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112-509: Hashomer Hatzair, along with HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed of Israel , is a member of the International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International . Hashomer Hatzair came into being as a result of the merger of two groups, Hashomer ('The Guard'), a Zionist scouting group, and Ze'irei Zion ('The Youth of Zion'), which was an ideological circle that studied Zionism, socialism and Jewish history . Hashomer Hatzair

224-662: A " Greater Romania ", a national state that would incorporate all ethnic Romanians. However, the newly gained territories also included significant Hungarian, German, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, and Russian minorities, which put Romania at odds with several of her neighbours. This occasionally led to violent conflicts, as exemplified by the Hungarian–Romanian War and the Tatarbunary Uprising . To contain Hungarian irredentism, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia established

336-788: A German attempt to relieve the Third Army following the devastating Soviet Operation Uranus . Prior to the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the Antonescu government considered a war with Hungary over Transylvania an inevitability after the expected victory over the Soviet Union. Although it was an ally of Germany, Romania's later turning to the Allied side in August 1944 was rewarded by returning Northern Transylvania, which had been granted to Hungary in 1940 after

448-630: A compromise between Romania and the Kingdom of Hungary : Hungary received a region referred to as ' Northern Transylvania ', while 'Southern Transylvania' remained part of Romania (Hungary had lost Transylvania after World War I in the Treaty of Trianon ). On 7 September, under the Treaty of Craiova , Southern Dobruja (which Bulgaria had lost after the Romanian invasion during the Second Balkan War in 1913),

560-519: A couple of tijulim, every second year the oldest kvutzot the bogrim and the oldest kvutza go to machane Israel in which they attend the Seminar Tzofi or Tzofinodet. In Belgium, Hashomer Hatzaïr was established in 1920. Each Saturday 250 hanihim take part in folk dancing (rekudei'am), ludic activities (peoulot), and Shabbat celebrations (oneg shabbat). Four camps are organized throughout the year. The November, Winter, and Easter camps usually take place in

672-958: A decree from 1959, this day was established as the Romanian Armed Forces Day . The Romanian Army ended the war fighting against the Wehrmacht alongside the Red Army in Transylvania, Hungary, Yugoslavia , Austria and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , from August 1944 until the end of the war in Europe . In May 1945, the First and Fourth armies took part in the Prague Offensive . The Romanian Army incurred heavy casualties fighting Nazi Germany. Of some 538,000 Romanian soldiers who fought against

784-575: A figurehead, was able to successfully depose the Antonescu dictatorship. The King then offered a non-confrontational retreat to German ambassador Manfred von Killinger . But the Germans considered the coup "reversible" and attempted to turn the situation around by military force. The Romanian First , Second (forming) , and what little was left of the Third and the Fourth Armies (one corps) were under orders from

896-697: A formal Allied recognition of the de facto change of orientation until 12 September (the date the armistice was signed in Moscow) to the complexities of the negotiations between the USSR and UK. During the Moscow Conference in October 1944 Winston Churchill , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , proposed an agreement to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe into spheres of influence after

1008-553: A just world through socialism, equality, and the betterment of Israel and the world. There are currently kenim in Toronto, northern New Jersey ( Tenafly ), central New Jersey ( East Brunswick ), New York City, Washington D.C., and Philadelphia. The United States is currently in the process of recreating kenim in Westchester, NY and Albany, NY. Hashomer Hatzair has collaborated with Habonim Dror and other left-wing Zionist groups to form

1120-537: A leading role in subjects like the peace process in the Middle East. The educational activities are also aimed at the challenges of Brazilian society, such as social and environmental issues. There are about 300 members in the national movement In Bulgaria, Hashomer Hatzair has been active for more than 20 years and has a branch in Sofia. Тhe Bulgarian branch of Hashomer Hatzair was established after WWII but it closed down when

1232-501: A massive Romanian support attacked the Soviet Union. German and Romanian units conquered Bessarabia, Odessa, and Sevastopol, then marched eastward across the Russian steppes toward Stalingrad. Romania welcomed the war because it allowed them to retake lands annexed by the Soviet Union a year prior. Hitler rewarded Romania's loyalty by returning Bessarabia and northern Bukovina and by allowing Romania to administer Soviet lands immediately between

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1344-515: A sister movement of Habonim Dror , and affiliated with the Labor Zionist movement. The organisation is a member of the International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International . HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed was founded in 1924. Initially it was called Hanoar HaOved ("Working Youth") and affiliated with the Histadrut . In 1959, the group joined HaTnua HaMeuhedet ("The United Movement") and

1456-714: A weak Franco-British response to Hitler's aggressive foreign policy caused Romania to start drifting away from the Western Allies and closer to the Axis. On 13 April 1939, France and the United Kingdom had pledged to guarantee the independence of the Kingdom of Romania. Negotiations with the Soviet Union concerning a similar guarantee collapsed when Romania refused to allow the Red Army to cross its frontiers. On 23 August 1939, Germany and

1568-475: Is currently in the process of growth, through intergenerational projects and initiatives aimed at educators and activists. It offers subsidised activities to its members, allowing participants with less means to take part. In 2022, on its 10th anniversary of re-establishing the work in Germany, HHD was leading an intergenerational historical project to connect and commemorate the present generation to its generation in

1680-613: Is located in Melbourne and was established in 1953 as a break away from Habonim Dror . There was briefly a ken (branch) in Sydney during the 1960s, but it closed due to a lack of members. Many of the original bogrim (leaders) of Australian Hashomer Hatzair settled in kibbutz Nirim . Its building in Melbourne is known as Beit Anielewicz, located in the suburb of St Kilda East . It runs weekly meetings as well as bi-annual camps which take place in

1792-474: Is not certain, but the lowest respectable estimates run to about 250,000 Jews and 11,000 Roma in these eastern regions. Nonetheless, half of the Jews living within the pre-Barbarossa borders survived the war, although they were subject to a wide range of harsh conditions, including forced labor, financial penalties, and discriminatory laws. All Jewish property was nationalized . The report commissioned and accepted by

1904-629: Is only one in the centre of the city, consisting of two kvutzot of younger children (ages 6 to 7 and 8 to 10) and another two of older kids (11 to 13 and 14 to 16). The ken is called Ken Mordejai Anilevich and is in the capital city of Montevideo in the neightboard of Pocitos . Hashomer Hatzair is active in the Netherlands from the 1950s. Until somewhere in the 1970s there were kenim in Rotterdam and Amsterdam. A ken in Maastricht has been active since around

2016-586: Is run by current bogrim/ot in the movement and teaches the chanichim/ot leadership skills which are used when they lead members of the Junior movement in Year 11. The current Year 11 madatzim/ot (leaders) are from the kvutzat (group) Negba. All other 'Hashy' Australia members are situated in Byron Bay , where Madrachim/ot travel 3 times annually. Hashomer Hatzair Australia has a strong belief that chanichim/ot should be active in

2128-471: Is the oldest Zionist youth movement still in existence. Initially Marxist -Zionist, the movement was influenced by the ideas of Ber Borochov and Gustav Wyneken as well as Baden-Powell and the German Wandervogel movement. Hashomer Hatzair believed that the liberation of Jewish youth could be accomplished by aliyah (immigration; literally "ascent") to Palestine and living in kibbutzim . After

2240-636: Is why, when a small group of Zionist leaders met in New York in May 1942 in the Biltmore Hotel , Hashomer Hatzair representatives voted against the so-called Biltmore Program . In 1936, the kibbutz-based Hashomer Hatzair party launched an urban political party, the Socialist League of Palestine , which would represent non-kibbutzniks who shared the political approach of the members of Hashomer Hatzair kibbutzim and

2352-558: The #2021JLID – Jüdisches Leben in Deutschland line of events and activities, to celebrate 1,700 years since the first evidence of Jewish lives in Germany and Europe. Following a Pessach Seminar in March 2021, a booklet on Jewish Lives in Germany by HHD and its sub-project ROSBOT was published in July 2021, and was dedicated to Esther Bejarano , Holocaust survivor, artist and activist, who died on

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2464-683: The Eastern Front than all other allies of Germany combined. Romanian forces played a large role during fighting in Ukraine , Bessarabia , and in the Battle of Stalingrad . Romanian troops were responsible for the persecution and massacre of 260,000 Jews in Romanian-controlled territories, though half of the Jews living in Romania survived the war. Romania controlled the third-largest Axis army in Europe and

2576-542: The First World War the movement spread to Jewish communities throughout the world as a scouting movement. Psychoanalysis was also an influence, partly through Siegfried Bernfeld ; so was the philosopher Martin Buber . Otto Fenichel also supported Hashomer Hatzair's efforts to integrate Marxism with psychoanalysis. Hashomer Hatzair's educators sought to shape the image of the child from birth to maturity; some were aware of

2688-592: The German Eighth Army were responsible for defending northern Romania and took part in the Battles of Târgu Frumos , which David Glantz considered to be an initial Soviet attempt to invade Romania , supposedly held back by Axis defensive lines in northern Romania. The Jassy–Kishinev Offensive , launched on 20 August 1944, resulted in a quick and decisive Soviet breakthrough, collapsing the German-Romanian front in

2800-543: The Iaşi pogrom of June 1941, over 13,000 Jews were massacred or killed slowly in trains traveling back and forth across the countryside. Half of the estimated 270,000 to 320,000 Jews living in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Dorohoi County in Romania were murdered or died between June 1941 and the spring of 1944, of which between 45,000 and 60,000 Jews were killed in Bessarabia and Bukovina by Romanian and German troops, within months from

2912-713: The International Revolutionary Marxist Centre (also known as the "London Bureau") rather than either the more mainstream socialist Labour and Socialist International or the Leninist Third International . By 1939, Hashomer Hatzair had 70,000 members worldwide. The movement's membership base was in Eastern Europe. With the advent of World War II and the Holocaust , members of Hashomer Hatzair focused their attention on resistance against

3024-536: The Little Entente in 1921. That same year Romania and Poland concluded a defensive alliance against the emergent Soviet Union, and in 1934 the Balkan Entente was formed with Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey, which were suspicious of Bulgaria. Since the late 19th century onwards Romania had been a relatively democratic constitutional monarchy with a pro-Western outlook, but the country faced increasing turmoil in

3136-586: The Mureș River . Their main objective was Cluj , a city regarded as the historical capital of Transylvania. However, the Second Hungarian Army was present in the region, and together with the Eighth German Army engaged the Allied forces on 5 September 1944 in what was to become the Battle of Turda , which lasted until 8 October and resulted in heavy casualties for both sides. Also around this time,

3248-753: The Nazis . Mordechai Anielewicz , the leader of Hashomer Hatzair's Warsaw branch, became head of the Jewish Combat Organization and one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising . Other members of the movement were involved in Jewish resistance and rescue in Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. The leaders of Hashomer Hatzair in Romania were arrested and executed for antifascist activities. A personal account of

3360-649: The Romanian Bridgehead . Romania officially remained neutral and, under pressure from the Soviet Union and Germany, interned the fleeing Polish government after its members had crossed the Polish–Romanian border on 17 September, forcing them to relegate their authority to what became the Polish government-in-exile . After the assassination of Romanian Prime Minister Armand Călinescu on 21 September, King Carol II tried to maintain neutrality for several months longer, but

3472-729: The Second Vienna Award , Hitler persuaded Antonescu in August 1941 to also take control of the Transnistria territory between the Dniester and the Southern Bug , which would also include Odessa after its eventual fall in October 1941 . Although the Romanian administration set up a civil government, the Transnistria Governorate , the Romanian state had not yet formally incorporated Transnistria into its administrative framework by

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3584-532: The Second Vienna Award . Throughout the Antonescu years, Romania supplied Nazi Germany and the Axis armies with oil, grain, and industrial products. Also, numerous train stations in the country, such as Gara de Nord in Bucharest, served as transit points for troops departing for the Eastern Front. Consequently, by 1943 Romania became a target of Allied aerial bombardment . One of the most notable air bombardments

3696-545: The Union of Progressive Zionists campus network. In October 2011, Hashomer Hatzair participated in Occupy Toronto and built a sukkah at the site of the protest. The Chilean branch of Hashomer Hatzair was founded more than 60 years ago and it continues educating young Jewish Chileans with the values of social justice, fraternity, Judaism and love for Israel. Currently there are 50–100 members aged 9–22 who meet every Saturday in

3808-404: The Warsaw Ghetto . He was also the leader of the infamous Gestapo -sponsored, Nazi-collaborationist Jewish organisation Żagiew , which was formed in February 1943 at the beginning of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising . After the war, the movement was involved in organizing illegal immigration of Jewish refugees to Palestine. Members were also involved in the Haganah military movement as well as in

3920-489: The 1930s as a result of the Great Depression in Romania and the rise of fascist movements such as the Iron Guard , which advocated revolutionary terrorism against the state. Under the pretext of stabilizing the country, the increasingly autocratic King Carol II proclaimed a 'royal dictatorship' in 1938. The new regime featured corporatist policies that often resembled those of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. In parallel with these internal developments, economic pressures and

4032-410: The 30s. As part of the project a team of volunteers was established, travelled to Israel to work around materials in the Kibbutzim archives and the Yad Yaari Research & Documentation Center , as well as meeting the former members and their families. The project outcome are "Chaverschaft - the Hashomer Hatzair Card Game" and a board game that is still being developed. For its work around the history of

4144-444: The Allied Powers". The Annex to Article 18 made clear that "The Romanian Government and their organs shall fulfil all instructions of the Allied Control Commission arising out of the Armistice Agreement." The Agreement also stipulated that the Allied Control Commission would have its seat in Bucharest . In line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement, two Romanian People's Tribunals were set up to try suspected war criminals. As

4256-420: The Allies, announced the acceptance of an armistice (to be signed on September 12) offered by Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR , and declared war on Germany. The coup accelerated the Red Army 's advance into Romania, but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to the Soviet Union, where many perished in prison camps. The armistice

4368-427: The Australian countryside, during the summer and winter months. Hashomer Hatzair Australia is a member of the Australasian Zionist Youth Council (AZYC). Currently, there are around 70 members of 'Hashy' Australia in Melbourne. Meetings for chanichim/ot (participants) from school years 3-12 are on Sunday afternoons and evenings. During Year 10 (age: 15–16) chanichim/ot undergo a 'hadracha' (leadership) course. This course

4480-481: The Axis in 1944–45, some 167,000 were killed, wounded or went missing. Under the 1947 Treaty of Paris , the Allies did not acknowledge Romania as a co-belligerent nation but instead applied the term "ally of Hitlerite Germany" to all recipients of the treaty's stipulations. Like Finland, Romania had to pay $ 300 million to the Soviet Union as war reparations. However, the treaty specifically recognized that Romania switched sides on 24 August 1944, and therefore "acted in

4592-476: The Axis powers. By 1944, the Romanian economy was in tatters because of the expenses of the war, and destructive Allied air bombing throughout the country , including the capital, Bucharest . In addition, most of the products sent to Germany – such as oil, grain, and equipment – were provided without monetary compensation, as Germany refused to pay. As a result of these uncompensated exports, inflation in Romania skyrocketed. This caused widespread discontent among

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4704-426: The Axis powers. On 27 November 1940, 64 former dignitaries or officials were executed by the Iron Guard in the Jilava prison while awaiting trial (see Jilava Massacre ). Later that day, historian and former prime minister Nicolae Iorga and economist Virgil Madgearu , a former government minister, were assassinated. The cohabitation between the Iron Guard and Antonescu was never an easy one. On 20 January 1941,

4816-401: The Dniester and the Bug, including Odessa and Nikolaev. Romanian jingoes in Odessa even distributed a geography showing that the Dacians had inhabited most of southern Russia. After recovering Bessarabia and Bukovina ( Operation München ), Romanian units fought side by side with the Germans onward to Odessa , Sevastopol , Stalingrad and the Caucasus . The total number of troops involved on

4928-402: The Eastern Front with the Romanian Third Army and the Romanian Fourth Army was second only to that of Nazi Germany itself. The Romanian Army had a total of 686,258 men under arms in the summer of 1941 and a total of 1,224,691 men in the summer of 1944. The number of Romanian troops sent to fight in the Soviet Union exceeded that of all of Germany's other allies combined. A Country Study by

5040-451: The HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed is a blue shirt ( Blue collar ) which symbolizes the working class , with red lacing which symbolizes socialism . Romania in World War II The Kingdom of Romania , under the rule of King Carol II , was initially a neutral country in World War II . However, Fascist political forces, especially the Iron Guard , rose in popularity and power, urging an alliance with Nazi Germany and its allies . As

5152-449: The Hebraica club by peulot where they teach about Zionism, socialism and humanistic Judaism and are taught values of equality, social justice and brotherhood through non-formal education. Around the world, Hashomer Hatzair members have founded a life movement to pick up where the youth movement leaves off. Groups have been organized in Israel by Israelis and non-Israelis, and others were formed in their countries of origin (such as in Canada,

5264-424: The Holocaust, In the Mouth of the Wolf details the escape of Hashomer Hatzair member Rose Zar (née Ruszka Guterman) from the Piotrków Ghetto and hiding in plain sight, by working for the Wehrmacht and the SS. The former head of Hashomer Hatzair in Łódź , Abraham Gancwajch , on the other hand, formed the Jewish Nazi collaboration network Group 13 (also known as the Jewish Gestapo) in December 1940, active in

5376-432: The Hungarian Army carried out its last independent offensive action of the war, penetrating Arad County in western Romania. Despite initial success, a number of ad-hoc Romanian cadet battalions managed to stop the Hungarian advance at the Battle of Păuliș , and soon a combined Romanian-Soviet counterattack overwhelmed the Hungarians, who gave ground and evacuated Arad itself on 21 September. The Battle of Carei marked

5488-399: The Iron Guard (led by Horia Sima) and General (later Marshal) Ion Antonescu united to form the " National Legionary State ", which forced the abdication of Carol II in favor of his 19-year-old son Michael . Carol and his mistress Magda Lupescu went into exile, and Romania, despite the unfavorable outcome of recent territorial disputes, leaned strongly toward the Axis . As part of the deal,

5600-444: The Iron Guard attempted a coup, combined with a bloody pogrom against the Jews of Bucharest . Within four days, Antonescu had successfully suppressed the coup. The Iron Guard was forced out of the government. Sima and many other legionnaires took refuge in Germany; others were imprisoned. Antonescu abolished the National Legionary State, in its stead declaring Romania a "National and Social State." On 22 June 1941, German armies with

5712-511: The Iron Guard became the sole legal party in Romania. Antonescu became the Iron Guard's honorary leader, while Sima became deputy premier. In power, the Iron Guard stiffened the already harsh anti-Semitic legislation, enacted legislation directed against minority businessmen, tempered at times by the willingness of officials to take bribes, and wreaked vengeance upon its enemies. On 8 October 1940 German troops began crossing into Romania. They soon numbered over 500,000. On 23 November Romania joined

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5824-417: The Jews. The survival of Jews in some parts of the country does not alter this reality. On 23 August 1944, with the Red Army penetrating German defenses during the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive , King Michael I of Romania led a successful coup against the Axis with support from opposition politicians, most of the army and Communist -led civilians. Michael I, who was initially considered to be not much more than

5936-740: The Ken located in Santiago. These are young chaverim that self organize and most of them do not belong to any Jewish collectivity or entity, thus most of them will have no link to anything Jewish if it wasn't for the tnua. For further info, visit the up-to-date website in Spanish. In France, the youth movement spells Hachomer Hatzaïr with a "c". It was founded in Paris in Belleville area , in 1933, by Jews from Poland and Tunisia. The French branch now has about 500 members in two kenim, in Paris and Lyon. The khanikhim (children) (literally, "students") and Bogrim (organizers) (literally, "adults") meet weekly in groups and run 3 makhanot ("Resorts & Leisure") (literally, "camps") in November (or late October), around

6048-438: The King to defend Romania against any German attacks. King Michael offered to put the Romanian Army, which at that point had a strength of nearly 1,000,000 men, on the side of the Allies . Stalin immediately recognized the king and the restoration of the conservative Romanian monarchy. In a radio broadcast to the Romanian nation and army on the night of 23 August King Michael issued a cease-fire, proclaimed Romania's loyalty to

6160-434: The Nazi invasion to attend a Zionist conference in Paris. When the war broke out and he could not go back to Israel, he traveled to Mexico where he became active in the Zionist movement. In 1940, supported by the Zionist Organization in Mexico, Aliphas founded Hashomer Hatzair in Mexico, thus giving an option for young people who had been educated towards Zionism at home. This was the first Jewish youth movement that existed in

6272-455: The Netherlands, and the Summer camp in France. The shaliah is Matan and the shirfa madrihim is composed of the kvutzot of Narshonim (2005) and Mizrah (2006). Until 2006 there was a ken in Liege, but it closed because it was too small. Hashomer Hatzaïr in Belgium is part of the Brith which is composed of the five Zionist youth groups of Belgium: Hashomer Hatzair, Hanoar Hatzioni , Habonim Dror, Bnei Hakiva and Jeunesse Juive Laïque. In Brazil,

6384-438: The Red Army, which was now advancing at an even greater speed, while Romanian units attacked German garrisons at the Ploiești oilfields, forcing them to retreat to Hungary. The Romanian Army captured over 50,000 German prisoners around this time, who were later surrendered to the Soviets. In early September 1944, Soviet and Romanian forces entered Transylvania and captured the towns of Brașov and Sibiu while advancing toward

6496-420: The Romanian government in 2004 on the Holocaust concluded: Of all the allies of Nazi Germany, Romania bears responsibility for the deaths of more Jews than any country other than Germany itself. The murders committed in Iasi , Odessa , Bogdanovka , Domanovka, and Peciora, for example, were among the most hideous murders committed against Jews anywhere during the Holocaust. Romania committed genocide against

6608-399: The Romanian population, even among those who had once enthusiastically supported the Germans and the war, and an angry relationship between Romania and Germany. Beginning in December 1943, the Soviet Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive pushed Axis forces all the way back to the Dniester by April 1944. In April–May 1944, the Romanian forces led by General Mihai Racoviță , together with elements of

6720-537: The Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . Among other things, this recognized in a secret annex the Soviet "interest" in Bessarabia (which had been ruled by the Russian Empire from 1812 to 1918). This Soviet interest was combined with a clear indication that there was an explicit lack of any German interest in the area. Eight days later Nazi Germany invaded the Second Polish Republic . Expecting military aid from Britain and France, Poland chose not to execute its alliance with Romania in order to be able to use

6832-431: The U.S. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress attributes this to a "morbid competition with Hungary to curry Hitler's favor... [in hope of]... regaining northern Transylvania." Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were now fully re-incorporated into the Romanian state after they had been occupied by the USSR a year earlier . As a substitute for Northern Transylvania, which had been given to Hungary following

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6944-403: The United States, Switzerland and Hungary). HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed Histadrut HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed ( Hebrew : הסתדרות הנוער העובד והלומד , lit.   'Federation of Young Students and Workers'), most commonly translated as Working and Studying Youth and colloquially known as Noar HaOved and abbreviated No'al ( נוֹעַ"ל ‎), is an Israeli youth movement ,

7056-453: The Yitzhak Rabin memorial. The Ken was founded in 1935 and joined World Hashomer in 1938. During the 2nd world war, there were five major Kenim (Zurich, Basel, Berne, Biel, Geneva) plus activities in a few smaller cities and in the refugee centers. Swiss Shomer members having made aliya can be encountered e.g. in Lehavot Habashan and Magen. As of 2009 the Shomer was the largest Jewish youth movement in Switzerland. Hashomer Hatzair in Venezuela

7168-409: The aftermath of World War I , Romania, which fought alongside the Entente powers against the Central Powers , had greatly expanded its territory, incorporating the regions of Transylvania , Bessarabia and Bukovina , largely as a result of the vacuum created by the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires. This led to the achievement of the long-standing nationalist goal of creating

7280-552: The communist regime in Bulgaria began. The Bulgarian branch was reestablished in 1992 and it has been active ever since. Currently, members are ages 11–20. Meetings for chanichim*ot (the peulots) are on Saturday mornings. Also, there are two camps organized every year - one during the winter and one scouting camp during the summer. In the United States and Canada camps last through the school summer vacation. The two summer camps in Liberty, New York , USA and Perth, Ontario , Canada are both called Camp Shomria or "Mosh". In addition,

7392-506: The community, helping whenever they can. Members often go to rallies, actively pursue social justice locally and abroad, and run programs for disadvantaged children. As with most of the kenim around the world, every year Hashy sends the chanichim/ot who have just completed school on a 10-month Shnat program in Israel. Hashy is an active part of the Hashomer Hatzair World Movement and regularly interacts with other kenim as well as other movements. The Austrian Hashomer Hatzair traces its roots to

7504-425: The community, particularly in education. Today, there are about 1,000 members of HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed's Tnuat Bogrim ("Movement of Graduates") living in small communes in cities or kibbutzim and working in the community, mostly in education and the youth movement. The youth movement and the Tnuat Bogrim are called Dror Israel movement, which is named after the historical Dror movement in Europe. Some of

7616-430: The country declared war on Germany on the night of 23 August 1944, border clashes between Hungarian and Romanian troops erupted almost immediately. On 24 August, German troops attempted to seize Bucharest and suppress Michael's coup, but were repelled by the city's defenses. Other Wehrmacht units in the country suffered severe losses: remnants of the Sixth Army retreating west of the Prut River were cut off and destroyed by

7728-483: The country; its first Ken was in Tacuba 15, in the city center. During the next decades, Hashomer Hatzair was one of the places for secular socialization for the Jewish community. As of the present day, the Mexican branch of Hashomer Hatzair comprises approximately fifty members who regularly attend cultural, educational and sporting events as a group. Hashomer Hatzair has existed in Uruguay since 1946. In its early stages, there were two different kinim but now there

7840-441: The countryside etc. Hashomer Hatzair has approximately 50 members nowadays in Budapest. Hashomer Hatzair was the first Jewish youth movement to be re-established in Hungary after the fall of Communism (1989). The movement has around 80 kenim all over Israel. A Knesset report in 2010 stated that there were around 7,000 official members, making Hashomer Hatzair the fifth largest youth movement in Israel by members. The main actions of

7952-435: The day of the official publication. The summer camp and booklet event were both reported in an article by Micha Brumlik as part of a book on the history of the Jewish youth movements in Germany, which describes the renewal process of the youth movement in Germany. The book was published in its second edition with the support of Berliner Landeszentrale für politische Bildung in 2022, and was also made available digitally. HHD

8064-421: The end of December, and for 3 weeks in July. The French movement has 3 branches: An educational branch, a political arm, and an "emsheh" branch. Hashomer Hatzair Germany (German: Hashomer Hatzair Deutschland , HHD) is the youth movement in Germany, that operates Ken Berlin (the activity center). It is legally a non-profit, registered association in Germany. It was re-established in 2012 for the first time since it

8176-572: The entry of the country into the war during 1941. Even after the initial killings, Jews in Moldavia , Bukovina and Bessarabia were subject to frequent pogroms , and were concentrated into ghettos from which they were sent to Transnistria, including camps built and run by the Romanian authorities. Romanian soldiers and gendarmes also worked with the Einsatzkommandos , German killing squads, tasked with massacring Jews and Roma in conquered territories,

8288-521: The fascist and military factions, who eventually staged a coup in September 1940 that turned the country into a dictatorship under Mareșal Ion Antonescu . The new regime officially joined the Axis powers on 23 November 1940. As a member of the Axis, Romania joined the invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) on 22 June 1941, providing equipment and oil to Nazi Germany and committing more troops to

8400-436: The first Romanian government to include an Iron Guardist minister, Horia Sima . Sima was a particularly virulent antisemite who had become the nominal leader of the movement after the death of Corneliu Codreanu . He was one of the few prominent far-right leaders to survive the bloody infighting and government suppression of the preceding years. In the immediate wake of the loss of Northern Transylvania, on 4 September 1940,

8512-461: The fourth largest Axis army in the world, only behind the three principal Axis powers of Germany, Japan, and Italy. Following the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile between the Allies and Italy, Romania became the second Axis Power in Europe. The Allies bombed Romania from 1943 and in the Battle of Romania Soviet armies invaded the country in 1944. Popular support for Romania's participation in

8624-650: The future of the movement. Examples of past topics include Zionism and peace, equality between genders, socialism, Judaism in Hashomer Hatzair, and so forth. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War , the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party merged with other left wing parties to form Mapam , which became the political party of both the youth movement and the Kibbutz Artzi federation. In Israel it was traditionally aligned with Mapam and later Meretz ; however, it

8736-488: The graduates of the movement have become Knesset members, prime ministers, and presidents, such as Yitzhak Rabin , Shimon Peres and Moshe Ya'alon . The movement aims that each member aspires to the following goals: HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed consists different branches. Each branch has unique activities but all share the same virtues and ideology. The branches are being referred to as nests, or kenim in Hebrew. The uniform of

8848-700: The interests of all the United Nations". As a reward, Northern Transylvania was, once again, recognized as an integral part of Romania, but the border with the USSR and Bulgaria was fixed at its state in January 1941, restoring the pre-Barbarossa status quo (with one exception ). Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Eastern territories became part of Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova . In Romania proper, Soviet occupation following World War II facilitated

8960-621: The last decades, as well as several military dictatorships in the country's history that directly or indirectly led to the closure of several of its kenim. The movement operates in Tzavta Centro Comunitario (Tzavta Community Center), in the neighborhood of Almagro, City of Buenos Aires . It is one of 9 Zionist Youth Movements in the city. It has around 120 members, running regular Saturday activities and secular Kabalat Shabat service, besides two machanot per year. The movement in Australia

9072-494: The last stage of recovering Romania's former territory of Northern Transylvania , ceded in 1940 to Hungary as a result of the Second Vienna Award . On the evening of October 24, 1944, the Romanian 6th Army Corps attacked in the direction of Carei with a force comprising 4 divisions; at the same time, the 2nd Infantry Division of 2nd Army Corps attacked in the direction of Satu Mare , in a pincer movement. On October 25, both cities were freed from Hungarian and German control; by

9184-573: The leadership of the Palmach . Hashomer Hatzair continues as a youth movement based in Israel, and operates internationally. In Europe, North and Latin America, as well as in Australia, Hashomer Hatzair organizes activities and camps (machanot) for the youth. Activities are still ideological, but over time have been adapted to the needs of modern communities, vastly different from the context in which Hashomer Hatzair

9296-544: The local Ukrainian militia, and the SS squads of local Ukrainian Germans ( Sonderkommando Russland and Selbstschutz ). Romanian troops were in large part responsible for the Odessa massacre , in which from October 18, 1941, until mid-March 1942, Romanian soldiers in Odessa, aided by gendarmes and police, killed up to 25,000 Jews and deported more than 35,000. The number of deaths in all areas

9408-448: The military fortunes of Romania's two main guarantors of territorial integrity—France and Britain—crumbled in the Fall of France (May to June, 1940), the government of Romania turned to Germany in hopes of a similar guarantee, unaware that Germany, in the supplementary protocol to the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , had already granted its blessing to Soviet claims on Romanian territory. In

9520-405: The movement are regular activities for youth ages 9–18, education for the tnua values and social actions. Every year the movement has a conference for the whole "Gub" ( Guf Boger , the guides of each ken, ages 15–18) to discuss a yearly topic related to Israeli society, the kenim, and the movement in general. At the end of the conference the members formulate the results of the discussions and chart

9632-415: The movement is informally called "Shomer" and has six branches: Rio de Janeiro (2), São Paulo, Florianópolis, Brasília, and Natal. Normally, the activities encompass weekly meetings as well as two summer camps (machané) per year. Besides Haflagot, Acantonamentos, Machane de Lag Baomer. In Rio, where the tnuah is bigger, it embodies one of the left-wing Zionist institutions in the local Jewish community, playing

9744-523: The movement runs activities in cities across the continent throughout the year promoting the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , socialist-Zionism, Hagshama Atzmit (self-actualization), social activism ( tikkun olam ), and withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza . Through seminars, camps (winter/summer), worldwide programs, and weekly activities wherein youth lead youth, Hashomer Hatzair aims to create

9856-439: The name was changed to HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed . In the 1990s, along with the decline of the kibbutz movement, HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed began re-examining the ideal life path of its members, which had always began settling kibbutzim in gar'inim after finishing their mandatory period of army service. Instead, a model started to be put forward in which bogrim ("graduates") of the movement formed small urban communes working in

9968-519: The original Hashomer Hatzair founded in the Galicia region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The Hashomer were among the earliest members of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in 1914. They also founded the first ken. It holds around a hundred members, and meets weekly. The ken usually has five active kvutzots and one Bogrim kvutza. The ken has two machanot each year in the winter and summer and

10080-582: The region. Soviet forces captured Târgu Frumos and Iași on 21 August and Chișinău on 24 August 1944. The strategic Focșani Gate was invaded on 27 August 1944 by Soviet forces, which allowed them to spread out onto Bucharest, the Black Sea and the Eastern Carpathians. According to an international commission report released by the Romanian government in 2004, between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews were murdered or died in various forms on Romanian soil, in

10192-594: The right wing Betar respectively, as well as Kerem B'Yavneh 's Rabbi Avraham Rivlin . Noam Chomsky sympathized with and worked with the group, although he was never a member. With the merger of the United Kibbutz Movement and Kibbutz Artzi, the likelihood of a merger between Hashomer Hatzair and UKM's youth movement, Habonim Dror , has increased and the two youth movements, once rivals, have increasingly co-operated in various countries where they co-exist. The movements even share an office in New York. However,

10304-580: The rise of the Communist Party as the main political force, leading ultimately to the abdication of the King and the establishment of a single-party people's republic in 1947. This is a list of battles and other combat operations in World War II in which Romanian forces took part. The list below displays the modern (designed and built after the end of World War I) infantry weapons and artillery pieces used by

10416-447: The summer of 1940, as had been agreed with Germany, the USSR occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina ; in August and September 1940, two territorial disputes, arbitrated by Germany and Italy, were decided against Romania: Romania lost Northern Transylvania to Hungary and had to cede Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria . The popularity of the Romanian government plummeted, further reinforcing

10528-531: The surrender of the Third French Republic and the retreat of British forces from continental Europe rendered the assurances that both countries had made to Romania meaningless. In 1940 Romania's territorial gains made following World War I were largely undone. In July, after a Soviet ultimatum, Romania agreed to give up Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (the Soviets also annexed the city of Hertsa , which

10640-481: The time it was retaken by Soviet troops in early 1944. Romanian armies advanced far into the Soviet Union during 1941 and 1942 before being involved in the disaster at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–43. Petre Dumitrescu , one of Romania's most important generals, was commander of the Third Army at Stalingrad. In November 1942, the German Sixth Army was briefly put at Dumitrescu's disposal during

10752-545: The views of each movement on religion may be an obstacle to merger as Habonim Dror has a stronger identification with cultural Judaism as opposed to Hashomer Hatzair, which has been at times stridently secular and anti-religious — seeing itself as a leader of a legitimate expression of a secular stream of Judaism. Once a huge movement inside the large Argentinian Jewish Community, Hashomer Hatzair Argentina suffered from decay common to all Zionist youth movements in Argentina during

10864-604: The war faltered, and the German–Romanian fronts collapsed under the Soviet onslaught. King Michael of Romania engineered King Michael's Coup that deposed the Antonescu regime in August 1944 and put Romania on the side of the Allies for the remainder of the war (Antonescu was executed in June 1946). Despite this late association with the winning side, Greater Romania was not restored, except for Northern Transylvania from Hungary . In

10976-466: The war zones of Bessarabia , Bukovina , and in the formerly-occupied Soviet territories under Romanian's control ( Transnistria Governorate ). Of the 25,000 Romani deported, who were deported to concentration camps in Transnistria, 11,000 died. Though much of the killing was committed in the war zone by Romanian and German troops, there were also substantial persecutions behind the front line. During

11088-464: The war. The Soviet Union was offered a 90% share of influence in Romania. The Armistice Agreement of 12 September stipulated in Article 18 that "An Allied Control Commission will be established which will undertake until the conclusion of peace the regulation of and control over the execution of the present terms under the general direction and orders of the Allied (Soviet) High Command, acting on behalf of

11200-584: The work of the Soviet educator Anton Makarenko , who also propounded collectivist education. Members of the movement settled in Mandatory Palestine as early as 1919. In 1927, the four kibbutzim founded by Hashomer Hatzair banded together to form the Kibbutz Artzi federation. The movement also formed a political party that shared the name Hashomer Hatzair, advocating a binational solution in mandatory Palestine with equality between Arabs and Jews. That

11312-593: The year 2000. The ken has two kvutzot of older and younger kids (9-12 and 5-8). Ken Maastricht has been part of the World Movement since 2011. In Switzerland, Ken Yitzhak Rabin in Zürich consists of some 100 hanihim, meeting on Shabbat afternoon and for two or three camps (annually in autumn and winter, bi-annually in summer), next to the Bogrim's bi-annual trips to Israel or Poland. Special events are held for Pessach, Chanuka and

11424-710: The youth association in Germany, Hashomer Hatzair Deutschland e.V. won the Shimon-Peres-Prize in 2023, given by the German foreign minister, for outstanding initiatives of successful cooperation between young people from Germany and Israel. Hashomer Hatzair has been re-established in 1989 in Budapest. It is one of the largest Zionist youth movements in Hungary. HH Hungary organizes two camps every year and also offers various programs for Jewish youngsters: bringing charity to Hungarian Holocaust Survivors, cleaning out Jewish cemeteries in

11536-624: The youth movement in the political organizations of the Yishuv (as the Jewish community in Palestine was known). The Socialist League was the only Zionist political party within the Yishuv to accept Arab members as equals, support Arab rights, and call for a binational state in Palestine. In the 1930s, Hashomer Hatzair (along with Mapai ) was affiliated with the centrist Marxist "Two-and-a-half" International,

11648-460: Was Operation Tidal Wave — the attack on the oil fields of Ploiești on 1 August 1943. Bucharest was subjected to intense Allied bombardment on 4 and 15 April 1944, and the Luftwaffe itself bombed the city on 24 and 25 August after the country switched sides. In February 1943, with the decisive Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, it was growing clear that the tide of the war was turning against

11760-466: Was ceded to Bulgaria under pressure from Germany. Despite the relatively recent acquisition of these territories, those were inhabited by a majority of Romanian speaking people (except Southern Dobruja), so the Romanians had seen them as historically belonging to Romania, and the fact that so much land was lost without a fight shattered the underpinnings of King Carol's power. On 4 July, Ion Gigurtu formed

11872-1075: Was created. The movement has more than 7,000 members worldwide (excluding Israel) running weekly youth activities and camps in Germany, Canada, the United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, France, Belgium. Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Netherlands, Hungary, Bulgaria, Belarus, Ukraine, Australia and Poland. Famous alumni include Evelyn Torton Beck , Arik Einstein , Dan Shechtman , Bella Abzug , Tony Cliff , Ehud Gazit , Ernest Mandel , Mordecai Anielewicz , Abraham Leon , Martin Monath , Benny Morris , Eliane Karp , Leopold Trepper , Amnon Linn , Zahara Rubin , Haviva Reik , Aaron Klug , Abba Hushi , Sam Spiegel , Irv Weinstein , Manès Sperber , Leon Rosselson , Juliana Rozestan , José Gurvich , Ilan Goldfajn , Joel Westheimer , Avi Levacov , Prisoner X (Ben Zygier), Milo Adler Gilles , Gila Martow , and even Isser Harel and Menachem Begin who were briefly members before joining Mapai and

11984-827: Was established in 1940. Since 1983, its "ken" (Hebrew for "nest", i.e., its headquarters), named after Mordechai Anielewicz , is currently located in the Polanco neighbourhood, western part of Mexico City. Hashomer Hatzair Mexico was founded by Avner Aliphas , a Hebrew professor at the Yiddish school of Mexico and later founder of the "Tarbut" Jewish day school in 1942. Aliphas was born in Kolno, Poland, in 1911, and made aliyah (immigrated to Eretz Israel) in 1936 to join Kibbutz Negba, and in 1938 he helped establish Kibbutz Hanita. In 1939 he returned to Kolno after his mother died and luckily got out before

12096-551: Was founded in 1954 in Caracas , coming through Tamar Campo, an immigrant girl from Cuba, who began doing educational activities in September 1954 for young Jews of Venezuela, during the Rosh Hashana festivities. The name is Ken Najshon , inspired like the prince of the tribe of Judah, who led the Jewish people out of Egypt across the waters opened by Moses . The Ken Najshon the young of the Jewish community of Venezuela, every Saturday at

12208-706: Was not officially aligned with Meretz. After the merger of the Meretz-aligned Kibbutz Artzi Federation with the Labour Party 's United Kibbutz Movement in 1999, Hashomer Hatzair did not officially align with either party, though by tradition, it was close in outlook to Meretz. Hashomer Hatzair operates four kenim (branches) in Italy—in Rome, Milan, Florence, and Turin. Local members organize two camps per year. The Italian movement can count on about 400 members. The Mexican branch of Hashomer Hatzair

12320-556: Was not stated in the ultimatum). Two-thirds of Bessarabia were combined with a small part of the Soviet Union to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic . The rest (northern Bukovina, the northern half of Hotin county and Budjak ) was apportioned to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . Shortly thereafter, on 30 August, under the Second Vienna Award , Germany and Italy mediated

12432-633: Was prohibited during the Second World War and the Holocaust . In the past, the movement was active in several cities in Germany until 1938. The movement organises bi-weekly activities in Berlin for children and youth ages 8–21, led by the Ken Team, as well as an annual summer camp (Sommermachane). The activity year starts annually in September, around Rosh Hashana . In 2021, Hashomer Hatzair Germany took part in

12544-415: Was signed three weeks later on September 12, 1944, on terms virtually dictated by the Soviet Union. Under the terms of the armistice, Romania announced its unconditional surrender to the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviet Union as their representative, in control of media, communication, post, and civil administration behind the front. Some attribute the postponement of

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