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53-627: In China, inactivated H5N2 has been effectively used as a poultry vaccine for H5N1 . In December 2017, the Paris-based World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) announced that the Russian ministry of agriculture detected highly pathogenic H5N2 that led to the culling of more than 660,000 birds in Kostroma Oblast , Central Federal District . Owners reported that the chickens stopped breathing and their combs became bluish. The factory

106-475: A zoonotic event. As of June 2024, there is concern about two subtypes of avian influenza which are circulating in wild bird populations worldwide, A/H5N1 and A/H7N9 . Both of these have potential to devastate poultry stocks, and both have jumped to humans with relatively high case fatality rates . A/H5N1 in particular has infected a wide range of mammals and may be adapting to mammalian hosts. The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)

159-467: A Spanish mink farm showed evidence of being the first recorded case of mammal-to-mammal transmission, with 4 percent of the farm's mink population dying from H5N1-related haemorrhagic pneumonia. This coincided with H5N1 detections in the area among gulls and other seabirds, which are the presumed source of the outbreak. A mass Caspian seal die-off in December 2022, with 700 infected seals found dead along

212-468: A few people. All subtypes of avian Influenza A have potential to cross the species barrier, with H5N1 and H7N9 considered the biggest threats. In order to avoid infection, the general public are advised to avoid contact with sick birds or potentially contaminated material such as carcasses or feces. People working with birds, such as conservationists or poultry workers, are advised to wear appropriate personal protection equipment. Other animals –

265-546: A few people. All subtypes of avian Influenza A have potential to cross the species barrier, with H5N1 and H7N9 considered the biggest threats. In order to avoid infection, the general public are advised to avoid contact with sick birds or potentially contaminated material such as carcasses or feces. People working with birds, such as conservationists or poultry workers, are advised to wear appropriate personal protection equipment. The avian influenza hemagglutinin prefers to bind to alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors, while

318-406: A large reservoir in wild waterfowl, which can infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract without affecting the health of the host. They can then be carried by the bird over large distances especially during annual migration. Infected birds can shed avian influenza A viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces; susceptible birds become infected when they have contact with the virus as it

371-557: A minor outbreak in 1997 in Italy in chickens. In February 2004, an outbreak occurred in Texas and the affected flock was culled without any further transmission. In 2007, a low-pathogenic strain of H5N2 was found in samples collected from 25,000 turkeys in West Virginia in a routine testing prior to their slaughter. The birds showed no sign of illness or mortality. Measures were taken to prevent

424-584: A northern province of the country. In May and June 2008, there were three outbreaks of low-pathogenic H5N2 avian flu in birds at three locations in the central, northern, and southern parts of Haiti . Japan's Health Ministry said in January, 2006 that poultry farm workers in Ibaraki prefecture may have been exposed to H5N2 (which was not previously known to infect humans) in 2005. Data were collected from 257 workers at 35 chicken farms by Ibaraki prefectural government. It

477-472: A number of scientists expressed concerns with the risks of creating novel potential pandemic pathogens, culminating in the formation of the Cambridge Working Group , a consensus statement calling for an assessment of the risks and benefits of such research. Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Zhambyl Region, Republic of Kazakhstan. Moca, Dominican Republic Moca

530-403: A significant drop in egg production, and sudden death. In mammals, including humans, A/H5N1 influenza (whether LPAI or HPAI) is rare. Symptoms of infection vary from mild to severe, including fever, diarrhoea, and cough. Human infections with A/H5N1 virus have been reported in 23 countries since 1997, resulting in severe pneumonia and death in about 50% of cases. Between 2003 and November 2024,

583-670: A special issue of the journal Science devoted to H5N1. The papers by Fouchier and Kawaoka conclude that it is entirely possible that a natural chain of mutations could lead to an H5N1 virus acquiring the capability of airborne transmission between mammals, and that a H5N1 influenza pandemic would not be impossible. In May 2013, it was reported that scientists at the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute in Harbin , China, had created H5N1 strains which passed between guinea pigs . In response to Fouchier and Kawaoka's work,

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636-399: A specific isolate of virus, researchers use the internationally accepted Influenza virus nomenclature, which describes, among other things, the species of animal from which the virus was isolated, and the place and year of collection. For example, A/chicken/Nakorn-Patom/Thailand/CU-K2/04(H5N1) : Other examples include: A/duck/Hong Kong/308/78(H5N3), and A/shoveler/Egypt/03(H5N2). H5N1

689-458: A wide range of other animals have been affected by avian flu, generally due to eating birds which had been infected. There have been instances where transmission of the disease between mammals, including seals and cows, may have occurred. Many more outbreaks are recorded, in almost every country in the world, affecting both wild birds and poultry, with occasional spillover events infecting humans. In October 2022 an outbreak of H5N1 on

742-648: Is enzootic (maintained in the population) in many bird populations, and also panzootic (affecting animals of many species over a wide area). A/H5N1 virus can also infect mammals (including humans) that have been exposed to infected birds; in these cases, symptoms are frequently severe or fatal. A/H5N1 virus is shed in the saliva, mucus, and feces of infected birds; other infected animals may shed bird flu viruses in respiratory secretions and other body fluids (such as milk). The virus can spread rapidly through poultry flocks and among wild birds. An estimated half billion farmed birds have been slaughtered in efforts to contain

795-603: Is a global network of laboratories that monitor the spread of influenza with the aim to provide the World Health Organization with influenza control information and to inform vaccine development. Several millions of specimens are tested by the GISRS network annually through a network of laboratories in 127 countries. GISRS monitors avian, swine, and other potentially zoonotic influenza viruses as well as human viruses. Birds – Influenza A viruses of various subtypes have

848-549: Is a mandatory vaccination requirement since 2017; the vaccine is bivalent or trivalent, targeting the H5 and H7 subtypes of influenza A virus. It is manufactured using recombinant influenza virus. In the event of an outbreak of human H5N1, the main antiviral drugs recommended are neuraminidase inhibitors , such as zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) . These drugs can reduce the severity of symptoms if taken soon after infection and can also be taken as prophylaxis to decrease

901-415: Is a subtype of Influenza A virus. Like all subtypes it is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus , with a segmented genome . Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the viral envelope . "H5N1" designates an IAV subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. Further variations exist within

954-430: Is characteristic of RNA viruses . The segmentation of the influenza A virus genome facilitates genetic recombination by segment reassortment in hosts who become infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. With reassortment between strains, an avian strain which does not affect humans may acquire characteristics from a different strain which enable it to infect and pass between humans –

1007-680: Is detected in poultry, it is normal to cull infected animals and those nearby in an effort to rapidly contain, control and eradicate the disease. This is done together with movement restrictions, improved hygiene and biosecurity, and enhanced surveillance. Humans – Avian flu viruses, both HPAI and LPAI, can infect humans who are in close, unprotected contact with infected poultry. Incidents of cross-species transmission are rare, with symptoms ranging in severity from no symptoms or mild illness, to severe disease that resulted in death. As of February 2024, there have been very few instances of human-to-human transmission, and each outbreak has been limited to

1060-554: Is known as "La Villa Heroica" (Village of Heroes) due to the number of men and women from Moca who have played a major role in the Dominican Republic's history in bringing down two dictators, Ulises Heureaux and Rafael Trujillo , and bringing democracy back to the country. Moca is home to the Corazon Sagrado de Jesus ("Sacred Heart of Jesus") Cathedral. All its pane glass windows were originally brought from Italy depicting

1113-632: Is potential for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI) to evolve into strains which are high pathogenic to poultry (HPAI), and subsequent potential for significant illness and death among poultry during outbreaks. Because of this, international regulations state that any detection of H5 or H7 subtypes (regardless of their pathogenicity) must be notified to the appropriate authority. It is also possible that avian influenza viruses could be transmitted to humans and other animals which have been exposed to infected birds, causing infection with unpredictable but sometimes fatal consequences. When an HPAI infection

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1166-488: Is shed by infected birds. The virus can survive for long periods in water and at low temperatures, and can be spread from one farm to another on farm equipment. Domesticated birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks, etc.) may become infected with avian influenza A viruses through direct contact with infected waterfowl or other infected poultry, or through contact with contaminated feces or surfaces. Avian influenza outbreaks in domesticated birds are of concern for several reasons. There

1219-553: Is the capital of Espaillat province in the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic , and is the tenth-largest city of the country with a population of 164,022 inhabitants. Moca is located 11 miles/18 kilometers east from the country’s second-largest city, Santiago . It is divided into eight municipal districts: San Víctor, Las Lagunas, José Contreras, Juan López, El Higuerito, La Ortega, Monte de la Jagua and Canca La Reina. The city

1272-485: The Caspian Sea coastline of Russia's Dagestan republic , worried researchers regarding the possibility that wild mammal-to-mammal spread had begun. A similar mass die-off of 95% of southern elephant seal pups in 2023 also raised concerns of mammal-to-mammal spread, as nursing pups would have had less exposure to birds. Between January and October 2023, at least 24,000 South American sea lions died from H5N1 flu, with

1325-637: The US Department of Agriculture announced that H5N2 was discovered on a duck in Fergus County, Montana . In February 2009, a commercial turkey farm in Abbottsford , British Columbia (the Fraser Valley ) was struck with a H5N2 outbreak, and 36 sites were quarantined as precautionary measure. In July 2016, a duck farm "near St. Catharines, Ontario " was the site of an outbreak of H5N2. The CFIA directed

1378-420: The World Health Organization has recorded 948 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 464 deaths. The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1. A/H5N1 influenza virus was first identified in farmed birds in southern China in 1996. Between 1996 and 2018, A/H5N1 coexisted in bird populations with other subtypes of the virus, but since then,

1431-471: The apostles and Jesus ' path to the crucifixion . Agriculture forms the primary livelihood of the inhabitants. Plantain and yucca are main crops. Most crops are harvested by hand. At the time of its colonization by the Spanish, what is now Moca was part of the chiefdom of Maguá. Moca was founded in 1780. In 1845, Moca is designated common of the department of La Vega, then in its political division it becomes

1484-499: The H5N1 subtype which is considered the biggest risk among subtypes. However, because the influenza virus is highly variable, any vaccine needs to be specifically targeted against the particular strain of virus which is causing concern. Existing influenza vaccine technologies can be adapted to a H5N1 strain causing the pandemic; in the event of an outbreak, the candidate vaccine would be rapidly tested for safety as well as efficacy against

1537-558: The biological heat treatment of the compost at the infected premises to ensure that a reservoir for the virus was destroyed. In late 2007 (December 21), an H5N2 outbreak was found in the Dominican Republic. 15 roosters and 2 hens were eliminated even though they had no visible sign of infection. In October 2017, the Dominican Department of Agriculture announced that H5N2 was discovered on several chicken in Moca, Dominican Republic , in

1590-479: The head municipality of the Espaillat province. Moca has a very important banking sector, the city is home to branches of all commercial banks of the country. A strong business in shops, furniture, supermarkets, warehouses, factories of footwear, food, construction, and hardware. The city has the largest coffee manufacturing industry, Industries Banilejas. The city is also known for its agricultural production, with

1643-489: The high lethality and virulence of HPAI A(H5N1), its worldwide presence, its increasingly diverse host reservoir , and its significant ongoing mutations, the H5N1 virus is regarded as the world's largest pandemic threat. Domestic poultry may potentially be protected from specific strains of the virus by vaccination. In the event of a serious outbreak of H5N1 flu among humans, health agencies have prepared "candidate" vaccines that may be used to prevent infection and control

Influenza A virus subtype H5N2 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-413: The highly pathogenic subtype HPAI A(H5N1) has become the dominant strain in bird populations worldwide. Some strains of A/H5N1 which are highly pathogenic to chickens have adapted to cause mild symptoms in ducks and geese, and are able to spread rapidly through bird migration. Mammal species in addition to humans that have been recorded with H5N1 infection include cows, seals, goats, and skunks. Due to

1749-585: The human influenza hemagglutinin prefers to bind to alpha-2,6 sialic acid receptors. This means that when the H5N1 strain infects humans, it will replicate in the lower respiratory tract (where alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors are more plentiful in humans) and consequently cause viral pneumonia . Between 2003 and November 2024, the World Health Organization has recorded 948 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 464 deaths. The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1. To unambiguously describe

1802-460: The infection was unrelated to the 2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak . It was also reported that the patient had been bedridden for three weeks before contracting the illness. However, on June 7, Mexican health officials stated that the patient's death was caused by chronic diseases , and not by H5N2. H5N1 Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ( A/H5N1 ) is a subtype of the influenza A virus , which causes influenza (flu), predominantly in birds. It

1855-701: The leading academic journal Science , the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) recommended against publication of the full details of the study, and the one submitted to Nature by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin describing related work. However, after additional consultations at the World Health Organization and by the NSABB, the NSABB reversed its position and recommended publication of revised versions of

1908-597: The milk. Around 50% of cats that lived on the affected dairy farms and were fed unpasteurised milk from symptomatic cows died within a few days from severe systemic influenza infection, raising significant concerns of cross-species mammal-to-mammal transmission. Novel, contagious strains of H5N1 were created by Ron Fouchier of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who first presented his work to

1961-560: The outbreak starting on the Pacific coast of Peru, moving down the coast to Chile and then up the Atlantic coast of Argentina. In April 2024, spread of H5N1 amongst dairy cow herds in nine states of the USA strongly indicated the presence of cow-to-cow transmission possibly occurring while the animals were being milked. Although mortality in bovines infected with H5N1 is rare, viable virus can be shed in

2014-490: The outbreak; however, it could take several months to ramp up mass production. Avian flu viruses, both HPAI and LPAI, can infect humans who are in close, unprotected contact with infected poultry. Incidents of cross-species transmission are rare, with symptoms ranging in severity from no symptoms or mild illness, to severe disease that resulted in death. As of February, 2024 there have been very few instances of human-to-human transmission, and each outbreak has been limited to

2067-439: The plantain, banana and cassava as major crops. Other fruits: bananas, pigeon pea, taro, yams, squash, beans, coffee, oranges, lemons, grapefruit, papaya (papaya), etc. A variety of vegetables such as lettuce, tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cabbage are cultivated, among others. It also has a great development in poultry products, with a production of 70% in this sector. Moca has a total area of 339.21 km² . The municipality sits on

2120-549: The public at an influenza conference in Malta in September 2011. Three mutations were introduced into the H5N1 virus genome, and the virus was then passed from the noses of infected ferrets to the noses of uninfected ones, which was repeated 10 times. After these 10 passages the H5N1 virus had acquired the ability of transmission between ferrets via aerosols or respiratory droplets. After Fouchier offered an article describing this work to

2173-547: The risk of infection. Influenza A/H5N1 was first detected in 1959 after an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Scotland, which infected two flocks of chickens. The next detection, and the earliest infection of humans by H5N1, was an epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) of H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong's poultry population in 1997. This outbreak was stopped by the killing of the entire domestic poultry population within

Influenza A virus subtype H5N2 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-522: The same time. Through a combination of mutation and genetic reassortment the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another. Humans – Several "candidate" (unproved) vaccines are available in case an avian virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit among humans; as of July 2024 these include Aflunov, Celldemic and Seqirus/Audenz. Some governments have prepared strategic stockpiles of vaccines against

2279-414: The subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus's ability to infect and cause disease, as well as to the severity of symptoms. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses . The segmentation of its genome facilitates genetic recombination by segment reassortment in hosts infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at

2332-427: The territory. Human infection was confirmed in 18 individuals who had been in close contact with poultry, 6 of whom died. Since then, avian A/H5N1 bird flu has become widespread in wild birds worldwide, with numerous outbreaks among both domestic and wild birds. An estimated half a billion farmed birds have been slaughtered in efforts to contain the virus. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that

2385-471: The two papers. However, then the Dutch government declared that this type of manuscripts required Fouchier to apply for an export permit in the light of EU directive 428/2009 on dual use goods. After much controversy surrounding the publishing of his research, Fouchier complied (under formal protest) with Dutch government demands to obtain a special permit for submitting his manuscript, and his research appeared in

2438-600: The virus from mutating and spreading. In 2015, an outbreak of H5N2 was identified in a series of chicken and turkey farming operations in the Midwestern region of the United States . Around 50.5 million birds were killed by the disease or via mass killing methods (primarily foam depopulation ) in an attempt to contain the outbreak. Nearly 30 million were killed in Iowa alone, the nation's largest egg producer. In January 2017,

2491-534: The virus. Symptoms of A/H5N1 influenza vary according to both the strain of virus underlying the infection and on the species of bird or mammal affected. Classification as either Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) or High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is based on the severity of symptoms in domestic chickens and does not predict the severity of symptoms in other species. Chickens infected with LPAI A/H5N1 virus display mild symptoms or are asymptomatic , whereas HPAI A/H5N1 causes serious breathing difficulties,

2544-434: The zoonotic strain, and then authorised and distributed to vaccine manufacturers. Poultry – it is possible to vaccinate poultry against specific strains of HPAI influenza. Vaccination should be combined with other control measures such as infection monitoring, early detection and biosecurity. In many countries, it is routine to vaccinate poultry against H5N1. In China, the world's biggest poultry producer, there has been

2597-408: Was affected by the virus at least twice during the year. The investigation later found that the forage wasn't thermally disinfected before dispersion and water was of low quality. In Korea, ducks have been destroyed at the farm since quarantine officials detected the suspected low pathogenic H5N2 strain of avian influenza on December 1, 2004. In Japan, H5N2 virus was isolated or an anti-H5 antibody

2650-497: Was determined that their H5N2 antibody titers after the outbreak were significantly higher than those collected prior to the outbreak. On June 5, 2024, the World Health Organization recognized the first laboratory-confirmed case of H5N2 in a human in Mexico in a patient who died. Health officials in Mexico stated that the source of the infection had not been identified. Scientists said that

2703-674: Was identified from chickens in 40 chicken farms in Ibaraki Prefecture and in one chicken farm in Saitama Prefecture from June through December 2005. The strain was named as A/ chicken /Ibaraki/1/2005(H5N2). About 5.7 million birds were destroyed in Ibaraki following the H5N2 outbreaks. In Taiwan , an outbreak of H5N2 was confirmed in December 2008. In March 2012, the first documented occurrence in Taiwan of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2

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2756-717: Was reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The outbreak began in February 2012. In Sri Lanka outbreak of H5N2 in Bingiriya have been confirmed by the Health Ministry in January 2012. Around 5000-6000 chicken were destroyed, after some of them were confirmed having infected with H5N2. In 2006, an H5N2 outbreak on a single farm in South Africa resulted in the destruction of all its sixty ostriches . The strain

2809-749: Was similar to the one that caused outbreaks in South Africa 2004/2005. In 2012 a strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza is devastating the South African commercial ostrich industry with 41,000 birds already been reported culled. Low pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 virus in poultry later gained accentuated virulence in the United States and Mexico. A highly pathogenic strain of H5N2 caused flu outbreaks with significant spread to numerous farms, resulting in great economic losses in 1983 in Pennsylvania, USA in chickens and turkeys, in 1994 in Mexico in chickens and

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