourg on November 21. The Nationalrat proclaimed the return of Alsace to France on December 5, even though this process did not gain international recognition until

1386-653: The general revolutionary atmosphere of the expiring Reich and in imitation of the Russian equivalent soviets . Under the Empire of 1871–1918, the territory constituting the Reichsland (or Imperial Province) of Alsace-Lorraine was administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin , and was granted some measure of autonomy in 1911. Similarly, the Kaiser was also the local sovereign of

1428-505: The north of the town, the Forest of Haguenau is the largest undivided forest in France. Haguenau was founded by German dukes and has swapped back and forth several times between Germany and France over the centuries, with its spelling altering between "Hagenau" and "Haguenau" by the turn. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War , Haguenau was ceded to the new German Empire. It was part of

1470-507: The remains of the king's palace razed in order to extinguish German traditions. Haguenau was recaptured by German troops in 1675, but was taken again by the French two years later, when it was nearly destroyed by fire set by looting French troops. In 1793 Prussians and Austrians had occupied Lower Alsace from the Lauter to Moder to support the Royalists and before the year's end were driven back over

1512-414: The signature of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic (or Alsace-Lorraine Republic of Councils ; French : République des conseils d'Alsace-Lorraine ; German : Räterepublik Elsaß-Lothringen ; Alsatian : D' Rotrepüblik Elsass-Lothrìnge ; Moselle Franconian / Luxembourgish : D'Réitrepublik Elsass-Loutrengen ) was a short-lived Soviet republic created during

1554-455: The support that would be required by the charter. Alsatian has gone from being the prevalent language of the region to one in decline. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France , making it the second-most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan ). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is declining. While 43% of

1596-481: The traffic congestion which used to be a frequent challenge for vehicle drivers using the road which follows the line of the old town walls on the western side of town. In spite of the extensive destruction Haguenau suffered during the many wars experienced by Alsace, especially the Thirty Years' War , the French conquest in 1677 and the Second World War, it still possesses monuments from nine centuries, even if nothing

1638-585: Was blocked on the Kehl bridge, and a loyal commander ordered to shoot on the train. One insurgent was killed, but his fellows took control of the city of Kehl. From Strasbourg, the revolution spread throughout Alsace and Lorraine, and similar Soviets were established in Haguenau , Mulhouse , Sélestat , Colmar , Metz , and other cities. The insurgent seamen established the Soldiers' Council of Strasbourg , and took control of

1680-432: Was built by the French in 1867 and extended twice by the Germans, in 1881 and 1908. The Basilica of Our Lady in the locality of Marienthal is a vast Gothic Revival sanctuary (1863–1866). It keeps two early 15th-century statues, and a host of sculptures from around 1519. Haguenau's streets are adorned by attractive fountains, the medieval Saint-Georges fountain, the 18th-century Bee fountain ( Fontaine aux abeilles ) and

1722-481: Was ordered to leave port to fight the British Royal Navy . However, the naval troops refused to obey: this led to a sailors' mutiny at Kiel . The mutineers took over the main military port and were quickly joined by workers and the trade unions. The revolution spread quickly across Germany, overthrowing the monarchy within a few days. At that time, about 15,000 Alsatians and Lorrainers had been incorporated into

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1764-513: Was part of the briefly independent Republic of Alsace-Lorraine after World War I , before being returned to France in 1919. In the Second World War , Germany retook the town in 1940. In November 1944 the area surrounding Haguenau was under the control of the 256th Volksgrenadier Division under the command of General Gerhard Franz . On 1 December 1944, the 314th Infantry Regiment of the 79th Division , XV Corps, 7th U.S. Army, moved into

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