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135-519: The Kingdom of Hungary was a reluctant member of the Axis at the beginning of the European conflict. Hungary's head of state was Regent Admiral Miklós Horthy and the government was led by Prime Minister Pál Teleki . On April 3, 1941, Teleki committed suicide when it became clear that Hungary was to take part in the invasion of Yugoslavia , its erstwhile ally. The comparatively small Hungarian Army had

270-682: A defensive line, news filtered through to Berlin that the Hungarian leader, Admiral Miklós Horthy was preparing to sign a separate peace with the Soviet Union. If this happened, the entire front of Army Group South Ukraine would collapse. In August, Horthy replaced Prime Minister Döme Sztójay with the anti-fascist General Géza Lakatos . Under Lakatos's regime, acting Interior Minister Béla Horváth ordered Hungarian gendarmes to protect any Hungarian citizen from being deported. On October 15, 1944, Horthy announced that Hungary had signed an armistice with

405-579: A few days, and most of the personnel of the 1st Air Group died on the ground when their airfields were overrun by Soviet tanks. During its twelve months of activity on the Eastern Front, the Second Army suffered extensive losses. Of an initial force of about 190,000 Hungarian soldiers and 17,000 Jewish forced laborers, about 100,000 were dead, 35,000 wounded, and 60,000 taken prisoners of war. Only about 40,000 men returned to Hungary, scapegoated by Hitler for

540-902: A fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars . The city was named after the river. In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu 's map of 1645. Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet,

675-532: A harsher Second Jewish Law. Imrédy's political opponents, however, forced his resignation in February 1939 by presenting documents showing that his grandfather was a Jew. Nevertheless, the new government of Count Pál Teleki approved the Second Jewish Law, which cut the quotas on Jews permitted in the professions and in business. Furthermore, the new law defined Jews by race instead of just religion, thus altering

810-785: A location near Kamenets-Podolski , where in one of the first acts of mass-killing of Jews during World War II, Nazi mobile killing units shot all but two thousand of these individuals . Bárdossy then passed the Third Jewish Law in August 1941, prohibiting marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and non-Jews. Six months after the mass murder at Kamianets-Podilskyi in January 1942, Hungarian troops massacred 3,000 Serbian and Jewish hostages near Novi Sad , Yugoslavia. Worried about Hungary's increasing reliance on Germany, Admiral Horthy forced Bárdossy to resign and replaced him with Miklós Kállay ,

945-554: A new Government of National Unity ( Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya ) controlled by the Germans. Horthy was taken to Germany as a prisoner but survived the war and spent his last years exiled in Portugal, dying in 1957. In cooperation with the Nazis, Szálasi attempted to resume deportations of Jews, but Germany's rapidly disintegrating communications largely prevented this from happening. Nonetheless,

1080-619: A newspaper and leaflets, 500 communist activists were arrested and the party's leaders Ferenc Rózsa and Zoltán Schönherz were executed. The Hungarian underground opposition contributed little to the military defeat of Nazism. In July 1943 the Smallholders Party adopted Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky 's policy of working more closely with the Hungarian Social Democratic Party and the Communists and on 31 July demanded from

1215-519: A number of children. A Russian scientist that was cited in initial TASS reports later told the Associated Press that he was misquoted, cautioning, "Don't believe all you hear from TASS," and "We never gave them part of what they published", and a TASS correspondent admitted the possibility that some "make-believe" had been added to the TASS story, saying, "I think there is a certain portion of truth, but it

1350-406: A number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include: and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city. Platonov International Arts Festival Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Voronezh. There

1485-416: A peacetime strength of only 80,000 men. Militarily, the nation was divided into seven corps commands. Each army corps consisted of three infantry divisions, each of which comprised three infantry regiments and an artillery regiment. Each corps also included two cavalry-brigades, two motorized infantry brigades, an anti-aircraft battery, a signals company, and a cavalry reconnaissance troop. On March 11, 1940,

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1620-580: A population of 1,025,508 which comprised 36.6% Hungarians, 19% Germans, 16% Serbs and 28.4% others. Nearly one year later the Novi Sad raid was conducted initially targeting Partisan resistance, while between 1944–45, it was followed by the purges by the Partisan movement. Following the two Vienna awards, a number of counties that had been lost in whole or part by the Treaty of Trianon were restored to Hungary. As

1755-577: A population of 869,299 (86.5% of which were Hungarians ). Between 5 and 10 November, Hungarian armed forces occupied the newly transferred territories. In March 1939, the Czecho-Slovak Republic was dissolved, Germany invaded it , and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was established. On 14 March, Slovakia declared itself to be an independent state. On 15 March, Carpatho-Ukraine declared itself to be an independent state. Hungary rejected

1890-497: A provisional government was formed in Hungary under acting prime minister Béla Miklós . Szálasi and Miklós each claimed to be the legitimate head of government. The Germans and pro-German Hungarians loyal to Szálasi fought on. The Soviets and Romanians completed the encirclement of Budapest on 29 December 1944. The battle for the city turned into the Siege of Budapest . While Kállay himself

2025-475: A reformed Hungarian Second Army and the Hungarian Third Army . Both armies were primarily composed of weak, undermanned, and underequipped reserve divisions. General of Artillery Maximilian Fretter-Pico 's recently reformed German Sixth Army represented the nucleus of what remained of Friessner's force. By October 1944, seeing that his Hungarian allies were suffering from low morale, Friessner attached

2160-656: A result of hardships and poor treatment. Overall, between 100,000 and 170,000 Hungarian ethnic Germans were transported to the Soviet Union. The remaining German and Hungarian units within Budapest surrendered on 13 February 1945. Although the German forces in Hungary were generally defeated, the Germans had one more surprise for the Soviets. On 6 March 1945, the Germans launched the Lake Balaton Offensive , attempting to hold on to

2295-465: A result, some previously county of temporary united administration – in Hungarian közigazgatásilag egyelőre egyesített vármegye (k.e.e. vm.) – were de-merged and restored to their pre-1920 boundaries. The region of Sub-Carpathia was planned to be granted a special autonomous status with the intention that (eventually) it would be self-governed by the Ruthenian minority. This was prepared and billed in

2430-554: A running battle from 1 January to 16 February 1945. On 20 January 1945, representatives of the Miklós provisional government signed an armistice in Moscow. In January 1945, 32,000 ethnic Germans from within Hungary were arrested and transported to the Soviet Union as forced laborers. In some villages, the entire adult population were taken to labor camps in the Donets Basin . Many died there as

2565-613: A standard Soviet T-34 tank, and, compared to the T-34 /76, the Soviets had many much-improved T-34/85 tanks by 1944. Manufacture of the potentially more effective Turan III tank (with a long 75 mm gun) never developed beyond prototypes. Only a few of the better quality German Panzer IV tanks, Panzer III tanks, and Sturmgeschütz III assault guns were made available to the Hungarians. The Hungarian Second Army had four commanders from March 1, 1940 - November 13, 1944: Hungary during

2700-399: A strong political machine, his efforts to achieve his vision and reforms were frustrated by a parliament composed mostly of István Bethlen 's supporters and by Hungary's creditors, who forced Gömbös to follow conventional policies in dealing with the economic and financial crisis. The result of the 1935 elections gave Gömbös more solid support in parliament . He succeeded in gaining control of

2835-532: A time—with the Germans. A few pro-German Hungarian units fought on until the end of the war. Units such as the Szent László Infantry Division ended the war in southern Austria . On 8 May 1945 at 4:10 p.m., the 259th Infantry Regiment of the 65th Infantry Division (commanded by Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart ) of the United States Army was authorized to accept the surrender of

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2970-621: A tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86 , was built there. In 1989, TASS published details of an alleged UFO landing in the city's park and purported encounters with extraterrestrial beings reported by

3105-550: A total population of 2,578,100. Regarding demographics, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians , while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians . While according to the Romanian estimations in 1940 prior to the Second Vienna Award , about 1,300,000 people or 50% of the population was Romanian and according to the Hungarian estimations in 1940 shortly following

3240-529: A trade agreement with Germany (21 February 1934) that led to fast expansion of the economy, drawing Hungary out of the Great Depression but making the country dependent on the German economy for both raw materials and export revenues. Gömbös advocated a number of social reforms, one-party government , revision of the Treaty of Trianon , and Hungary's withdrawal from the League of Nations . Although he assembled

3375-589: A veteran conservative of Bethlen's government. Kállay continued Bárdossy's policy of supporting Germany against the Red Army while also initiating negotiations with the Allies. Hungarian participation in Operation Barbarossa during 1941 was limited in part because the country had no real large army before 1939, and time to train and equip troops had been short. But by 1942, tens of thousands of Hungarians were fighting on

3510-417: Is an Orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street. A notable Christian Armenian , up to 4,000 individuals, is also present. In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop Mitrofan (1623-1703) at the age of 58. Under him, the construction began on the new Annunciation Cathedral to replace the old one. In 1832, Mitrofan

3645-563: Is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol. As well as the name of Voroneț Monastery known for its blue shade. Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven ( ворон ) and hedgehog ( еж ) into Воронеж . According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after

3780-488: Is not excluded that there is also fantasizing". From 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development. On December 17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people. Today Voronezh

3915-543: Is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region . As part of the annual tradition in the Russian city of Voronezh, every winter the main city square is thematically drawn around a classic literature. In 2020, the city was decorated using the motifs from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's The Nutcracker . In the year of 2021, the architects drew inspiration from Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale The Snow Queen as well as

4050-611: The Battle of Uman , fought between 3 and 8 August, the Karpat Group's mechanized corps acted as one half of a pincer that encircled the 6th Soviet Army and the 12th Soviet Army. This action resulted in the capture or destruction of twenty Soviet divisions. In July 1941 the Hungarian government transferred responsibility for 18,000 Jews from Carpato-Ruthenian Hungary to the German armed forces . These Jews, without Hungarian citizenship, were sent to

4185-577: The Committee of Liberation of the Hungarian National Uprising  [ hu ; tr ] on 11 November 1944. Although immediately weakened by the arrest and execution of its leaders, with General János Kiss among them, it called for an armed uprising against the German forces which took the form of limited isolated partisan actions and attacks on German military installations. During the first months of Arrow Cross rule, resistors infiltrated

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4320-672: The Don River . The city sits on the Southeastern Railway , which connects western Russia with the Urals and Siberia , the Caucasus and Ukraine , and the M4 highway ( Moscow –Voronezh– Rostov-on-Don – Novorossiysk ). In recent years the city has experienced rapid population growth, rising in 2021 to 1,057,681, up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census , making it the 14th-most populous city in

4455-613: The Hungarian Third Army . But success was costly and, unable to replace lost armor and heavy artillery munitions, the Hungarian Second Army was defeated on 1 December 1944. The remnants of the Second Army were incorporated into the Third Army. In October 1944, the Hungarian First Army was attached to the German 1st Panzer Army , participating defensively against the Red Army's advance toward Budapest . On 28 December 1944,

4590-556: The Luftwaffe bombed Belgrade without warning. The German army invaded Yugoslavia and quickly crushed Yugoslavian armed resistance. Horthy dispatched the Hungarian Third Army to occupy Vojvodina . Hungary did not immediately participate in the invasion of the Soviet Union . The Axis invasion began on 22 June 1941, but Hitler did not directly ask for Hungarian assistance. Nonetheless, many Hungarian officials argued for participation in

4725-738: The Munich Agreement caused the dissolution of the Czechoslovak Republic and the creation of the Czecho-Slovak Republic (also known as the "Second Czechoslovak Republic"). Some autonomy was granted to Slovakia and to Carpathian Ruthenia in the new republic. On 5 October, about 500 members of the Hungarian Ragged Guard infiltrated Slovakia and Ruthenia as " guerrillas ". On 9 October, the Kingdom of Hungary started talks with

4860-517: The Second Vienna Award , about 1,150,000 people or 48% of the population was Romanian. The establishment of Hungarian rule met sometimes insurgency, most notable cases are the Ip and Treznea incidents in Northern Transylvania. After invading Yugoslavia on 11 April 1941, Hungary annexed sections of Baranja , Bačka , Međimurje , and Prekmurje . The returned territories – 11,417 km – had

4995-602: The South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways . Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kyiv, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 railway station and is located in the center of the city. There are three bus stations in Voronezh that connect the city with destinations including Moscow , Belgorod , Lipetsk , Volgograd , Rostov-on-Don , and Astrakhan . The city has seven theaters, twelve museums,

5130-590: The Tripartite Pact . In December 1940 Teleki also signed an ephemeral Treaty of Eternal Friendship with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , which was led by a regent , Prince Paul , who was also under German pressure. On 25 March 1941, Prince Paul signed the Tripartite Pact on behalf of Yugoslavia. Two days later, a Yugoslavian coup d'état removed Prince Paul, replaced him with pro- British King Peter , and threatened

5265-511: The Tupolev Tu-144 (known in the West as the "Concordski"), was built and the only operational unit is still stored. Voronezh also hosts the Voronezh Malshevo air force base in the southwest of the city, which, according to a Natural Resources Defense Council report, houses nuclear bombers . Since 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow. Rail services form a part of

5400-427: The districts . As a municipal division , this administrative unit also has urban okrug status. The city is divided into six administrative districts : At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (960,357) was: The leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering , metalworking , the electronics industry and

5535-515: The food industry . In the city are such companies as: On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which

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5670-528: The proto-Slavic vorn ) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh ). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that

5805-508: The 1st Hungarian Cavalry Division (1st Huszár Division, Hungarian : Huszár Hadosztály ) and of the 1st Hungarian Armoured Division, then in the area of present-day Austria. Surrender and movement across the Enns River had to be completed prior to midnight. In the town of Landsberg in Bavaria , a Hungarian garrison stood in parade formation to surrender as Americans forces advanced through

5940-722: The Arrow Cross launched a reign of terror against the Jews of Budapest. Thousands were tortured, raped and murdered in the last months of the war, their property looted or destroyed. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg saved thousands of Budapest's Jews using Swedish protective passports. He was ultimately taken prisoner by the Soviets and died some years later in a labor camp. Other foreign diplomats such as Nuncio Angelo Rotta , Giorgio Perlasca , Carl Lutz , Friedrich Born , Harald Feller , Angel Sanz Briz and George Mandel-Mantello also organized false papers and safehouses for Jews in Budapest. Of

6075-689: The Arrow Cross. After two years of war against the Soviet Union , Prime Minister Miklós Kállay began peace negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom in autumn of 1943, and 1944 Horthy secretly started peace talks with the Soviet Union and attempted to create the National Centrist-Governance ( Nemzeti Középkormány ) through the series of secret negotiations with the Hungarian Front (an anti-German rebel group) to push back

6210-442: The Axis' last source of oil. It was their final operation of the war and it quickly failed. By 19 March 1945, Soviet troops had recaptured all the territory lost during the 13-day German offensive. After the failed offensive, the Germans in Hungary were eliminated. Most of what remained of the Hungarian Third Army was destroyed about 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Budapest between 16 and 25 March 1945. From 26 March and 15 April,

6345-413: The Axis. Settlements were negotiated regarding territorial disputes with the Czechoslovak Republic , the Slovak Republic , and the Kingdom of Romania . On November 20, 1940, Hungary became the fourth member to join the Axis powers when it signed the Tripartite Pact. The following year, Hungarian forces participated in the invasion of Yugoslavia and the invasion of the Soviet Union . Their participation

6480-441: The Bolshevik menace and we won't be able to spare a single man for the Balkans." The German dictator arranged to keep Horthy busy by conducting negotiations while Hungary was quietly and efficiently overrun by German ground forces in a quick and bloodless invasion, Operation Margarethe . Soon all of Hungary was to become a battlefield. By mid-August 1944, German Colonel-General (Generaloberst) Johannes Friessner 's Army Group South

6615-500: The Czecho-Slovak Republic over Magyar-populated regions of southern Slovakia and southern Ruthenia. On 11 October, the Hungarian guards were defeated by Czecho-Slovak troops at Berehovo and Borzsava in Ruthenia. The Hungarians suffered approximately 350 casualties and, by 29 October, the talks were deadlocked. On 2 November 1938, the First Vienna Award transferred to Hungary parts of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia, an area amounting to 11,927 km and

6750-405: The Eastern Front as part of the Second Army in 1942 were light field divisions (Hungarian infantry divisions typically were composed of three infantry regiments; "light" divisions typically had but two regiments). In addition to the three infantry corps, the Hungarian Second Army included the 1st Armored Field Division. Most of the armor in this division was included in the 30th Tank Regiment . At

6885-485: The Eastern Front. The only tactical experience for many of these soldiers were the maneuvers held just prior to the departure for the front. This lack of preparation badly affected the soldiers' fighting abilities and morale when confronted with heavy tank assaults. Also, a significant part of Second Army were reservists (officers and enlisted men alike) who were promised a "quick victory", and became demoralized as their prospects for getting home soon worsened. In fall 1942,

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7020-438: The German occupation in March 1944 joined forces in May 1944 in the Communist-inspired Hungarian Front  [ hu ] (Magyar Front). They demanded a "new struggle of liberation" against the German occupation forces and their collaborators and called for the creation of a new democratic Hungary after the war. The representatives of the Hungarian Front, being informed by Horthy of plans for an armistice on 11 October, founded

7155-440: The Germans pulled them from the front. While Kállay was prime minister, the Jews endured increased economic and political repression , although many, particularly those in Budapest, were temporarily protected from the final solution . For most of the war, the Hungarian Jews lived an uneasy existence. They were deprived of most freedoms, but were not subjected to physical harm, and Horthy tried to contain anti-Semitic groups such as

7290-428: The Hungarian Army was expanded to three field armies, each with three corps. All three of these field armies were to see action against the Red Army before the end of the war. Hungary did not immediately participate in Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Adolf Hitler did not directly ask for, nor necessarily want, Hungarian assistance at that time. Most of the Hungarian forces, including

7425-405: The Hungarian Government to support the policies and goals of Nazi Germany. In 1935, a Hungarian fascist party, the Arrow Cross Party , led by Ferenc Szálasi , was founded. Gömbös' successor, Kálmán Darányi , attempted to appease both Nazis and Hungarian antisemites by passing the First Jewish Law, which set quotas limiting Jews to 20% of positions in several professions. The law satisfied neither

7560-611: The Hungarian Parliament, but in the end, after the outbreak of the Second World War it never passed through. However, in the corresponding territory the Governorate of Subcarpathia was formed which was divided into three, the administrative branch offices of Ung ( Hungarian : Ungi közigazgatási kirendeltség ), Bereg ( Hungarian : Beregi közigazgatási kirendeltség ) and Máramaros ( Hungarian : Máramarosi közigazgatási kirendeltség ), having Hungarian and Rusyn language as official languages. On 20 November 1940, under pressure from Germany, Hungarian prime minister Pál Teleki signed

7695-458: The Hungarian Second Army was deployed to protect the Italian Eighth Army 's northern flank, between Novaya Pokrovka on the Don River and Rossosh , while German Sixth Army attacked Stalingrad . As winter set in, and with the worsening German situation around Stalingrad, the Second Army's transportation collapsed, leaving front line units without basic necessities such as food, winter clothing, fuel, and building materials. The cold, hungry, and

7830-527: The Hungarian Second Army was involved in the Battle of Voronezh as part of Army Group B. Fighting in and around the city of Voronezh on the Don River , the Hungarian troops supported the German Fourth Panzer Army against the defending Soviet Voronezh Front . During these operations, the Hungarian Second Army suffered severe casualties in manpower, as without adequate air and armor support all assaults were carried out by infantry units only, against skillful and determined Soviet defense. Lack of transportation

7965-536: The Hungarian border, Bulgaria, too, declared war on Germany. The subsequent Budapest strategic offensive (October 29, 1944 - February 13, 1945) attack by the Ukrainian Second and Third Fronts far into Hungary destroyed any semblance of an organised German defensive line. By this time, Fyodor Tolbukhin 's Ukrainian Third Front, aided by the Ukrainian Second Front under Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky , had annihilated thirteen Axis divisions, capturing over 100,000 men. On August 30, 1944, Hungary mobilized

8100-424: The Hungarian village of Abda for being too weak to continue after a savage beating. In autumn of 1941 anti-German demonstrations took place in Hungary. On 15 March 1942, the anniversary of the outbreak of the 1848–49 War of Independence , a crowd of 8,000 people gathered at the Sándor Petőfi monument in Budapest to demand an "independent democratic Hungary". The underground Hungarian Communist Party published

8235-417: The Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of

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8370-415: The Kállay government, and in September 1943, the German General Staff prepared a project to invade and occupy Hungary. In March 1944, German forces occupied Hungary . When Soviet forces began threatening Hungary, an armistice was signed between Hungary and the USSR by Regent Miklós Horthy . Soon afterward, Horthy's son was kidnapped by German commandos and Horthy was forced to revoke the armistice. The Regent

8505-411: The Nazis nor Hungary's own radicals, and when Darányi resigned in May 1938 Béla Imrédy was appointed prime minister. Imrédy's attempts to improve Hungary's diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom initially made him very unpopular with Germany and Italy. Aware of Germany's Anschluss with Austria in March, he realized that he could not afford to alienate Germany and Italy on a long-term basis: in

8640-420: The Second Army were transferred to the Third Army. By 1944, the main battle tank of the Second Armored Field Division was the Hungarian Turan medium tank, a limited improvement over the Czech Panzer 38(t) and the Hungarian Toldi tanks used by the First Armored Field Division in 1942. However, the Turan I tank (with a 40 mm gun) and the Turan II tank (with a short 75 mm gun) were still no match for

8775-455: The Second Army. Similarly, almost all combat-worthy aircraft and supporting units were organized into the 1st Flight Group, also attached to the Second Army. For both the armored and air units, shortages in supplies and equipment caused significant delays, and they were deployed significantly later than infantry units. On 11 April 1942, the 209,000-man-strong Second Army was assigned to the German Army Group South in Ukraine. Second Army moved to

8910-561: The Second World War During World War II , the Kingdom of Hungary was a member of the Axis powers . In the 1930s, the Kingdom of Hungary relied on increased trade with Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to pull itself out of the Great Depression . Hungarian politics and foreign policy had become more stridently nationalistic by 1938, and Hungary adopted an irredentist policy similar to Germany's, attempting to incorporate ethnic Hungarian areas in neighboring countries into Hungary. Hungary benefited territorially from its relationship with

9045-501: The Sixth Army in Stalingrad. The Germans launched Operation Wintergewitter (12 December) to relieve the Sixth Army. In the first stage of Operation Little Saturn (16 December), the Soviets attacked between the Italian Eighth Army and the Hungarian Second Army, threatening the flank of the Wintergewitter forces. On 13 January 1943, the Soviets began the Voronezh–Kharkov offensive . The Bryansk Front , Voronezh Front, and Southwestern Front attacked simultaneously. The Soviet attack

9180-501: The Soviet Union. But most Hungarian army units ignored Horthy's orders, and the Germans reacted swiftly with Operation Panzerfaust . Commando leader Otto Skorzeny was sent to Hungary and, in another of his daring "snatch" operations, kidnapped Horthy's son, Miklós Horthy Jr. The Germans insisted that Horthy abrogate the armistice , depose Lakatos's government, and name the leader of the Arrow Cross Party, Ferenc Szálasi , as Prime Minister. Instead, Horthy agreed to abdicate. Szálasi

9315-410: The Soviet Union. The Hungarian army ignored Horthy's orders, fighting desperately to keep the Soviets out. The Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust and, by kidnapping his son Miklós Horthy Jr. , forced Horthy to abrogate the armistice, depose the Lakatos government, and name the leader of the Arrow Cross Party , Ferenc Szálasi , as prime minister. Horthy resigned and Szálasi became prime minister of

9450-419: The Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg . This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronizh in Ukraine ). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and

9585-455: The Soviets and Bulgarians launched the Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive and more Hungarian remnants were destroyed as part of Army Group South fighting alongside the 2nd Panzer Army . By the start of April, the Germans, with the Arrow Cross in tow, had completely vacated Hungarian soil. Officially, Soviet operations in Hungary ended on 4 April 1945, when the last German troops were expelled. Some pro-fascist Hungarians such as Szálasi escaped—for

9720-559: The USSR (see below). Eighty percent of them—28,000 to 32,000 people—never returned; they died either on the battlefield or in captivity. Approximately half of the 6,000 Jewish forced laborers working in the copper mines in Bor , Yugoslavia (now Serbia ) were executed by the Germans during the death march from Bor to Győr in August–October 1944, including the 35-year-old poet Miklós Radnóti , shot at

9855-596: The animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation. In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde ), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as

9990-516: The animation classic The Snow Queen from the Soviet Union. The fairy tale replica city will feature the houses of Kai and Gerda, the palace of the snow queen, an ice rink, and illumination. In June 2023, during the Wagner Group rebellion , forces of the Wagner Group claimed to have taken control of military facilities in the city. Later they were confirmed to have taken the city itself. On

10125-524: The anti-fascist general Géza Lakatos . Under the Lakatos regime, acting interior minister Béla Horváth ordered gendarmes to prevent the deportation of Hungarian citizens. The Germans were unhappy with the situation but could not do a great deal about it. Horthy's actions thus bought the Jews of Budapest a few months of time. In September 1944, Soviet forces crossed the Hungarian border. On 15 October, Horthy announced that Hungary had asked for an armistice with

10260-606: The approximately 800,000 Jews residing within Hungary's expanded borders of 1941, only 200,000 (about 25%) survived the Holocaust . An estimated 28,000 Hungarian Roma were also killed as part of the Porajmos . Soon Hungary itself became a battlefield. Szálasi promised a Greater Hungary and prosperity for the peasants, but in reality Hungary was crumbling and its armies were slowly being destroyed. As an integral part of German general Maximilian Fretter-Pico 's Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico ,

10395-606: The area very late in the war. A few Hungarian soldiers ended the war in Denmark in some of the last territory not yet occupied by the Allies. This is a list of battles and other combat operations in World War II in which Hungarian forces took part. On 19 March 1944 German troops occupied Hungary, prime minister Miklós Kállay was deposed and soon mass deportations of Jews to German death camps in occupied Poland began. SS- Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann went to Hungary to oversee

10530-401: The attitude of its commander, Colonel General Vitéz Gusztáv Jány , who forbade any sort of withdrawal, even though the neighboring German and Italian forces had pulled back. Most units of the Second Army were encircled and either annihilated or succumbed to the extreme cold (-30 °C – -40 °C) while trying to escape. The 1st Armored Division was reduced to a single operational tank within

10665-433: The autumn of 1938 his foreign policy became very much pro-German and pro-Italian. Intent on amassing a powerbase in Hungarian right wing politics, Imrédy started to suppress political rivals, so the increasingly influential Arrow Cross Party was harassed, and eventually banned by Imrédy's administration. As Imrédy drifted further to the right, he proposed that the government be reorganized along totalitarian lines and drafted

10800-571: The capital Budapest . Most Jews in Hungary were protected from deportation to German extermination camps for the first few years of the war, although they were subject to a prolonged period of oppression by anti-Jewish laws that imposed limits on their participation in public and economic life. From the start of the German occupation of Hungary in 1944, Jews and Roma were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp . Hungary's borders were returned to their pre-1938 lines after its surrender. In Hungary ,

10935-524: The catastrophic Axis defeat. "No nation lost as much blood during World War II in such a short period of time." The Second Army, like most other Axis armies in Army Group B, thereafter ceased to exist as a meaningful fighting force. The German Sixth Army, encircled in Stalingrad, surrendered on 2 February 1943. The remnants of Second Army returned to Hungary on 24 May 1943. Most of the field divisions sent to

11070-585: The city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front . By July 6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July 24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented

11205-714: The city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower. Voronezh experiences a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. The city is served by the Voronezh International Airport , which is located north of the city and is home to Polet Airlines. Voronezh is also home to the Pridacha Airport , a part of a major aircraft manufacturing facility VASO ( Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoye Obshchestvo , Voronezh aircraft production association) where

11340-496: The command of Issa Pliyev . The defeat of the Soviet cavalry-mechanised by the combined German and Hungarian forces contrasted with Pliyev's earlier victory over the Hungarian Third Army . However, the victory ultimately proved too costly to the Hungarians' armor and ammunition reserves. Unable to replace equipment and personnel lost in the Battle of Debrecen , the Hungarian Second Army were smashed on December 1, 1944. Surviving units of

11475-408: The conditions in the concentration camps led the admiral to resist his policies. In early July 1944, Horthy stopped the deportations, and after the failed attempt on Hitler's life, the Germans backed off from pressing Horthy's regime to continue further, large-scale deportations, although some smaller groups continued to be deported by train. In late August, Horthy refused Eichmann's request to restart

11610-543: The country. The first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh river (tributary of the Don ) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of

11745-411: The death, the bewildered Hungarian troops, fighting without antitank weaponry or armored support, harassed by partisan groups and Soviet air attacks, and having to endure the Russian winter weather, tried in vain to retreat. Most of the survivors were taken prisoner by the Soviet army, and total casualties numbered more than 100,000 men. The Hungarian army ceased to exist as an effective fighting force, and

11880-545: The demoralized Second Army had to defend even longer and longer stretches of the front line as more and more German units were sent into Stalingrad. The Second Army, like other armies protecting the flanks of the Sixth Army, was annihilated in the Soviet counter-offensives of the winter of 1942-1943. In Operation Uranus (19 November) Soviet forces drove through the Romanian Third Army and Romanian Fourth Army , trapping

12015-527: The deportations. Himmler ordered Eichmann to leave Budapest. The forced labor service system was introduced in Hungary in 1939. The system affected primarily the Jewish population, but many people belonging to minorities, sectarians, leftists and Roma were also inducted. Thirty-five thousand to 40,000 forced laborers, mostly Jews or of Jewish origin, served in the Hungarian Second Army , which fought in

12150-463: The eastern front in the Royal Hungarian Army . During the Battle of Stalingrad , the Hungarian Second Army suffered terrible losses. The Soviet breakthrough at the Don River sliced directly through the Hungarian units. Shortly after the fall of Stalingrad in January 1943, the Soviets crushed the Hungarian Second Army at the Battle of Voronezh . Ignoring German orders to stand and fight to

12285-493: The first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line , Goto Predestinatsia . The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh , was later proclaimed the town's patron saint. Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it

12420-824: The first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue . Until January 25, 1943, parts of the Second German Army and the Second Hungarian Army occupied the western part of Voronezh. During Operation Little Saturn , the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive , and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January 25, 1943, Voronezh

12555-461: The front from 17 April 1942 to 27 June. During the movement, 19 of the total 822 railway trains were attacked by Soviet partisans, which caused 27 combat deaths and 83 wounded. In June 1942, Army Group South was divided between Army Group B and Army Group A for Fall Blau , the Axis summer offensive. Second Army was assigned to Army Group B. In June and July 1942, prior to the Battle of Stalingrad ,

12690-521: The government an end to hostilities and joining the Allies even at the price of armed conflict with Germany. At the beginning of August 1943 a programme of action was formally concluded with the Social Democrats and on 11 September they issued a joint declaration against the war on the side of Germany. Various opposition groups deprived of their leaders most of whom had been arrested by the Gestapo after

12825-496: The independence of Carpatho-Ukraine and, between 14 and 18 March, Hungarian armed forces occupied the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia and ousted the government of Avgustyn Voloshyn . By contrast, Hungary recognized the German puppet state of Slovakia led by the Clerical Fascist Jozef Tiso but on 23 March 1939, Hungarian attacks on Slovakia on the east claiming a border dispute, led to a localized armed conflict between

12960-638: The joint effect of the Great Depression and the Treaty of Trianon resulted in shifting the political mood of the country towards the right . In 1932, the regent Miklós Horthy appointed a new prime minister, Gyula Gömbös . Gömbös was identified with the Hungarian National Defence Association ( Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet , or MOVE). He led Hungarian international policy towards closer cooperation with Germany, and started an effort to assimilate minorities in Hungary. Gömbös signed

13095-437: The large-scale deportations. Between 15 May and 9 July, Hungarian authorities deported 437,402 Jews. All but 15,000 of these Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau , and 90% of those were immediately killed. It has been estimated that one-third of the murdered victims at Auschwitz were Hungarian. Sztojay, unlike previous prime ministers, answered mostly to Berlin and was thus able to act independently of Horthy. However, reports of

13230-449: The main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kyiv before the baptism of Rus. In [1] it

13365-684: The management's pro-German far-right endeavors. Berlin was already suspicious of the Kállay's government, and in September 1943, the German General Staff prepared a project to invade and occupy Hungary. At the request of the Allies, there were no connections made with the Soviets. Aware of Kállay's deceit and fearing that Hungary might conclude a separate peace, in March 1944 Hitler launched Operation Margarethe and ordered German troops to occupy Hungary. Horthy

13500-541: The ministries of finance, industry, and defense and in replacing several key military officers with his supporters. In October 1936, he died due to kidney problems without realizing his goals. Hungary used its relationship with Germany to attempt to revise the Treaty of Trianon. In 1938, Hungary openly repudiated the treaty's restrictions on its armed forces. Adolf Hitler gave promises to return lost territories and threats of military intervention and economic pressure to encourage

13635-496: The newly formed KISKA security division and used it as legal cover. Voronezh Voronezh ( / v ə ˈ r oʊ n ɪ ʃ , - ˈ r ɒ n -/ və- ROH -nish, -⁠ RO - ; Russian : Воронеж , IPA: [vɐˈronʲɪʂ] ) is a city and the administrative centre of Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia straddling the Voronezh River , located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from where it flows into

13770-477: The night of 27 October 2024, during the Russo-Ukrainian War , Ukraine launched a drone attack on two distilleries in Voronezh, distilleries that make rocket and aviation fuel and explosives. Voronezh is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Voronezh Urban Okrug —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of

13905-416: The original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 238 meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there

14040-465: The place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi , Varna , Verona , Brno , etc. A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from

14175-454: The recently reformed Hungarian Second Army under the command of Lieutenant-General Lajos Veress von Dalnoki to Fretter-Pico's army. The combination of German and Hungarian armies was designated Army Group Fretter-Pico ( Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico ). The desertions of Bulgaria and Romania had opened a 650-kilometer gap in Friessner's Army Group South. As Friessner desperately struggled to reform

14310-473: The reformed Hungarian Second Army enjoyed a modest level of combat success. From 6 to 29 October 1944 during the Battle of Debrecen , Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico managed to achieve a major win on the battlefield. Avoiding encirclement itself, it encircled and severely mauled three Soviet tank corps serving under the Mobile Group of Issa Pliyev . Earlier in the same battle, Mobile Group Pliyev had sliced through

14445-536: The regiment's quality. Until March 19, 1944, Hungarian Regent Admiral Miklós Horthy surrounded himself with anti-fascists. Relations between Hungary and Germany became more and more difficult. Horthy met Hitler on March 16 and 17 at German headquarters, where he told Hitler, "We Hungarians have already lost one hundred thousand men in this bloody war, counting dead, wounded and missing. Those we have left have but few arms with which to fight. We cannot help you one bit more. We are through. We are doing our best to stave off

14580-475: The river got its name from the city. However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa. The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of

14715-410: The river, a unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th – early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42 km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th – 13th centuries, most of the old towns were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan . For many years, the hypothesis of

14850-463: The status of those who had formerly converted from Judaism to Christianity . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sought to peacefully enforce the claims of Hungarians on territories Hungary had lost with the signing of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon . Two significant territorial awards were made. These awards were known as the First Vienna Award and the Second Vienna Award . In October 1938,

14985-444: The success of the planned German invasion of the Soviet Union . Hitler asked the Hungarians to support his invasion of Yugoslavia. He promised to return some territory to Hungary in exchange for military cooperation. On 3 April 1941, unable to prevent Hungary's participation in the war alongside Germany, Teleki committed suicide. The right-wing radical László Bárdossy succeeded him as prime minister. Three days after Teleki's death,

15120-775: The territory between the ostrog and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements:

15255-407: The three field armies, were initially relegated to duties within the reenlarged Hungarian state . Hungary regained substantial portions of its territories that had been ceded following the loss of World War I and the resultant Treaty of Trianon . At the end of June 1941, Germany summoned Hungary to join in the attack on the Soviet Union. Hungary continued to resist joining in the war. The matter

15390-524: The time of the Siege of Stalingrad , the primary battle tank in this unit was the Czechoslovak Panzer 38(t) . These were augmented by Hungarian Toldi tanks for scouting duties, Hungarian Nimrod armored self-propelled anti-aircraft guns , and Hungarian Csaba armored cars . The tank regiment also had about ten German Panzer IV /F2 tanks and a few German Panzer III tanks in its heavy tank battalion, though these were too few to have much impact on

15525-639: The time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October 22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November 7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the October Revolution . Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, Kuybyshev , and Voronezh. In late June 1942,

15660-463: The two countries. The Slovak–Hungarian War , also known as the "Little War", ended with Hungary gaining the easternmost strip of Slovakia, 1697 km . In September 1940, with troops massing on both sides of the Hungarian-Romanian border, war was averted by the Second Vienna Award . This award transferred to Hungary the northern half of Transylvania , with a total area of 43,492 km and

15795-484: The war in order to encourage Hitler not to favour Romania in the event of border revisions in Transylvania. On 26 June 1941, unidentified airplanes bombed Košice (Kassa). Although Hungarian authorities assumed Soviet responsibility, some speculation exists that this was a false-flag attack instigated by Germany (possibly in cooperation with Romania) to give Hungary a casus belli for joining Operation Barbarossa and

15930-630: The war, although it is plausible that Soviet bombers mistook Kassa for nearby Prešov in Slovakia. Hungary declared war against the Soviets on 27 June 1941, less than 24 hours after the Košice bombing raid. On 1 July 1941, under German instruction, the Hungarian Carpathian Group ( Karpat Group ) attacked the 12th Soviet Army . Attached to the German 17th Army , the Karpat Group advanced far into Soviet Ukraine , and later into southern Russia . At

16065-474: Was liberated after ten days of combat . During the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed. By 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School , a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war. In 1950–1960, new factories were established:

16200-497: Was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement ( ostrog ). In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya. The posad population received

16335-562: Was able take power in Hungary with Germany's backing. Late in 1944, a reformed Hungarian Second Army enjoyed a modest level of combat success as an integral part of German General Maximilian Fretter-Pico's Army Group Fretter-Pico. From September 16 - October 24, 1944, during the Battle of Debrecen , Army Group Fretter-Pico achieved a major success against the Debrecen Offensive Operation . While avoiding encirclement, Army Group Fretter-Pico managed to maul three Soviet corps under

16470-493: Was confined to a castle, in essence, placed under house arrest . Döme Sztójay , an avid supporter of the Nazis, became the new prime minister. Sztójay governed with the aid of a German military governor, Edmund Veesenmayer . The Hungarian populace was not happy with their nation effectively reduced to a German protectorate, but Berlin threatened to occupy Hungary with Slovak , Croat , and Romanian troops if they did not comply. The threat of these ancestral enemies on Hungarian soil

16605-631: Was in the Dachau Concentration Camp at the time, the Sovereignty Movement (Függetlenségi Mozgalom) he supported, fought alongside the Soviets. Famous people from the group were Szent-Györgyi Albert biochemist (who was proposed to be the prime minister) and Várnai Zseni revolutionary writer. During the fight, most of what remained of the Hungarian First Army was destroyed about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Budapest in

16740-537: Was left. But, before Horthy would gain Hitler's consent to withdraw the "Rapid Corps," he had to agree to deploy an even larger Hungarian force. Of the three Hungarian field armies, high command decided to send the Second Army. (The First Army was considered to be the "best" and the Third Army was still being organized). However the Armed Forces in general were so poorly equipped that practically all "modern" equipment (which

16875-578: Was made the seat of the Azov Governorate , which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate . In the 19th century, Voronezh was the center of Voronezh Governorate. Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet , and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871. During World War II , Voronezh

17010-402: Was noted by German observers for its particular cruelty, with occupied peoples subjected to arbitrary violence. Hungarian volunteers were sometimes referred to as engaging in "murder tourism." After two years of war against the Soviet Union , Prime Minister Miklós Kállay began peace negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom in autumn of 1943. Berlin was already suspicious of

17145-608: Was on the brink of collapse. To the north, the Soviet's Operation Bagration was completing the destruction of the Axis Army Group Centre . To the south, Germany's former ally, Romania, declared war on Germany on August 25, 1944, as a result of the Yassi-Kishinev strategic offensive (August 20–29, 1944). On the eve of the Soviet East Carpathian strategic offensive (September 8–28, 1944), as Soviet forces crossed

17280-431: Was seen as far worse than German control. Hungary kept entire divisions on the Romanian border while the troops of both nations were fighting and dying together in the Russian winter. As the Soviets pushed westward, Sztojay's government mustered new armies. The Hungarian troops again suffered terrible losses, but now had a motive to protect their homeland from Soviet occupation. In August 1944, Horthy replaced Sztójay with

17415-466: Was settled on June 26, 1941, when the Soviet air force bombed Košice (Kassa) . The Kingdom of Hungary declared war on the Soviet Union the next day, June 27, 1941. At first, only Hungary's "Karpat Group" with its integral "Rapid Corps" ( Gyorshadtest ) was sent to the Eastern Front , in support of the German 17th Army . Towards the end of 1941, only the exhausted and battle weary "Rapid Corps"

17550-533: Was so severe that some divisions marched over 1,000 km on foot from their disembarkation points to the first contact with the enemy. Artillery support during the offensive was also limited for the same reason, leading to even worse infantry losses. The Hungarian Second Army is probably the best known Hungarian wartime army due to the part it played in the Battle of Stalingrad. The rank-and-file of Second Army had received only eight weeks of training before being sent to

17685-430: Was still dated by contemporary standards) was provided to the 2nd Army. Even after these desperate measures, the Second Army still lacked adequate motorized transport and especially anti-tank weapons. Germany had promised to provide the necessary equipment, but failed to deliver any meaningful quantities. Practically all the armored troops Hungary had were re-organized into the 1st Hungarian Armored Division and attached to

17820-444: Was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia. In 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered. In clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies. Information about

17955-480: Was the scene of fierce fighting between Soviet and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on Stalingrad , and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 Katyusha ) artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and

18090-424: Was then deposed from power, while Hungarian fascist leader Ferenc Szálasi established a new government, with German backing. In 1945, Hungarian and German forces in Hungary were defeated by advancing Soviet armies. Approximately 300,000 Hungarian soldiers and more than 600,000 civilians died during World War II, including between 450,000 and 606,000 Jews and 28,000 Roma . Many cities were damaged, most notably

18225-469: Was totally successful this time: during the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive the Soviets rapidly destroyed the Second Army near Svoboda on the Don River. An attack on the German Second Army further north threatened to encircle that army as well, forcing it to retreat. By 5 February, troops of the Voronezh Front were approaching Kharkov. The Hungarian Second Army's losses were made especially severe by

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